Antioxidant Effect of Azadirachta Indica on High Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Charles Foster Rats

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes mellitus. Excessively high levels of free radicals cause damage to cellular proteins, membrane lipids and nucleic acids, and eventually cell death. The present study was designed to investigate the possible effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract in high fat diet induced diabetic Charles Foster rats. The increased level of lipidperoxidation and altered levels of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) antioxidants were seen in high fructose fed animals. The treatment with A. indica leaf extract significantly normalized the altered levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status at 400?mg/kg b.w. dose. The A. indica leaf extract was also tested for in vitro inhibition of generation of superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radical in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. The A. indica leaf extract was found to inhibit generation of superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radical significantly at 200???g/ml concentration. Data of present study demonstrated that the A. indica leaf extract has both antidiabetic and antioxidant properties.     

Enterobacter Cloacae Z0206细菌胞外富硒多糖的抗氧化活性

利用产多糖菌Enterobacter cloacae Z0206(E.cloacaeZ0206)的深层发酵法制备了E.cloacae Z0206细菌富硒多糖;测定了其还原能力和清除1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子及羟自由基的能力.结果表明,通过深层富硒发酵、醇沉离心等制备富硒多糖SEPS的产量为9.28g/L,富硒量为2.314mg/g;E.cloacae Z0206富硒多糖对DPPH自由基和羟自由基具有较好的清除作用,在浓度为5g/L时对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别为80.35%和84.26%,并具有较强的还原能力,但其对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力较差.     

Detection of synergistic effect of superoxide dismutase and jujubosides on scavenging superoxide anion radical by capillary electrophoresis

A new capillary electrophoresis method was developed to study the synergistic effect of superoxide dismutase and jujuboside A or B on scavenging superoxide anion radical in serum matrix respectively, in which superoxide anion radical was generated from pyrogallol autoxidation. The electrophoresis conditions, and the factors affecting the productive rate of purpurogallin, such as pyrogallol autoxidation product and the activity of superoxide dismutase, were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the content of superoxide dismutase in Gibco newborn calf serum was 7.06 mg/L, RSD was 2.01% and the average recovery was 98.4%. The values of IC₅₀ for jujuboside A and B in the serum matrix were 157.67 and 31.60 mg/L respectively, and they both had synergy on scavenging superoxide anion radical with superoxide dismutase, but there was no the dose‐dependency on this synergy.     

SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS—X. A SPIN-TRAPPING AND DIRECT ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OF DAUNOMYCIN AND ADRIAMYCIN

Abstract— Irradiation of daunomycin (or adriamycin) and the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) at 490 nm in the presence or in the absence of air generated the hydroxyl radical adduct (DMPO-OH). The observed DMPO-OH signal was not affected by the addition of hydroxyl radical scavengers (ethanol, formate), suggesting that direct trapping of the hydroxyl radical was not involved. The DMPO-OH signal was insensitive to superoxide dismutase and catalase, which ruled out the possibility of superoxide or H₂O₂ involvement. These findings demonstrate that daunomycin (or adriamycin) does not generate hydroxyl radicals or superoxide radical anions when subjected to 490-nm excitation. However, when daunomycin (or adriamycin) was irradiated at 310 nm DMPO adducts derived from two carbon-centered radicals, superoxide and the hydroxyl radical were detected. The superoxide adduct of DMPO was abolished by the addition of SOD, providing unequivocal evidence for the generation of the superoxide anion radical. The daunomycin semiquinone radical, observed upon 310-nm irradiation of daunomycin in the absence of DMPO, appears to be the precursor of the superoxide radical anion. One of the carbon-centered radicals trapped by DMPO exhibited a unique set of hyperfine parameters and was identified as an acyl radical. This suggests that the known photochemical deacylation of daunomycin occurs via a homolytic cleavage mechanism. The free radicals generated photolytically from adriamycin and daunomycin may be involved in the etiology of the skin ulceration and inflammation caused by these drugs. A knowledge of the dependence of these photogenerated radicals on the wavelength of excitation may be important in the development of adriamycin and daunomycin for photodynamic therapy.     

Relationship Between Membrane Damage Induced by Osmotic Stress and Lipid Peroxidation and Some Free Radicals

To treat leaf discs with solutions of various osmotic potentials of polyethylene glycols (MW 6000) by adopting the floating treatment could increase the membrane permeability, decrease the formation of malondialdehyde,and reduce the activity of peroxidase. Nevertheless, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were not obviously altered. In verifying if the membrane damage was caused by lipid peroxidation initiated by active oxygen species, diethyldithiocarbamate was chosen as inhibitor superoxide dismutase,aminotriazole as catalase and mannitol as scavenger of hydroxyl free radicals.The results have shown that there is not any correlation between lipid peroxidation and membrane damage.Therefore,membrane damage caused by water stress is probably not due to free radical initiation.     

Antioxidative responses to seasonal changes and chemiluminescence assay of Astragalus onobrychis leaves extract

The aim of this study was to research the seasonal changes of antioxidant enzyme activity and total antioxidant capacity in leaves of Astragalus onobrychis L. subsp. chlorocarpus (Griseb.) S. Kozuharov et D.K. Pavlova. Leaves of A. onobrychis were collected during the different stages of growth and analyzed for antioxidant enzyme activity: superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase. Quantities of malonyldialdehyde, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals were measured as well as the content of soluble proteins. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity was determined by the inhibition of chemiluminescence activity of blood phagocytes by leaf extracts. Stages of vegetation significantly affected the accumulation of superoxide radicals, but there were no significant differences in hydroxyl radical quantity and lipid peroxidation levels during vegetation. Soluble proteins vary greatly between different stages of growth. Seasonal changes were found to have an effect on enzymatic activities. During the spring season, guaiacol peroxidase showed the highest levels. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase increased their activities in summer, while, during the autumn season, superoxide dismutase showed maximum activity. On the basis of chemiluminescence assay, it can be concluded that leaf extract of A. onobrychis possesses a significant antioxidant capacity thus protecting plants during environmental stress.      

ESR study on the antioxidant activity of TAK-218 in biological model membranes

TAK-218 has a 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-amine (coumaran) structure which resembles alpha-tocopherol, and is a promising candidate as an agent for central nervous system (CNS) trauma and ischemia. The radical scavenging activity of TAK-218 was studied using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. TAK-218 exhibited a more potent scavenging activity towards the hydroxyl radical than did the well-known hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol and dimethylsulfoxide. Towards the superoxide radical, TAK-218 showed equal potency to glutathione. TAK-218 reacted rapidly with stable radicals, such as galvinoxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH), and gave the quinone as a two-electron oxidized product in analogy with alpha-tocopherol. To exhibit an excellent antioxidative activity in living systems, the compounds should not only have the intrinsic radical scavenging activity but also good distribution in the biological lipid-bilayer membrane. To examine the antioxidant activity of TAK-218, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by alpha-tocopherol and TAK-218 in liposomal membranes was studied using an ESR spin-label technique. Both alpha-tocopherol and TAK-218 completely inhibited lipid peroxidation by radicals generated in an aqueous layer using a water-soluble radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). At a high incubation temperature (45 degrees C), alpha-tocopherol scavenged radicals more effectively than TAK-218 on the surface of the membrane, while TAK-218 scavenged radicals more effectively in the interior of the membrane. The difference between TAK-218 and alpha-tocopherol for radical scavenging in the membrane system derives from the different distribution pattern of these compounds. TAK-218 can penetrate the membrane freely and can scavenge the radical in the membrane interior. Furthermore, TAK-218 was shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation initiated by a lipid soluble radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN), in a membrane more effectively than alpha-tocopherol.     

Antioxidative and DNA Protective Effects of Bacillomycin D-Like Lipopeptides Produced by B38 Strain

In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant and the scavenging ability of C14, C15 and C16 bacillomycin D-like lipopeptides produced by B38 strain. They all displayed strong reducing power activity, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In addition, they were found to protect plasmid DNA damage from hydroxyl radical oxidation. Data suggested that their antioxidant potency can be attributed to the hydrophobic and aromatic side-chain groups of their amino acids as well as to the aliphatic chain of their beta amino fatty acids. Note that the hydrocarbon chain length did not interfere with the antioxidant power. Overall, such bacillomycin D lipopeptides which exhibit antioxidant and radical scavenging activities may be useful for cosmetic, therapeutic or pharmaceutical purposes in order to delay or prevent oxidative deterioration of manufactured products.     

Antioxidant activity of extracts from Euryale ferox seed

Euryale ferox has been widely used in traditional oriental medicine to treat a variety of illness. However, very little is known about the cellular actions by which this plant mediates its therapeutic effects. Various aspects of antioxidant activity were evaluated in total extracts and fractions derived from Euryale ferox. Total extracts (IC50 5.6 microg/ml) showed relatively high level radical scavenging activity toward 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and also enhanced viability of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells under exposure to oxidative agents. Upon further fractionation, the highest levels of DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities were found in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. The ethyl acetate fractions, the butanol fractions, and total extracts of Euryale ferox also dose-dependently enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in V79-4 cells. Of these three antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase activity was most strongly induced. Taken together, our findings show that Euryale ferox contains a significant antioxidant activity and that specific components in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions may play an important role in mediating these antioxidant properties.     

C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物抗氧化性的研究

在非均相碱性体系中,合成了C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物.采用FT-IR和1H NMR手段对其结构进行了表征,并考察了它对超氧阴离子清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力、还原能力及金属螯合能力.结果表明:C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物具有良好的抗氧化活性,并且β-丙氨酸在四个体系中并未表现出抗氧化活性,说明C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物的抗氧化能力可能主要来自于C70上的双键.     

Accelerating effect of glutathione on hydroxylation of phenylalanine by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Sulfhydryl compounds significantly accelerated the hydroxylation of phenylalanine by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The reduced form of glutathione (G-SH) was most effective. The hydroxylation reaction in the presence of G-SH was largely prevented by superoxide dismutase and hydroxyl radical scavengers. The results suggest that a much faster production of hydroxyl radical may occur in a reaction mixture containing both G-SH and stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes than in that containing stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes alone.     

Ischemic preconditioning in the rat hippocampus increases antioxidant activities but does not affect the level of hydroxyl radicals during subsequent severe ischemia

Several studies have demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning increases superoxide dismutase activity, but it is unclear how ischemic preconditioning affects events downstream of hydrogen peroxide production during subsequent severe ischemia and reperfusion in the hippocampus. To answer this question, we investigated whether ischemic preconditioning in the hippocampal CA1 region increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase, resulting in a decrease in the level of hydroxyl radicals during subsequent severe ischemia-reperfusion. Transient forebrain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion in rats. Ischemic preconditioning for 3 min or a sham operation was performed and a 15-min severe ischemia was induced three days later. Ischemic preconditioning preserved the CA1 hippocampal neurons following severe ischemia. The concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, an indicator of hydroxyl radical, was measured using in vivo microdialysis technique combined with HPLC. The ischemia-induced increase in the ratio of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid concentration relative to baseline did not differ significantly between preconditioned and control groups. On the other hand, activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase-1 and catalase were significantly increased at 3 days after ischemic preconditioning in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that, in preconditioned rats, while hydrogen peroxide is generated from severe ischemia, the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase-1 is correspondingly increased to eliminate the excessive hydrogen peroxide. However, our results show that the enhanced activity of these antioxidant enzymes in preconditioned rats is not sufficient to decrease hydroxyl radical levels during subsequent severe ischemia-reperfusion.     

稀土二氧化铈在生物领域的最新研究进展

氧化铈纳米粒子因其优异的催化活性而一直以来备受关注.它的催化性质来源于表面铈离子可以快速地进行Ce4+和Ce3+转变,能够根据环境很容易地接受或失去电子.长久以来,其应用均集中在工业催化方面.然而近年来,它被发现具有多种生物酶,如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和氧化酶等的模拟活性,以及具有羟基自由基及氮氧化物自由基清除的能力.这些多重酶活性使其在生物方面有着众多极具前景的潜在应用价值.目前,在生物领域其已被开发用于生物检测、疾病诊断及治疗、药物载体及生物支架等方面.本文主要介绍其多种生物酶活性、活性原理,及在生物领域中的最新研究进展.     

密度泛函研究细梗胡枝子提取物中新型抗氧化剂的分子结构和活性氧清除机理

The molecular structure and radical scavenging activity of three novel antioxidants from Lespedeza Virgata, lespedezavirgatol, lespedezavirgatal, and lespedezacoumestan, have been studied using density functional theory with the B3LYP and BhandHLYP methods. The optimized geometries of neutral, radical cation, radical and anion forms were obtained at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, in which it was found that all the most stable conformations contain intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The same results were obtained from the MP2 method. The homolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpy and the adiabatic ionization potential of neutral and anion forms for the three new antioxidants and adiabatic electron affinity and H-atom affinity for hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, and hydrogen peroxide radical were determined both in gas phase and in aqueous solution using IEF-PCM and CPCM model with UAHF or Bondi cavity. The antioxidant activities and reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms were then discussed, and the results obtained from different methods are consistent. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities are consistent with the experimental findings of the compounds under investigation.     

Fe(II)-EDTA chelate-induced aromatic hydroxylation of terephthalate as a new method for the evaluation of hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability.

The investigation of Fe(II)-EDTA chelate-induced aromatic hydroxylation of terephthalate in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution and a new method for the evaluation of hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability are reported. The method is based on attack of the hydroxyl radical on the terephthalate to produce highly fluorescent 2-hydroxyterephthalate, which is detected fluorimetrically. The formation of hydroxyl radical is believed to be the result of the reduction of molecular oxygen by Fe(II)-EDTA to form superoxide radical, which in turn dismutates to hydrogen peroxide, and then Fe(II)-EDTA catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical. The mechanism of the generation of hydroxyl radical in the proposed system was confirmed. This study established a simple and inexpensive method for the evaluation of the scavenging ability of some compounds on hydroxyl radicals.     

玉米苞叶中新黄酮类化合物的分离和鉴定

从玉米(Zea mays L)苞叶乙醇提取物中分离得到了4个黄酮类化合物, 采用UV, IR, MS, 1D NMR和2D NMR方法对化合物的结构进行了鉴定, 它们分别为苜蓿素(1)、苜蓿素-5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、苜蓿素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)和苜蓿素-7-O-[β-D-呋喃芹糖基-(1→2)]β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4). 其中, 化合物4为新化合物, 化合物1~3为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of litchi fruit phenolics in relation to pericarp browning prevention

Phenolics were extracted from litchi fruit pericarp (LFP) tissues, purified and their antioxidant properties analyzed. LFP phenolics strongly inhibited linoleic acid oxidation and exhibited a dose-dependent free-radical scavenging activity against alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) and hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. The degradation of deoxyribose by hydroxyl radicals was inhibited by phenolics acting mainly as iron ion chelators, rather than by directly scavenging the radicals. Phenolics from litchi fruit pericarp were found to display similar reducing power activity as ascorbic acid. The effect of phenolic compound treatment on pericarp browning and electrolyte leakage of litchi fruit was also evaluated and it was observed that application of exogenous litchi phenolics to harvested litchi fruit significantly prevented pericarp browning and delayed increases in electrolyte leakage. These results suggest that litchi pericarp tissue phenolics could be beneficial in scavenging free radicals, maintaining membrane integrity and, thereby inhibiting pericarp browning of litchi fruit.     

七种天然黄酮类化合物对超氧阴离子自由基的清除活性

用单扫描示波极谱法研究了从东紫苏和黑沙蒿中分离出的七种黄酮类化合物对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用.结果表明:七种黄酮类化合物清除O 2的作用强弱与它们所含酚羟基数目多少有关,羟基数目越多,对O 2清除的效果越好.C2-C3双键对黄酮类化合物清除O 2的活性也有贡献;糖苷因空间位阻效应而导致黄酮类化合物抗氧化能力下降.     

Response surface optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Sparganii rhizoma and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant activities

An efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction technique was employed to extract total flavonoids from Sparganii rhizoma. The optimum extraction conditions for the highest yield of total flavonoids were ethanol concentration 53.62%, ultrasonication time 29.41 min and ultrasound power 300 W, which were determined using response surface methodology. The extraction yields of the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction were higher than using conventional extraction. The crude extract was then purified on a polyamide resin, whereby the flavonoids content in the purified extract increased to 94.62%. The antioxidant activities of the purified flavonoids including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging activity, were evaluated in vitro, which suggested that the flavonoids showed significant antioxidant activities. Rutin, kaempferol and formononetin were identified in the extract by comparing relative retention times and UV-Vis spectra with those of reference standards.     

Capacity of Tea Scavenging Singlet Oxygen Studied by Means of 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran as Fluorescence Probe

1 Introduction In recent years, the effects of reactive oxygen species(ROS) generated in the course of biological metabolism, such as superoxide(O_2~(-.)), hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), hydroxyl radical(HO~.) and singlet oxygen(~1O_2) on the human health have received more attention due to their vital roles in physiological functions. Normally, antioxidant molecules, superoxide dismutase and catalase in biological organism can scavenge excessive free radicals by a series of chemical reactions to keep the cells in a state of redox homeostasis[1].