近红外光谱法测定卷烟纸中钠、钾、镁、钙和柠檬酸根的含量

采用近红外光谱法测定卷烟纸中钠、钾、镁、钙和柠檬酸根的含量。用近红外光谱法对163个具有代表性卷烟纸样品进行测定,利用偏最小二乘法建立了卷烟纸中钠、钾、镁、钙和柠檬酸根的数学定量模型。结果表明:当卷烟纸重叠张数为15张及以上时,近红外漫反射扫描光谱无明显差异;各模型相关系数分别为0.949 6,0.982 5,0.958 1,0.930 0,0.987 9;模型交互验证均方根误差分别为0.245,0.415,0.050 5,3.08,0.533;模型外部验证平均相对偏差分别为6.63%,4.87%,6.03%,2.31%,4.58%。t-检验结果表明:5种组分显著性水平均大于0.05,预测值与测定值不存在显著性差异。     

近红外光谱法快速测定鲜木薯中淀粉含量

提出了用于现场快速测定鲜木薯中淀粉含量的近红外光谱法。取不同品种的鲜木薯样品90个,按国家标准方法(化学分析法)测得其淀粉含量。用近红外光谱法对此90个样品所制作的柱状样块的横截面进行光谱扫描,得其光谱图谱,并转换得到其一阶导数图。用CAUNIFT软件QPLS分析模块建立数学模型。结果表明:验证样品中淀粉的化学法测定值与近红外模型的预测值之间呈线性关系。用5份未知样品对所建模型进行外部验证,预测值与化学法测定值之间的绝对误差在2%以内,相对误差均小于5%。     

超声/消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定烟丝、卷烟纸及香精中钾钠钙镁元素含量

采用超声提取法处理卷烟纸样品,微波消解法处理烟丝及香精样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定样品中钾、钠、钙和镁元素含量,控制卷烟产品质量稳定性。钾、钠、钙和镁的检出限分别为3.00、0.59、4.53、0.62μg/L,加标回收率为88.4%~112.0%。采用该方法对不同批次的烟丝样品、卷烟纸样品及香精样品中钾、钠、钙、镁元素含量进行了测定,考察了批次间的稳定性,并对同一规格不同厂家生产的卷烟纸中元素含量进行了对比分析。     

近红外光谱分析原油中水分和硫含量模型的建立及验证

取原油样品120个,分别按照GB/T 11133-2015和GB/T 17040-2008中所述方法测定了上述原油样品中的水分和硫的含量。通过优化的近红外光谱(NIRS)条件采集了上述原油样品的NIR光谱图。采用杠杆值算法剔除4个异常样品。在建立水分含量分析模型时,采用的条件为:用Savitzky-Golay法对光谱进行滤波预处理,建模光谱区间为6 200～8 200cm-1,主成分数为6,用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)交叉验证建立分析模型。硫含量分析模型的建立条件为:采用二阶导数-Norris Derivative对光谱进行预处理,建模光谱区间为4 400～4 700cm-1,主成分数为6,用PLS交叉验证建立分析模型。水分和硫含量模型的预测值与测定值的相关性较好。水分模型的决定系数(R2c)为0.989 9,校正标准偏差(RMSEC)为0.084 2,说明其预测效果较好,可用于原油中水分含量的预测。硫含量模型的R2c为0.996 3,RESEC为0.069 6,说明此模型的预测效果也较好,可用原油中硫含量的预测。应用所建立的两个模型对10个未知原油样品中水分和硫含量进行了预测,并与其测定值比较,结果表明两者之间的相对偏差均小于10%。     

微波灰化-原子荧光光谱法测定卷烟纸中镉

卷烟纸样品于瓷坩埚中,放入微波灰化系统中在450℃灰化20min,残渣加入体积分数为2.5%盐酸溶液溶解转入50mL容量瓶中定容后,供原子荧光光谱仪测定卷烟纸中镉的含量。在优化的仪器条件下,镉的质量浓度在0.2～10μg.L-1范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.018μg.L-1。方法用于分析卷烟纸样品,所得回收率在94.4%～98.4%之间。方法的日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.2%和2.8%。     

基于多阶导数拉曼光谱组合技术的矿物油模式分类

为了实现对法庭科学领域重质矿物油物证的快速、准确、无损的鉴定,该文基于光谱分析技术提出了一种多阶导数光谱数据组合分析的方法。收集了80种不同型号、不同厂家的重质矿物油样本,利用傅里叶变换拉曼光谱分析法采集样本的原始光谱数据和导数光谱数据,并通过结合化学计量学构建分类模型。在构建的主成分分析(PCA)结合径向基函数神经网络(RBF)分类模型中,对单独的原始光谱、一阶导数谱和二阶导数谱数据的训练集准确率分别为80.0%、86.7%和86.2%,测试集准确率分别为73.3%、80.0%和72.7%;对组合后的原始光谱+一阶导数谱、原始光谱+二阶导数谱和一阶导数谱+二阶导数谱数据的分类中,训练集准确率分别为97.0%、96.7%和100%,测试集准确率分别为85.7%、90.0%和100%。结果表明,对组合后的导数光谱与原始光谱构建分类模型,准确率更高。其中,基于一阶导数谱+二阶导数谱数据构建的PCA结合RBF分类模型的结果最为理想,准确率达100%。而K最近邻算法模型由于受到样本不均匀的影响,整体分类准确率均较低。利用组合的导数光谱与原始光谱数据构建分类模型能够实现对重质矿物油样本的快速、准确、无损鉴别,可为光谱组合技术在法庭科学及其他分析测试领域的应用提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

FAAS法测定芦笋果实中的微量元素

采用V(浓硝酸) V(高氯酸)=4 1混酸溶解消化样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法对芦笋果实中K、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Co 9种微量元素进行了分析测定,研究了测定不同元素仪器的最佳工作条件、方法的准确性和精密度。结果表明,芦笋果实中Ca、Mg、K、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Na和Co含量分别为0.107、1.228、46.536、0.001、0.088、0.017、0.298、0.382、0.022 mg.g-1,方法回收率(n=7)在98.1%～102.2%之间,RSD值(n=7)在0.20%～1.05%,该法快速、简单,准确度和精密度均较好,能达到分析要求。     

化学计量学方法应用于近红外光谱法测定混合炸药中TNT含量

为构建样品中的被测组分(TNT)的含量与其红外光谱之间的数学模型,从生产线上采集以及按相同方法制备了共计155个样品并采集了它们的红外光谱,根据计算所得光谱残留F值判别并剔除异常光谱。随机选取63个样品的光谱作为校正集,其余92个样品的光谱作为验证集。另外采用常规的溶剂提取-红外光谱法测定了这些样品中TNT的含量作为建模参考值。在最优模型波段(cm-1)为:9 114.1～8 331.2,7 671.6～7 189.5,6 514.5～5 666,5 102.8～4 929.3,4 744.14～4 728.71的条件下,根据校正集的光谱数据,用偏最小二乘法建立数字模型。通过交叉检验均方根误差,RMSECV-维数曲线的理想程度以及光谱主成分分析结果选取了最优模型。采用χ2检验法,以及根据预测标准差和Bias值,结合验证集样品的光谱和数据,评估了方法的精确度和准确度。从TNT含量在36.68%～46.95%内的8个样品的测定结果得出其预测值的Bias值为0.078%,SEP%为0.514%。说明方法的准确度和精密度良好,且无需使用有机试剂。     

微波消解-ICP-AES同时测定宠物食品中的钾、钠、钙、磷

研究了经微波消解宠物食品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)快速测定其中的K、Na、Ca、P 4种微量元素含量的方法。该法不需添加掩蔽剂,很好地解决了使用掩蔽剂带来的偏差。测定样品中K、Na、Ca、P4种元素的相对标准偏差分别为1.68%、4.17%、0.82%、1.44%(n=6),回收率为98.6%~100.1%。该法适用于宠物食品的大批量快速检测。     

不同月份栽培藏木香微量元素的含量测定及动态分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对不同月份栽培藏木香中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca、K、Mg和Na8种微量元素进行了分析测定。结果表明,在选定的测定条件下,栽培藏木香中各元素间相互干扰小,对测定无明显影响。方法的标准曲线线性关系良好(r=0.997 3~0.999 9),方法回收率(n=7)在97.5%~100.3%之间,RSD值(n=7)在1.16%~2.76%之间。栽培藏木香中K、Ca、Mg含量较高且不同月份微量元素含量有所不同,其中Zn、Cu、Mn含量基本稳定;K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe等元素含量呈现较大幅度的变化趋势。研究结果为合理利用藏木香资源提供了可靠依据。     

Multivariate classification of cigarettes according to their elemental content determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

In this paper we describe our study on the characterization of cigarette samples according to their mineral content. Acid digestion assisted by microwaves was employed, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was the analytical technique used for the determination of Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Sr in conventional, light, and flavorized cigarettes. Multivariate techniques, such as hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA) and principal-component analysis (PCA), were applied to discriminate among different types of cigarettes. Cluster analysis and principal-component analysis showed differences in cigarettes according to the type and mineral composition. The cigarette samples were divided within the 3 groups according to their mineral composition. Ca, Sr, Cu, K and Na were the most important elements for cigarette classification, and only these 5 variables were sufficient for the classification and discrimination of the evaluated types of cigarettes.     

Kinetics of penetration and exsorption of K,Cl, Mg,Na and P in red beet cells by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis

K, Cl, P, Mg and Na contents in natural red beet samples have been determined by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. Interfering reactions were found to be negligible. Good agreement has been obtained with flame spectrometry. The kinetics of absorption and exsorption of these elements was studied in beet samples treated in different chemical solutions. The regulating role of Ca in these migrations has been confirmed. The presence of Hg limits the penetration of K and Cl as well as increases the exsorption of Na, P, Cl, K.     

Egyptian and foreign cigarettes

The concentration of 27 elements has been measured using neutron activation analysis in a cigarette brand commercially manufactured in Egypt and in three foreign brands available on the Egyptian market. The cigarette components examined were cigarette tobacco, cigarette wrapping paper and cigarette ash. All results are expressed in absolute values per cigarette. The concentration of Al, As, Ba, Br, Cl, Cs, Eu, Fe, Mn, Na, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, Ti and V in the Egyptian cigarette were above the range determined for the foreign brands examined; however, Ce, Co, Cr, Hf, K, La, Mg, Se and Zn were within that range. Except for K, Mn, Ni and Ti, the above conclusions was the same for elements determined in the ash. The wrapping paper used for the Egyptian cigarette contains the lowest quantity of Cl and Mn.     

Effect of Combustion Improver on Combustion Behavior of Cigarette Paper by Simultaneous TG/DSC Detection

Combustion behavior of cigarette paper containing different content of combustion improver was investigated in order to provide direct experiment data to elucidate lower components in cigarette smoke caused by combustion improver in cigarette paper. The content of the combustion improver was denoted as "organic" potassium index and determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ionic spectroscopy. The combustion process obtained by simultaneous thermal analysis was divided into four stages: weight loss due to loss of absorbent water, decomposition of the cellulose, the oxidation of the cellulose char and decomposition of calcium carbonate. Combustion improver reduced the temperature of cellulose decomposition 3–12 K and contributed to oxidation of the cellulose char. Ignition point was gained and reduced 3–8 K by combustion improver. Above results were further verified by samples from two other cigarette paper factories. Mechanism of lower components in cigarette smoke by the combustion improver in cigarette paper was discussed.     

微波消解样品-离子色谱法测定卷烟纸中钠、钾、镁、钙的含量

提出了离子色谱法同时测定卷烟纸中钠、钾、镁和钙含量的方法。卷烟纸试样经硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸微波消解,以IonPac CS16阳离子交换柱为固定相,用0.027 mol.L-1甲烷磺酸溶液作流动相。钠、钾、镁和钙4种元素在30 min内可完全分离;各离子的检出限(3S/N)分别为13,15,8.1,97 mg.L-1。方法的加标回收率在100.9%～108.8%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.87%～3.4%之间。     

Neutron activation analysis of an Egyptian cigarette and its ash

The concentration of 28 elements in tobacco and cigarette paper in an Egyptian Cigarette were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis. These elements are: Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Ti, V and Zn. The cigarette filter (before and after normal smoking) and the produced ash were analyzed to determine the adsorption of the elements on the filter and their remains in ash. The material balance for the determined elements were calculated.     

Characterization of Polish rape and honeydew honey according to their mineral contents using ICP-MS and F-AAS/AES

In this work twelve elements (Al, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and Zn) were determined in 30 honey samples from various locations within Poland and in two different types of honey--rape and honeydew. Trace elements (Al, B, Cr, Mn and Ni) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), however, major elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and Cu, Fe, Zn were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS). Cluster analysis of honey data revealed that the origin of honey samples correlated with their chemical composition. It was shown that rape honey includes lower amounts of manganese than honeydew honeys. Also honeydew honey includes much higher concentrations of Al, Cu, K, Fe and Ni in comparison with rape honey. Moreover honeydew honey was found to have a higher mineral content, which reflects sources from which the honey is composed. Trace element analysis showed that the differences in the values found in honey samples could be used as evidence of the quality of honey samples.     

Determination of microelement content in the samples from the cycle of intensive poultry breeding

The results of analysis of 15 samples of meat, eggs, feed and water used in the cycle of intensive poultry breeding are given in the paper. Twenty chemical elements such as: Sm, Lu, Eu, Hf, Ce, Yb, Cr, La, Br, Sb, Cs, Sc, Fe, Co, Na, Ta, Tb, Zr, Rb and Zn have been quantitatively determined in all the samples by nondestructive neutron activation analysis. Qualitative determination of K, Ca, Ru and Au was also performed in some samples.     

微波消解-ICP-AES法测定氧化铝中杂质元素

采用微波消解法,将样品用磷酸溶解,用ICP-AES测定氧化铝中Na、K、Ca、Si、Fe、Ti、Mn、Zn、Cu、V、Cr和B等12种杂质元素,采用测定标样、加标回收试验和精密度试验证明该方法简便快速,准确可靠。