Zur Messung der dielektrischen Verluste zur Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen in Polyvinylchlorid-Weichmacher-Systemen

Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Systems Dioctylphthalat-Polyvinylchlorid wird gezeigt, da? der Verlauf der dielektrischen Verluste über der Temperatur nicht als Beweis für die Existenz „gebundenen“ und „freien“ Weichmachers in weichgemachtem Polyvinylchlorid gewertet werden kann. Die vorhandenen zwischenmolekularen Kr?fte zwischen den Komponenten k?nnen zwar zu Abweichungen einer idealen statistischen Verteilung der Systempartner, aber nicht zu einer Ausbildung st?chiometrisch zusammengesetzter Assoziate führen. Für die Mischungen gelten die Gesetze der Mischphasenthermodynamik (11).     

Quantitative Infrarotspektroskopie an Steinkohlen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Quantitative analyse durch sorption an ionenaustauschern

Zusammenfassung Bei der Sorption von Ionen an einem regenerierten Ionenaustauscher steigt die Konzentration dieser Ionen im Effluent über einen großen Teil der sogenannten Durchbruchskurve logarithmisch an. Bei konstanter Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und Säulendimension ist der Anstiegq der logarithmisch aufgetragenen Durchbruchskurve von der Konzentration der Zulauflösung abhängig. Bei niederen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten und geringen Konzentrationen konnte eine direkte Proportionalität zwischen demq-Wert und der Konzentration nachgewiesen werden. Bei höheren Konzentrationen (bzw. Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten) tritt eine Abweichung von der Linearität auf, die durch eine Eichkurve bestimmt werden kann. Für den Fall des Strontiums wurde die Aufnahme der Durchbruchskurven und die Bestimmung der Eichkurve demonstriert. An Hand der Eichkurvenwerte kann die Konzentration einer unbekannten Lösung ermittelt werden.Die Markierung der zu bestimmenden Lösungen mit Radionukliden und die dadurch ermöglichte Auswertung des Anstiegesq durch Aktivitätsmessung ist vorteilhaft. Die beschriebene Methode eignet sich vor allem für ein automatisches Analysenverfahren.

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Quantitative analysis by sorption on ion exchangers

Summary In the case of the sorption of ions by a regenerated ion exchanger, the concentration of these ions increases logarithmically in the effluent over a wide range of the break-through curve. At constant flow rate and column dimensions the slopeq of the logarithmically plotted break-through curve is dependent on the concentration of the applied solution. At low flow-rates and concentrations, a direct proportionality between theq values and concentration was found. At higher concentration (or flow rates) a deviation from linearity was observed, which can be determined by a standard curve. In the case of strontium the determination of break-through curves and the standard curve is demonstrated. Using the standard curve the concentration of unknown solutions can be determined.Labelling the solution to be examined with radionuclides is favourable, because it enables the determination of the slopeq by measuring the radioactivity of the effluent. The method described is especially suitable for an automatic analytical procedure.

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Nach einem Vortrag bei der Fachgruppentagung Radiochemische Arbeitsmethoden im Rahmen des VI. Internationalen Symposiums für Mikrochemie im September 1970 in Graz.

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Wir möchten bei dieser Gelegenheit nicht versäumen, der Internationalen Atomenergie-Organisation (IAEA), Wien, für die Gewährung eines Forsehungsstipendmms in Österreich herzlich zu danken.     

Quantitative Autoradiographie an Halbleiterma Terial mit Phosphor-diffundierten Standards

A suitable standard smaple was developed and tested on the basis of phosphorus for the quantitative autoradiography of elements of interest in semiconductor technology. By the aid of silicon disks with a phosphorus concentration of 6·10¹⁷ atoms·cm^?2 the error of the quantitative autoradiographic method is determined. The relative mean error of the density measurement is at best ±4%; the relative mean error of the determination of phosphorus concentration by use of an error-free standard sample is about ±15%. This method will be extended to other elements by use of this standard sample of phosphorus.     

Quantitative analysis of microparticles with an electron microprobe

Summary Proceeding from already developed programs for quantitative analysis with the electron microprobe, the aim of this paper was to find and test correction methods for measuring microparticles. It shows the theoretical considerations that leaded to a relatively simple correction which results in good improvement of the calculated concentrations.

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Quantitative Analysis of Microparticles with an Electron Microprobe

Summary Ausgehend von vorhandenen ZAF-Programmen für quantitative Analyse mittels Elektronenmikrosonde wurde eine Korrekturmethode angegeben und getestet, mittels der eine quantitative Analyse an Mikropartikeln durchgeführt werden kann. Die Arbeit zeigt die theoretischen Überlegungen, die zur relativ einfachen Korrektur führen, die eine gute Verbesserung der berechneten Konzentration ermöglicht.

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Presented at the 10th Kolloquium über metallkundliche Analyse, Wien, 3.–5. November 1980.

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Hanns Malissa on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Quantitative bestimmung von kobalt an der rotierenden quecksilberelektrode

A modified mercury electrode was constructed and used as a cathode and, at the same time, as a container for the electrolyte. Its applicability as well as its advantages in comparison with other mercury electrodes have been studied on the determination of cobalt.On this rotating electrode cobalt could be quantitatively determined with a shorter duration of electrolysis. If determined conditions wire fulfilled, satisfactory results could he obtained in spite of a slight tendency for a subsequent oxidation of the cobalt from the amalgam. This justifies the recommendation of the rotating mercury electrode and of the method described for the quantitative determination of cobalt.     

Quantitative spektrochemische Untersuchungen mit Lichtbogenanregung an biologischen Analysenmaterialien

Zusammenfassung Bei der spektroskopischen Analyse wasserhaltiger biologischer Substanzen treten erhebliche Fehlerquellen auf. Bei dem angegebenen Verfahren wird die Analysenlösung auf einem Filterpapierstreifen eingetrocknet und dann im Gleichstrombogen angeregt; das Bezugselement kann gesondert aufgebracht werden. Fehler- und Nachweisgrenzen werden angegeben.

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Summary There are many error sources in spectroscopic analysis of aqueous biological materials. To avoid at least some of them, in the method reported the analysis solution is dryed on a stripe of filter paper, and burnt and excited in a d.c. arc. The reference element can be added to the stripe seperately from the analysis material. Limits of error and detection are indicated.

     

Quantitative surface analysis performed with an imaging photoelectron spectrometer

The paper gives an outline of the basic principle of our imaging technique for XPS. The advantage of the concept is its excellent applicability to quantitative pixel information. This idea is verified by two examples which are representative for routine problems in XPS. These are quantitative surface analysis and determination of overlayer thicknesses. A lateral resolution of at least 0.2 mm is achieved and thus a pixel size of 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm can be quantified automatically by means of numerical algorithms without need of reference samples.Dedicated to Professor Günther Tölg on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Quantitative determination of Freon gas using an electronic nose

This paper reports a quantitative electronic nose (enose) for the quantitative determination of Freon gas within the concentration range 0-1000 ppm in the presence of interfering gases such as water, lubricant and petrol vapours. This quantitative enose is a new type of Freon detection system, composed of an array of four sensors. The artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic type of ANN (FNN), in combination with the relative error concept in analytical chemistry, are integrated for both quantification and discrimination. The predicted results are satisfied with a pass rate of > 80% within the permitted relative errors. The results show that the Freon enose developed in this study is reliable for both the qualitative and quantitative determination of Freon gas and exhibits the merits of high sensitivity, anti-interference and accuracy.     

Quantitative spektrographische Untersuchungen an einzelnen Strukturelementen von Zellen und Zellkernen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Quantitative ion chromatography with an ultraviolet absorbance detector without standards

Samples of ions are studied by non-suppressed ion chromatography and an ultraviolet absorbance detector. When two eluents of similar properties but different absorptivities per normal concentration are used in succession, two distinct chromatograms are obtained for the same sample. This information can be used to predict the number of equivalents of each ion present, as well as its absorptivity. In conjunction with elution-time studies, molar concentrations can also be obtained. The procedure does not require knowledge of the identity or any physical properties of the ionic species, and is applicable to ions with arbitrary absorption strengths.     

Quantitative R?ntgenfluorescenzanalyse an Proben mit allgemeiner Oberfl?che

Zusammenfassung Es wird der Einfluß der Oberflächenrauhigkeit auf die Fluorescenzzählrate mit Hilfe eines statistischen Modells behandelt.

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Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis applied to samples with general shape

The influence of surface roughness on the fluorescent count rate is described by the use of a statistical model.

     

Quantitative thermodynamic analysis of sublimation rates using an atomic force microscope

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been successfully used to study the activation energy for evaporation of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) nanoislands formed by spin coating. These islands are annealed isothermally in the temperature range of 30-70 degrees C for a given time and are scanned with AFM in contact mode at room temperature. The volume of these islands does not change significantly up to about 35-40 degrees C indicating that sublimation is not significant below 40 degrees C. Above 40 degrees C, the islands start shrinking, and the rate of weight loss is analyzed as a function of temperature. The activation energy of evaporation using AFM was found to be similar to that for bulk PETN crystals using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at higher temperatures (110-135 degrees C). These results demonstrate that AFM is a useful tool to measure thermodynamic properties with a nanoscale probe.     

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance for additives determination in an electrolytic nickel bath

The use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) for the quantitation of additives in a commercial electrolytic nickel bath (Supreme Plus Brilliant, Atotech formulation) is reported. A simple and quick method is described that needs only the separation of nickel ions by precipitation with NaOH. The four additives in the bath (A-5(2X), leveler; Supreme Plus Brightener (SPB); SA-1, leveler; NPA, wetting agent; all of them are commercial names from Atotech) can be quantified, whereas no other analytical methods have been found in the literature for SA-1 and NPA. Two calibration methods have been tried: integration of NMR signals with the use of a proper internal standard and partial least squares regression applied to the characteristic NMR peaks. The multivariate method was preferred because of accuracy and precision. Multivariate limits of detection of about 4 mL L⁻¹ A-5(2X), 0.4 mL L⁻¹ SPB, 0.2 mL L⁻¹ SA-1 and 0.6 mL L⁻¹ NPA were found. The dynamic ranges are suitable to follow the concentration of additives in the bath along electrodeposition. ¹H-NMR spectra provide evidence for SPB and SA-1 consumption (A-5(2X) and NPA keep unchanged along the process) and the growth of some products from SA-1 degradation can be followed. The method can, probably, be extended to other electrolytic nickel baths.     

Quantitative characterization of reversible macromolecular associations via sedimentation equilibrium: an introduction

The measurement and analysis of sedimentation equilibrium provides one of the most powerful and widely applicable methods for the characterization of reversible associations of macromolecules in solution. Recent developments in instrumentation, experimental design, and data analysis have substantially broadened the range of systems to which this technique may be applied, simplified its application, and reduced the cost of acquiring analytical capability.     

Characterization of an experimental TPD—MS system. Quantitative calibrations

A simple TPD—MS device, which operates in a flow of helium at normal pressure, is described.

The system was checked to ensure that it was capable of performing quantitative analysis of evolved gases. Quantitative calibrations were obtained for a number of substances, both organic and inorganic. The influence of several operational variables, which were easily modified in our device, on the response of the system has also been studied.

Calibrations were obtained by fast injection into the system of the substances to be analysed. Since these calibrations were obtained in an unusual way, under conditions which are not exactly the same as those operating in real TPD experiments, their applicability to EGA has been tested.