Evaporation of saline colloidal droplet and deposition pattern

The dynamic process of the evaporation and the desiccation of sessile saline colloidal droplets, and their final deposition are investigated. During the evaporation, the movement of the colloidal particles shows a strong dependence on the salt concentration and the droplet shape. The final deposition pattern indicates a weakened coffee-ring effect in this mixed droplet system. The microscopic observation reveals that as evaporation proceeds, the particle motion trail is affected by the salt concentration of the droplet boundary. The Marangoni flow, which is induced by surface tension gradient originating from the local evaporative peripheral salt enrichment, suppresses the compensation flow towards the contact line of the droplet. The inhomogeneous density and concentration field induced by evaporation or crystallization can be the major reason for various micro-flows. At last stage, the distribution and crystallization of Na Cl are affected by the colloidal particles during the drying of the residual liquid film.     

Quasi-static motion of microparticles at the depinning contact line of an evaporating droplet on PDMS surface

In this paper, evaporation of sessile water droplets containing fluorescent polystyrene(PS) microparticles on polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) surfaces with different curing ratios was studied experimentally using laser confocal microscopy. At the beginning, there were some microparticles located at the contact line and some microparticles moved towards the line. Due to contact angle hysteresis, at first both the contact line and the microparticles were pinned. With the depinning contact line, the microparticles moved together spontaneously. Using the software ImageJ, the location of contact lines at different time were acquired and the circle centers and radii of the contact lines were obtained via the least square method. Then the average distance of two neighbor contact lines at a certain time interval was obtained to characterize the motion of the contact line. Fitting the distance-time curve at the depinning contact line stage with polynomials and differentiating the polynomials with time, we obtained the velocity and acceleration of both the contact line and the microparticles located at the line. The velocity and the maximum acceleration were,respectively, of the orders of 1 μm/s and 20-200 nm/s~2, indicating that the motion of the microparticles located at the depinning contact line was quasi-static. Finally, we presented a theoretical model to describe the quasi-static process, which may help in understanding both self-pinning and depinning of microparticles.     

Evaporation of liquid droplets from a surface of anodized aluminum

The results of study of evaporation of water droplets and NaCl salt solution from a solid substrate made of anodized aluminum are presented in this paper. The experiment provides the parameters describing the droplet profile: contact spot diameter, contact angle, and droplet height. The specific rate of evaporation was calculated from the experimental data. The water droplets or brine droplets with concentration up to 9.1 % demonstrate evaporation with the pinning mode for the contact line. When the salt concentration in the brine is taken up to 16.7 %, the droplet spreading mode was observed. Two stages of droplet evaporation are distinguished as a function of phase transition rate.     

超疏水聚合物表面的水滴蒸发模拟

基于质量守恒和Fick第一定律，模拟了水滴在超疏水聚合物表面的蒸发全过程．研究从以往的接触角<90±扩展到>150±，液滴形貌扩展为椭球球帽模型进行疏水表面蒸发模拟．水滴在超疏水PC和FPU/PMMA表面蒸发的实验结果显示，计算的椭球球帽模型可以更好的反映出液滴接触角和高度的变化情况，并且不同聚合物表面接触角的相同变化趋势也揭示出微-纳二级结构表面结构不仅影响液滴接触角，也影响液滴蒸发模式．     

The debate on the dependence of apparent contact angles on drop contact area or three-phase contact line: A review

A sessile drop is an isolated drop which has been deposited on a solid substrate where the wetted area is limited by the three-phase contact line and characterized by contact angle, contact radius and drop height. Although, wetting has been studied using contact angles of drops on solids for more than 200 years, the question remains unanswered: Is wetting of a rough and chemically heterogeneous surface controlled by the interactions within the solid/liquid contact area beneath the droplet or only at the three-phase contact line? After the publications of Pease in 1945, Extrand in 1997, 2003 and Gao and McCarthy in 2007 and 2009, it was proposed that advancing, receding contact angles, and contact angle hysteresis of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are determined by interactions of the liquid and the solid at the three-phase contact line alone and the interfacial area within the contact perimeter is irrelevant. As a consequence of this statement, the well-known Wenzel (1934) and Cassie (1945) equations which were derived using the contact area approach are proposed to be invalid and should be abandoned. A hot debate started in the field of surface science after 2007, between the three-phase contact line and interfacial contact area approach defenders. This paper presents a review of the published articles on contact angles and summarizes the views of the both sides. After presenting a brief history of the contact angles and their measurement methods, we discussed the basic contact angle theory and applications of contact angles on the characterization of flat, rough and micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The weak and strong sides of both three-phase contact line and contact area approaches were discussed in detail and some practical conclusions were drawn.     

Dynamical model for the formation of patterned deposits at receding contact lines

We describe the formation of deposition patterns that are observed in many different experiments where a three-phase contact line of a volatile nanoparticle suspension or polymer solution recedes. A dynamical model based on a long-wave approximation predicts the deposition of irregular and regular line patterns due to self-organized pinning-depinning cycles corresponding to a stick-slip motion of the contact line. We analyze how the line pattern properties depend on the evaporation rate and solute concentration.     

Wetting and evaporation behaviors of molten Mg on partially oxidized SiC substrates

The wetting and evaporation behaviors of molten Mg drops on pressureless-sintered SiC surfaces were studied in a flowing Ar atmosphere at 973-1173 K by an improved sessile drop method. The initial contact angles are between 83° and 76°, only mildly depending on temperature. The formation of a ridge at the triple junction as a result of reaction between molten Mg and the SiO₂ film on the SiC surface pins the triple line and leads to a constant contact diameter mode during the entire evaporation process. Moreover, the diffusion coefficients of the Mg vapor at different temperatures were evaluated based on a simple model.     

Effect of contact line curvature on solid-fluid surface tensions without line tension

For sessile droplets partially wetting a solid surface, it has been observed experimentally that the value of the contact angle depends on the contact line curvature and this dependence has been attributed to tension in the contact line. But previous analyses of these observations have neglected adsorption at the solid-liquid interface and its effect on the surface tension of this interface. We show that if this adsorption is taken into account the relation between the contact angle and contact line curvature is completely accounted for without introducing line tension. Further, from the observed relation between the contact angle and contact line curvature, the adsorption at the solid-liquid interface can be determined, as can the surface tensions of the solid-liquid and solid-vapor interfaces.     

Influence of substrate conductivity on circulation reversal in evaporating drops

Nonuniform evaporation from sessile droplets induces radial convection within the drop, which produces the well-known "coffee-ring" effect. The evaporation also induces a gradient in temperature and consequently a gradient in surface tension, generating a Marangoni flow. Here we investigate theoretically and experimentally the thermal Marangoni flow and establish criteria to gauge its influence. An asymptotic analysis indicates that the direction of the flow depends on the relative thermal conductivities of the substrate and liquid, k_{R} identical withk_{S}/k_{L}, reversing direction at a critical contact angle over the range 1.45相似文献   

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

Thoughts on some outstanding issues in the physics of equilibrium wetting and conceptual understanding of contact lines

Equilibrium wetting is a fundamental phenomenon, relevant to many scientific areas. Since the pioneering work on equilibrium wetting of Thomas Young (1805) [1], researchers strived to advance our understanding of this fundamental problem. Despite its apparent simplicity, equilibrium wetting phenomenon still holds many unanswered questions and represents a challenge to modern physicists and engineers. The relationship between quantities amenable to measurements, like macroscopic wetting contact angle, and other surface ener- gies and physical properties remains to be fully elucidated. Wetting is a physical problem which spans over two length scales, inner region (“microscopic”) length scale and outer region (“macroscopic”). The three-phase contact line, where the macroscopic region meets the micro- scopic one, and underlying surface forces, represents a challenge to fully understand and model. In this paper, a brief review of the basics of wetting and existing concepts is first presented. Then two important questions are discussed in the light of the latest experimental findings: first the relevance of the continuum concept when describing interfaces near the three-phase contact line, and second the effect of adsorption on interfacial energies and its use to explain some interesting observations like the dependence of equilibrium contact angle on pressure and size of droplets. These recent observations raise some fundamental questions about how the three-phase contact line is conceptualised.     

Heat flux density in the region of droplet contact line on a horizontal surface of a thin heated foil

The evaporating water droplets on a horizontal heated substrate were experimentally studied. The constantan foil 25 μm thick with a size of 42×35 mm² was used as a substrate. The experiments were carried out with a single droplet or with an ensemble of two or three droplets on the foil. The temperature of the lower surface of foil was measured by an IR scanner. To determine the heat flux density at evaporation of liquid near the contact line, the Cauchy problem for the heat conduction equation was solved using the thermographic data. The results of calculations showed that the maximal heat flux density takes place in the region of the contact line and exceeds the average heat flux density from the entire surface of foil. This is explained by the heat inflow from the foil periphery to the droplet due to relatively high value of the coefficient of heat conductivity of the foil material and high evaporation intensity in the contact line region.     

Experimental investigation of liquid drop evaporation on a heated solid surface

Evaporation of a water drop was studied experimentally at a temperature difference between the solid surface and surrounding atmosphere from 30 to 60 °C. The studies were performed on the substrates with micro- and nanocoatings with different wettability. The features of evaporation were studied for the pinned, partially pinned, and depinned three-phase contact line (solid-liquid?gas interface). It is shown that with a decrease in the water drop volume, the specific evaporation rate (mass flow per unit of surface area) increases, particularly at the last stage of evaporation.     

Droplets on inclined rough surfaces

The behaviour of liquid droplets on inclined heterogeneous surfaces was simulated by the lattice-Boltzmann method using the Shan-Chen multiphase model. The effect of topography of the surface on the contact angle hysteresis was investigated. It is shown in particular, by using anisotropic rough surfaces, how surface topography and thereby the continuity of the three-phase contact line, affect this hysteresis. Our results clearly indicate that the superhydrophobicity of a surface cannot be judged by the contact angle alone.     

液滴在不同润湿性表面上蒸发时的动力学特性

基于润滑理论,采用滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴厚度的演化模型和移动接触线动力学模型,利用数值计算方法模拟了均匀加热基底上固着液滴蒸发时的动力学特性,分析了液-气、固-气和液-固界面张力温度敏感性对壁面润湿性和液滴动态特性的影响.结果表明,液滴的运动过程受毛细力、重力、热毛细力和蒸发的影响,重力对液滴铺展起促进作用,而毛细力、热毛细力则起抑制作用;通过改变界面张力温度敏感性系数,可使液滴蒸发过程中的接触线呈现处于钉扎或部分钉扎模式,且接触线钉扎模式下的液滴存续时间低于部分钉扎模式;提高液-气与液-固界面张力温度敏感系数均可改善壁面润湿性能,加快液滴铺展速率;而增大固-气界面张力温度敏感系数则导致壁面润湿性能恶化、延缓液滴铺展过程;通过改变固-气界面张力温度敏感系数更有利于调控处于蒸发状态下的液滴运动.     

Droplet printing through bubble contact in the laser forward transfer of liquids

The deposition process of the laser-induced forward transfer of liquids at high laser fluences is analyzed through time-resolved imaging. It has been found that, at these conditions, sessile droplets are deposited due to the contact of a generated cavitation bubble with the receptor substrate, in contrast to the jet contact mechanism observed at low and moderate laser fluences. The bubble contact results in droplets with a larger diameter, a smaller contact angle and a lower uniformity than those of the jet mechanism. Therefore, in order to attain a high degree of resolution this mechanism should be prevented.     

溶液液滴蒸发变干的环状沉积

液体蒸发驱动的颗粒自组装现象在许多的工业技术中有重要应用. 本文利用显微镜观测含有颗粒物质的液滴变干后留在固体表面的颗粒形成的环状沉积图案. 采用微米粒径的SiO₂小球水溶液液滴蒸发变干模拟咖啡环的形成过程, 结果发现液滴蒸发过程中接触线的钉扎是环状沉积的必要条件. 在液滴蒸发过程中颗粒随着补偿流不断的向液滴边缘移动, 聚集在接触线处形成环. 液滴蒸发变干后残留在液滴内部的颗粒数随颗粒质量分数的增加而增加, 可以达到单层的颗粒排列. 而玻璃衬底上的颗粒环在颗粒质量分数很小时, 形成单层排列, 且一排一排地生长. 蒸发过程中颗粒环由于液滴边缘的尺寸限制向液滴中心缓慢移动. 这会导致液滴中不同大小颗粒的分离. 关键词： 液滴 接触线 蒸发 颗粒     

Electrical discharge in capillary breakup: controlling the charge of a droplet

We studied the detachment of sessile droplets of conductive liquids from an immersed wire by reducing the contact angle using ac electrowetting. Upon detachment, the droplets acquire a certain amount of charge, which is shown to be controlled by a dimensionless parameter alpha. Alpha describes the interplay between the diverging Ohmic resistance of the breaking capillary neck and the ac frequency. In the specific configuration of the present experiment, discharging at high frequency leads to self-excited oscillations in which the droplets periodically detach from and reattach to the wire.     

Polymeric microstructure arrays consequence of Marangoni flow-induced water droplets

This paper describes a cost-effective approach to fabricate intricate arrays of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymeric microstructures based on porous polystyrene (PS) films generated from arrays of water droplets. To start, a thin layer of ethanol film is exposed to a humid air flow. Upon the evaporation of ethanol and simultaneous condensation of water as the ethanol phase recedes, a Marangoni flow causes the flow of liquid from the ethanol phase into water fingers emerged along the receding contact line, which finally detach to form ordered water droplet arrays behind the receding contact line. The water droplet arrays are subsequently used as templates to generate porous PS films. The porous PS films are then used as sacrificial layers and masters to fabricate various arrays of PDMS dots and PDMS stamps with posts, respectively. The PDMS stamps containing various microstructures are further utilized to create polymer rings, PDMS dots, porous PDMS films, and PDMS aperture rings, and for contact printing of patterns of self-assembled monolayers.