A Bayesian approach to matched field processing in uncertain ocean environments

An approach of Bayesian Matched Field Processing （MFP） was discussed in the uncertain ocean environment. In this approach, uncertainty knowledge is modeled and spatial and temporal data received by the array are fully used. Therefore, a mechanism for MFP is found, which well combines model-based and data-driven methods of uncertain field processing. By theoretical derivation, simulation analysis and the validation of the experimental array data at sea, we find that （1） the basic components of Bayesian matched field processors are the cor- responding sets of Bartlett matched field processor, MVDR （minimum variance distortionless response） matched field processor, etc.; （2） Bayesian MVDR/Bartlett MFP are the weighted sum of the MVDR/Bartlett MFP, where the weighted coefficients are the values of the a posteriori probability; （3） with the uncertain ocean environment, Bayesian MFP can more correctly locate the source than MVDR MFP or Bartlett MFP; （4） Bayesian MFP can better suppress sidelobes of the ambiguity surfaces.     

Experimental testing of the noise-canceling processor

Signal-processing techniques for localizing an acoustic source buried in noise are tested in a tank experiment. Noise is generated using a discrete source, a bubble generator, and a sprinkler. The experiment has essential elements of a realistic scenario in matched-field processing, including complex source and noise time series in a waveguide with water, sediment, and multipath propagation. The noise-canceling processor is found to outperform the Bartlett processor and provide the correct source range for signal-to-noise ratios below -10 dB. The multivalued Bartlett processor is found to outperform the Bartlett processor but not the noise-canceling processor.     

不确实海洋环境下的贝叶斯匹配场处理

讨论了一种不确实海洋环境下贝叶斯匹配场处理方法。该方法在不确实环境下匹配场处理时,对不确实知识进行建模,同时,充分利用阵接收的空时数据,找到了匹配场处理时一种结合模基和数据驱动的机制。经理论推导、仿真分析以及实验海试数据验证,结果表明:(1)最小方差无偏响应(MVDR)、Bartlett等匹配场处理器是贝叶斯处理器的基本单元;(2)贝叶斯匹配场处理是对应的MVDR匹配场处理、Bartlett匹配场处理器等匹配场处理方法的后验概率加权和;(3)不确实海洋环境下,贝叶斯方法比对应的MVDR处理器和Bartlett处理器能更准确地对目标进行定位;(4)贝叶斯方法能较有效地抑制旁瓣。     

The effects of the internal waves on temporal correlation of matched-field processing in shallow water

Effects of linear and solitary internal waves on the temporal correlation of matched-field processing(MFP) in shallow water are numerically investigated for acoustic sources with different frequencies and depths based on oceanographic data from an experiment.It is shown that the temporal correlation of MFP decreases as the amplitude of solitary internal waves or the average energy density of linear internal waves increases.For acoustic source with lower frequency or located below the thermocline,the temp...     

高斯射线束法在深海声源定位中的应用

在深海匹配场(Matched Field Processing-MFP)声源定位中,拷贝场模型的计算精度和速度对声源的定位效果和定位效率有着直接的影响。针对这一问题,本文数值仿真研究了深海匹配场定位中采用高斯射线束理论作为拷贝场计算模型的可行性。高斯射线束理论具有计算速度快,物理意义清晰,并且适合并行化处理等优点。文中利用不同水文环境、不同频域范围的大量仿真实验来证明该模型的适用性。结果表明,高斯射线束模型在深远海的声源定位中有很好的定位精度,并且在较低频段同样有效,可以作为深远海声源定位的拷贝场计算模型。     

Matched-field processing gain degradation caused by tidal flow over continental shelf bathymetry

Temporally variable, range dependent sound-speed profiles measured during ebb flow and estimated for slack flow are used to quantify the variability of matched-field signal-processing gain degradation in shallow water propagation channels controlled by tidally driven stratified flow over variable bathymetry. Calculations along a 9.3 km range establish phase changes in the acoustic signal as the primary cause of a 3-9 dB degradation in the coherent matched-field processing output of a full water column vertical array. The work indicates that over a tidal cycle acoustic signal properties and matched-field processing gain can be expected to change continuously in a shallow water stratified channel that has bathymetry variability. Acoustic signals propagating in such tidal flow-controlled environments may be expected to display repeatable (over successive tidal cycles) and predictable changes in their phase coherent properties. These results suggest that matched-field processor replica fields used in the shelf/slope propagation environment will have to be updated regularly during a tidal cycle to maintain maximum processor gain.     

逆波束形成的旁瓣抑制

为了降低普通逆波束形成旁瓣,提出了一种新的旁瓣抵消技术。该技术利用指向性函数中的旁瓣部分去估计声场的响应,然后从基阵估计的声场减去这部分指向性函数旁瓣估计的声场,从而得到最终的声场估计。由于较多的旁瓣响应被估计的声场扣除,最终估计的声场中的旁瓣大大降低。利用该技术可有效地抑制干扰,同时又可保持普通逆波束形成的方位高分辨力。湖试结果显示了该技术的有效性和可行性。     

Robust matched-field processing using a coherent broadband white noise constraint processor

Adaptive matched-field processing (MFP) is not only very sensitive to mismatch, but also requires the received sound levels to exceed a threshold signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, acoustic sources and interferers have to move slowly enough across resolution cells so that a full rank cross-spectral density matrix can be constructed. Coherent-broadband MFP takes advantage of the temporal complexity of the signal, and therefore offers an additional gain over narrow-band processing by augmenting the dimension of the data space. However, the sensitivity to mismatch is also increased in the process, since a single constraint is usually not enough to achieve robustness and the snapshot requirement becomes even more problematic. The white noise constraint method, typically used for narrow-band processing, is applied to a previously derived broadband processor to enhance its robustness to environmental mismatch and snapshot deficiency. The broadband white noise constraint theory is presented and validated through simulation and experimental data. The dynamic range bias obtained from the snapshot-deficient processing is shown to be consistent with that previously presented in the literature for a single frequency.     

南海线性内波条件下的匹配场时间相关长度

对于相位敏感的算法,声场时间相关长度是一个重要的参数。它能确定与相位有关的水声通讯算法的比特率和误码率,以及其他对相位敏感的信号处理算法如匹配场处理的信号增益。为了考察南海线性内波对匹配场时间相关长度的影响,本文分析了2001年亚洲海国际声学实验(ASIAEX2001)南中国海实验的水文数据,得到了符合该海域的内波频谱表示,并通过数值仿真研究了该海域存在线性内波时匹配场时间相关长度与声源频率f、收发距离R以及声速起伏δC的关系,总结了南海线性内波环境中匹配场时间相关长度的经验表示。仿真中所用的声源频率f为150~1200 Hz,收发距离R为20~32 km,声速起伏δC为1.37~5.0 m/s。结果表明,在该实验水文条件下,匹配场时间相关长度与δC^-1.3和f^-1.1成正比;在海底水平不变和水平变化时分别与R^0.7和R^-0.5成正比。     

Improvement in matched field processing using the CLEAN algorithm

Adaptive matched field processing such as the minimum variance distortionless processor (MV) provides excellent sidelobe (or ambiguity) suppression capability in source localization given a perfect knowledge of the ocean environment. Unfortunately, this processing is very sensitive to sources of mismatch and robust adaptive algorithms are then employed such as a white noise constraint (WNC) often at the expense of insufficient sidelobe control. The CLEAN algorithm was introduced in radio astronomy [Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 15, 417-426 (1974)] to produce a high quality image of the sky by reducing sidelobe-induced artifacts. In this paper, the CLEAN concept is extended to matched field processing. Numerical simulations and experimental data demonstrate that matched field processing combined with the CLEAN algorithm can improve performance, especially when a weak source is masked by sidelobes from a much stronger source.     

基于环境扰动的线性匹配场处理方法

匹配场处理面临的挑战主要是拷贝场失配。常规线性匹配场处理方法虽然对失配较宽容,但旁瓣较高,定位正确率依赖于失配的程度,且很容易受到强干扰的影响而失效。自适应匹配场处理可以获得较高的定位精度和旁瓣抑制性能,但环境参数失配、距离/深度空间欠采样、基阵及环境的波动所造成的误差等因素,均会导致其性能严重下降。环境扰动约束可提高自适应匹配场处理器的稳健性,基于这种思想,提出了基于环境扰动的线性匹配场处理方法,它不仅在环境失配的条件下比常规线性方法的定位正确率更高,而且在阵列采样数据存在幅度与相位随机误差的条件下,比自适应匹配场方法的稳健性更强.针对环境失配条件下的强干扰问题,还提出了一种线性匹配场干扰抑制算法,可有效地抑制水面干扰。典型浅海环境下的数值仿真和实测数据分析验证了方法的有效性.     

Compressive matched-field processing

Source localization by matched-field processing (MFP) generally involves solving a number of computationally intensive partial differential equations. This paper introduces a technique that mitigates this computational workload by "compressing" these computations. Drawing on key concepts from the recently developed field of compressed sensing, it shows how a low-dimensional proxy for the Green's function can be constructed by backpropagating a small set of random receiver vectors. Then the source can be located by performing a number of "short" correlations between this proxy and the projection of the recorded acoustic data in the compressed space. Numerical experiments in a Pekeris ocean waveguide are presented that demonstrate that this compressed version of MFP is as effective as traditional MFP even when the compression is significant. The results are particularly promising in the broadband regime where using as few as two random backpropagations per frequency performs almost as well as the traditional broadband MFP but with the added benefit of generic applicability. That is, the computationally intensive backpropagations may be computed offline independently from the received signals, and may be reused to locate any source within the search grid area.     

浅海时变声速环境下的自适应匹配场定位算法实现*

针对浅海环境下声速剖面失配引起的匹配场处理器失配问题,提出了一种自适应匹配场定位算法在声速剖面时变环境下的实现方式。将先验声速剖面集简化为经验正交函数表示,结合蒙特卡洛方法与环境扰动约束算法对当下时刻的目标声源进行匹配场定位。本文以某次试验获取的连续20小时的声速剖面数据为研究对象,通过仿真试验对该算法进行验证,结果表明：在先验声速剖面集的半小时之后,利用自适应算法的距离和深度定位成功率较常规匹配场算法有较大提升,其中,深度正确定位概率相对较低。     

基于OFDM的雷达通信一体化共波形设计

为了减小通信信息对一体化波形模糊函数的影响,以连续波信号为基础,提出了一种基于扩频的多OFDM符号调制的雷达通信一体化信号模型,并分别从波形以及雷达模糊函数的角度对其进行分析。通过对通信信息预扩频后采用OFDM调制的方法,可显著改善一体化信号的模糊函数性能,降低距离维旁瓣。理论分析表明,一体化信号的距离旁瓣由所用伪随机编码序列的自相关、互相关特性及调制的通信信息共同决定,为波形的性能改进提供了指导方向。仿真结果表明扩频因子、子载波数目、数据长度的不同取值对雷达通信一体化信号的距离维模糊函数的旁瓣的影响,为优化一体化信号的性能提供依据。设计的雷达通信一体化信号模型可有效改善对通信信息和多普勒频移的敏感性,满足雷达探测波形要求。     

Non-line-of-sight sound source localization using matched-field processing

Acoustic diffraction allows sound to travel around opaque objects and therefore may allow beyond-line-of-sight sensing of remote sound sources. This paper reports simulated and experimental results for localizing sound sources based on fully shadowed microphone array measurements. The generic geometry includes a point source, a solid 90° wedge, and a receiving array that lies entirely in the shadow defined by the source location and the wedge. Source localization performance is assessed via matched-field (MF) ambiguity surfaces as a function of receiving array configuration, and received signal-to-noise ratio for the Bartlett and minimum variance distortionless (MVD) MF processors. Here, the sound propagation model is developed from a Green's function integral treatment. A simple 16 element line array of microphones is tested in three mutually orthogonal orientations. The experiments were conducted using an approximate 50-to-1-scaled tabletop model of a blind city-street intersection and produced ambiguity surfaces from source frequencies between 17.5 and 19 kHz that were incoherently summed. The experimental results suggest that a sound source may be localized by the MVD processor when using fully shadowed arrays that have significant aperture parallel to the edge of the wedge. However, this performance is reduced significantly for signal-to-noise ratios below 40 dB.     

浅海中水平阵的匹配定位

匹配场(MFP)和匹配模(MMP)已经广泛地用于浅海中的被动源定位。本文利用简正波过滤的一种新方法,通过短水平阵实行源定位,并比较了MFP和MMP,结果表明:MMP源定位的分辨率高于MFP,旁瓣较低,计算量大大减小,同时也讨论了水平阵系统的偏差带来的源定位失配问题。     

空气中声源的水下匹配场定位

通过水下布放的垂直线列阵采集空中声源在水下激发的测量声场,采用声场波数积分模型(OASES模型)对空中声源激发的水下声场建模,计算出拷贝声场,将二者进行匹配处理从而对空中声源目标定位。首先通过数值仿真验证了匹配场处理技术对空中声源的测距能力,并通过引入宽带匹配场处理器平滑掉距离上的周期性旁瓣。最后分析南海某海域的空气声试验数据,采用常规匹配场方法对700 m以内的32组空中声源目标进行定位,测距结果与GPS计算的收发间实际距离相比,大多数情况下是一致的,在较远距离由于信噪比降低,测量结果容易出现偏差。     

Parametric dependencies for photoacoustic leak localization

Unintended gas or liquid leaks from manufactured components or manufacturing systems may be detrimental to consumers, manufacturers, and the environment. Thus, leak testing is important for quality, safety, and environmental reasons. This paper describes parametric dependencies for photoacoustic leak localization. The technique is based on the interaction of 10.6-micrometer radiation from a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and a photoactive tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). For the current investigations, acoustic signals are generated by scanning a laser beam at high speed through gas plumes formed above calibrated leaks. These signals are remotely measured with a four-microphone linear array and analyzed using Bartlett and minimum-variance-distortionless (MVD) matched-field processing (MFP) techniques to determine leak location. This paper extends prior work in photoacoustic leak testing through (i) use of more signal frequencies; (ii) parametric study of four different laser scan rates; and (iii) examination of mismatch between the actual acoustic environment and the propagation model used in the MFP; and (iv) presentation of leak localization results on a curved surface. For a 12-watt CO2 laser exciting the small SF6 gas plume produced by a one-cm3-per-day leak with microphones placed 0.41 m from the leak location, root-mean-square localization uncertainties as small as +/-0.5 mm on a line scan of 0.46 m can be achieved when the largest possible number of signal frequencies fall in a measurement bandwidth of approximately 70 kHz.     

An experimental study on matched field processing in shallow water

I.IntroductionPassiverangeanddepthlocalizationofanacousticsourceinshallowwaterisadifficult,yetinterestingproblemthathasreceivedagreatdealofattentioninthelastfewyears['5].Thesimu1taneousestimationofrangeanddepthrequirestheuseofnumericalpropagationmodels.Theclassicalapproachtothisproblemisto"match"thereceivedacousticdatawiththesoundfieldpredictedbythepropagationmodelforanumberofhypotheticalrange/depthsourcelocatiolls.Thistechniqueiscalledmatchedfieldprocessing.Itiscommonlyacceptedthatthewavepro…     

Environmental inversion using high-resolution matched-field processing

This paper considers the inversion of experimental field data collected with light receiving systems designed to meet operational requirements. Such operational requirements include system deployment in free drifting configurations and a limited number of acoustic receivers. A well-known consequence of a reduced spatial coverage is a poor sampling of the vertical structure of the acoustic field, leading to a severe ill-conditioning of the inverse problem and data to model cost function with a massive sidelobe structure having many local extrema. This causes difficulties to meta-heuristic global search methods, such as genetic algorithms, to converge to the true model parameters. In order to cope with this difficulty, broadband high-resolution processors are proposed for their ability to significantly attenuate sidelobes, as a contribution for improving convergence. A comparative study on simulated data shows that high-resolution methods did not outperform the conventional Bartlett processor for pinpointing the true environmental parameter when using exhaustive search. However, when a meta-heuristic technique is applied for exploring a large multidimensional search space, high-resolution methods clearly improved convergence, therefore reducing the inherent uncertainty on the final estimate. These findings are supported by the results obtained on experimental field data obtained during the Maritime Rapid Environmental Assessment 2003 sea trial.