ICF用磁性玻璃靶丸悬浮磁场的确定及材料制备初步研究

 根据靶丸悬浮原理,推导出ICF用磁性靶丸在悬浮磁场中受力的函数关系式,从而得到了靶丸悬浮的理论模型。通过实验和理论相结合的方法,得出当靶丸中磁性材料掺入质量百分比由1%增加到6%时,靶丸的磁场强度由0.09 mT增加到0.44 mT,而对应的外界悬浮磁场由0.93 mT减小到0.23 mT。     

Electro-precipitation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in ethanol

The preparation of superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles by electro-precipitation in ethanol is proposed. Particle average size can be set from 4.4 to 9 nm with a standard deviation around 20%. Combination of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Mössbauer spectroscopy characterizations clearly identifies the particles as magnetite single-crystals (Fe₃O₄).     

Synthesis of magnetic rhenium sulfide composite nanoparticles

Rhenium sulfide nanoparticles are associated with magnetic iron oxide through coprecipitation of iron salts with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Sizes of the formed magnetic rhenium sulfide composite particles are in the range 5.5-12.5 nm. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays spectra demonstrate the coexistence of Fe₃O₄ and ReS₂ in the composite particle, which confirm the formation of the magnetic rhenium sulfide composite nanoparticles. The association of rhenium sulfide with iron oxide not only keeps electronic state and composition of the rhenium sulfide nanoparticles, but also introduces magnetism with the level of 24.1 emu g^-1 at 14 kOe. Surface modification with monocarboxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG-COOH) has the role of deaggregating the composite nanoparticles to be with average hydrodynamic size of 27.3 nm and improving the dispersion and the stability of the composite nanoparticles in water.     

Instant magnetic labeling of tumor cells by ultrasound in vitro

Magnetic labeling of living cells creates opportunities for numerous biomedical applications. Here we describe an instantly cell magnetic labeling method based on ultrasound. We present a detailed study on the ultrasound performance of a simple and efficient labeling protocol for H-22 cells in vitro. High frequency focus ultrasound was investigated as an alternative method to achieve instant cell labeling with the magnetic particles without the need for adjunct agents or initiating cell cultures. Mean diameter of 168 nm dextran-T40 coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were prepared by means of classical coprecipitation in solution in our laboratory. H-22 tumor cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH=7.2) were exposed to ultrasound at 1.37 MHz for up to 120 s in the presence of SPIOs. The cellular uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles was detected by prussion blue staining. The viability of cells was determined by a trypan blue exclusion test. At 2 W power and 60 s ultrasound exposure in presence of 410 μg/ml SPIOs, H-22 cell labeling efficiency reached 69.4±6.3% and the labeled cells exhibited an iron content of 10.38±2.43 pg per cell. Furthermore, 95.2±3.2% cells remained viable. The results indicated that the ultrasound protocol could be potentially applied to label cells with large-sized magnetic particles. We also calculated the shear stress at the 2 W power and 1.37 MHz used in experiments. The results showed that the shear stress threshold for ultrasonically induced H-22 cell reparable sonoporation was 697 Pa. These findings provide a quantitative guidance in designing ultrasound protocols for cell labeling.     

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy of materials

Several aspects of magnetic resonance microscopy are examined employing three-dimensional (3D) back-projection reconstruction techniques in combination with either simple Bloch-decay methods or MREV-8 multiple-pulse line narrowing techniques in the presence of static field gradients. Applications to the areas of ceramic processing, catalyst porosity measurements and the characterization of polymeric materials are presented. The focus of the discussion centers on issues of sensitivity and resolution using this approach compared with other methods. Advantages and limitations of 3D microscopy over more commonly employed slice selection protocols are discussed, as well as potential remedies to some of the inherent limitations of the technique.     

Optimization of nanoparticle core size for magnetic particle imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a powerful new research and diagnostic imaging platform that is designed to image the amount and location of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in biological tissue. Here, we present mathematical modeling results that show how MPI sensitivity and spatial resolution both depend on the size of the nanoparticle core and its other physical properties, and how imaging performance can be effectively optimized through rational core design. Modeling is performed using the properties of magnetite cores, since these are readily produced with a controllable size that facilitates quantitative imaging. Results show that very low detection thresholds (of a few nanograms Fe₃O₄) and sub-millimeter spatial resolution are possible with MPI.     

Investigations on magnetic particles prepared by cyclic growth

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are promising tools for medical applications like hyperthermia or magnetic drug targeting. The relevant properties in these applications strongly depend on particle size and size distribution. In order to investigate the influence of mean size as well as size distribution, iron oxide powders from particles by a cyclic method based on “conventional” precipitation from Fe-salt solution were prepared. Increasing mean particle size with increasing number of cycles is confirmed by XRD. Magnetic parameters of the saturation hysteresis loop, hysteresis losses calculated from minor loops and switching field distributions are shown. A fractionation experiment on a fluid sample of particles prepared by 3 cycles was carried out in order to improve the hysteresis losses.     

Water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles with biologically active stabilizers

We present the results of the interaction of iron oxide nanoparticles with some biologically active surfactants, namely, oleic acid and cytotoxic alkanolamine derivatives. Physico-chemical properties, as magnetization, magnetite concentration and particle diameter, of the prepared magnetic samples were studied. The nanoparticle size of 11 nm for toluene magnetic fluid determined by TEM is in good agreement with the data obtained by the method of magnetogranulometry. In vitro cytotoxic effect of water-soluble nanoparticles with different iron oxide:oleic acid molar ratio were revealed against human fibrosarcoma and mouse hepatoma cells. In vivo results using a sarcoma mouse model showed observable antitumor action.     

Uptake of magnetic nanoparticles into cells for cell tracking

A challenge for future applications in nanotechnology is the functional integration of nano-sized materials into cellular structures. Here we investigated superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a lipid bilayer for uptake into cells and for targeting subcellular compartments. It was found that magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are effectively taken up into cells and make cells acquire magnetic activity. Biotin-conjugated MNPs were further functionalized by binding of the fluorescent tag streptavidin–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and, following uptake into cells, shown to confer magnetic activity and fluorescence labeling. Such FITC-MNPs were localized in the lysosomal compartment of cells which suggests a receptor-mediated uptake mechanism.     

Modeling of two-phase magnetic materials based on Jiles-Atherton theory of hysteresis

The Jiles-Atherton (JA) theory of hysteresis has been extended in the present paper to model hysteresis in two-phase magnetic materials. Two-phase materials are those that exhibit two magnetic phases in one hysteresis cycle: one at lower fields and the other at higher fields. In magnetic hysteresis, the transition from one phase to the other i.e. low field phase to high field phase depends mainly on the exchange field. Hence, the material-dependent microstructural parameters of JA theory: spontaneous magnetization, M_S, pinning factor, k, domain density, a, domain coupling, α, and reversibility factor, c, are represented as functions of the exchange field. Several cases based on this model have been discussed and compared with the measured data from existing literature. The shapes of the calculated and measured hysteresis loops are in excellent agreement.     

Nanocrystals magnetic contribution to FINEMET-type soft magnetic materials with Ge addition

Over the last years several works have been published in which magnetic and structural properties of soft magnetic nanocrystalline alloys were reported. Among these, there are a series of articles where the nanocrystals composition of FINEMET-type alloys with Ge addition was obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). By considering a linear relationship between the magnetic moments of the nanocrystals and the composition of various elements in these crystallites, the magnetic moment of the nanocrystals was calculated. This paper reviews results obtained by different authors since 1980 and they are compared with ours. In turn, we revised some elements not previously considered for the calculus of the nanocrystals composition that allowed us to obtain the magnetic moment of the crystallites in the alloy. In particular, we analyzed FINEMET-type alloys with replacement of B for Ge: Fe_73.5Si_13.5Ge₂B₇Nb₃Cu₁ and Fe_73.5Si_13.5Ge₄B₅Nb₃Cu₁. The nanocrystalline structure was obtained by isothermal annealing of melt-spun ribbons at 823 K for 1 h. From MS and XRD we obtained the atomic composition of the nanocrystals in the magnetic material. The magnetic contribution of the nanocrystals to the alloy was calculated using a linear model and the results were compared with experimental measurements of the samples.     

磁性材料新近进展

磁性材料是应用广泛、品种繁多的一类重要的功能材料，20世纪90年代以后发展十分迅速．稀土-3d过渡族磁性合金材料，如稀土水磁、巨磁致收缩材料、巨磁热效应材料，磁光效应材料等，以及非晶，纳米微晶磁性材料相继问世．1988年巨磁电阻效应的发现已获广泛应用，如读出磁头、传感器以及磁随机存储器等，并发展成为自旋电子学的新学科．文章简要介绍了近年来磁性材料的一些新进展。     

Carboxylated magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents: Relaxation measurements at different field strengths

At the moment the biomedical applications of magnetic fluids are the subject of intensive scientific interest. In the present work, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and stabilized in aqueous medium with different carboxylic compounds (citric acid (CA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and sodium oleate (NaOA)), in order to prepare well stabilized magnetic fluids (MFs). The magnetic nanoparticles can be used in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents. Magnetic resonance relaxation measurements of the above MFs were performed at different field strengths (i.e., 0.47, 1.5 and 9.4 T) to reveal the field strength dependence of their magnetic responses, and to compare them with that of ferucarbotran, a well-known superparamagnetic contrast agent. The measurements showed characteristic differences between the tested magnetic fluids stabilized by carboxylic compounds and ferucarbotran. It is worthy of note that our magnetic fluids have the highest r2 relaxivities at the field strength of 1.5 T, where the most of the MRI works in worldwide.     

磁性材料新近进展

磁性材料是应用广泛、品种繁多的一类重要的功能材料, 20世纪90年代以后发展十分迅速.稀土-3d过渡族磁性合金材料,如稀土永磁、巨磁致收缩材料、巨磁热效应材料,磁光效应材料等,以及非晶,纳米微晶磁性材料相继问世.1988年巨磁电阻效应的发现已获广泛应用,如读出磁头、传感器以及磁随机存储器等,并发展成为自旋电子学的新学科. 文章简要介绍了近年来磁性材料的一些新进展.     

Trapping energy of a magnetic monopole in magnetic materials

Analytical methods to investigate the interaction of magnetic monopoles with known magnetic media have been developed. Trapping energies of monopoles inside ferro-magnetic or super onducting materials of size greater than about 10⁻⁶ cm are found to be of the order of several kiloelectron volts. These are two to three orders of magnitude higher than in paramagnetic materials. Thus if stable magnetic monopoles exist at all in the universe, they are perhaps trapped in these magnetic materials. The effect of the finite size of the magnetic bodies is taken into account explicitly in our calculations of the trapping energy.     

Study on the synthesis of ε-Fe3N-based magnetic fluid

In this work, stable high-saturation magnetization ε-Fe₃N magnetic fluid was synthesized successfully by the chemical reaction of iron carbonyl (Fe(CO)₅) and ammonia gas (NH₃). The experiment results have shown that the reactive conditions, such as the nitriding temperature, the gas flux ratio of Ar1:Ar2:NH₃, the reactive time, the content of surfactant and the hole size of the porous plate used, have important effects on the phase composition, the size of magnetic particles, the magnetic properties and the stability of ε-Fe₃N magnetic fluid. Also it was found that the synthetic time of stable high saturation magnetization ε-Fe₃N magnetic fluid could be shortened by adding n-heptane into the carrier, and the size of ε-Fe₃N magnetic particles could be decreased by decreasing the pore size of the porous plate used in our experiment. Finally, stable ε-Fe₃N magnetic fluid with the saturation magnetization 1663 Gs and the mean particle size 12 nm was synthesized successfully.     

Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles with an iron oxide magnetic core and a biologically active trialkylsilylated aliphatic alkanolamine shell

Water-soluble double-coated magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) containing cytotoxic decyldimethyl(β$\beta$-dimethylaminoethoxy)silane methiodide (AA) molecule sorbed at biocompatible magnetic particles, which consist of magnetite pre-coated with oleic acid (OA), have been prepared. X-ray line profile broadening analysis was used for crystallite size determination. The method of magnetogranulometry has been used for determination of diameter of iron oxide magnetic core and magnetic properties of NPs prepared. In vitro cytotoxicity on monolayer tumor cell lines HT-1080 (human fibrosarcoma), MG-22A (mouse hepatoma) and normal mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) has been studied. It was revealed that all the water-based colloidal solutions obtained are non-toxic and possess high NO-induction ability.     

Effect of Sn-doping on the structural,magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La0.67Ba0.33Mn1−xSnxO3 compounds

Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in fine-grained perovskite manganites of the type La_0.67Ba_0.33Mn_1−xSn_xO₃ (x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) were prepared by the solid-state method. The prepared samples remain single phase and exhibit paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition (T_C) at 340, 325 and 288 K for x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.15, respectively. From the measured magnetization data of La_0.67Ba_0.33Mn_1−xSn_xO₃ compounds as a function of field (2 T), the associated magnetic entropy change close to their respective Curie temperatures and the relative cooling power (RCP) have been determined. Large MCE has been obtained in all samples and |ΔS_M|_max reached the highest value of 2.49 J/kg K at T_C (288 K) for the sample x=0.15, with H=2 T.     

Positive contrast visualization for cellular magnetic resonance imaging using susceptibility-weighted echo-time encoding

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate a method to generate positive contrast, selective to superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeled cells, using the susceptibility-weighted echo-time encoding technique (SWEET).

Materials and Methods

SPIO-labeled human epidermal carcinoma (KB) cells were placed in a gel phantom. Positive contrast from the labeled cells was created by subtraction between conventional spin-echo images and echo-time shifted susceptibility-weighted images. SPIO-labeled cells were injected into the left dorsal flank and hind limb of nude mice, and unlabeled cells were placed on the right side as controls. Tumor growth was monitored using the proposed method, and a histological analysis was used to confirm the presence of the labeled cells.

Results

Based on in vitro testing, we could detect 5000 labeled cells at minimum and the number of pixels with positive contrast increased proportionally to the number of labeled cells. Animal experiments also revealed the presence of tumor growth from SPIO-loaded cells.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the proposed method, based on the simple principle of echo-time shift, could be readily implemented in a clinical scanner to visualize the magnetic susceptibility effects of SPIO-loaded cells through a positive-contrast mechanism.     

Electromagnetic fields in magnetic materials: A resource letter

This work is a collection of selected, significant references focussing upon magnetic materials and their interaction with electromagnetic fields. The major topics included are ferrites, plasmas (both atmospheric and laboratory), magnetic composites, magnetic dielectric fluids, ferroelectric liquid crystals. Sections discussing general magnetic materials and phenomena are also included.