Bunched laser cooling of a stored weak 7Li+ ion beam in a pure triplet state

A preparation scheme for a 7Li+ ion beam in a storage ring is presented which provides ions in the metastable triplet states with well controlled longitudinal phase space properties. For both state selective preparation and beam cooling, laser- and electron-cooler forces are applied. The spatial- and momentum distributions of the ions are directly detected by a time resolved measurement of the fluorescence light. At low beam intensities, the remaining heating rate of such a beam is completely determined by residual gas scattering. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of annular flat-topped vortex beams

A model of an annular flat-topped vortex beam based on multi-Gaussian superimposition is proposed.We experimentally produce this beam with a computer-generated hologram(CGH) displayed on a spatial light modulator(SLM).The power of the beam is concentrated on a single-ring structure and has an extremely strong radial intensity gradient.This beam facilitates various applications ranging from Sisyphus atom cooling to micro-particle trapping.     

Hydrocarbon film formed on the surface of a semiconductor irradiated by an electron beam

The rate of formation of a hydrocarbon film on the surface of a sample subjected to the action of an electron beam is studied at room temperature and in cooling a sample to the liquid nitrogen temperature. The thickness and the optical radiation transmission of such films are measured as functions of the electron beam radiation time, the sample temperature, and the level of vacuum. The film thickness is measured with atomic force microscopy. The absorption of the films is determined by comparing the cathodoluminescence intensities from a pure sample surface and from the surface covered with a film. The experimental results can be used to estimate the film formation rate as a function of the sample temperature and the vacuum and to determine the optical radiation absorption at a wavelength of 300, 360, 550, and 665 nm.     

A simple theoretical extension to the analysis of photothermal deflection signal for low thermal diffusivity evaluation

A modified amplitude method to analyze the photothermal probe beam deflection signal for the determination of low thermal diffusivity values of materials is proposed. This simple theoretical model, which is an extension of the amplitude method proposed by Quelin et al., takes into account the dependence of the photothermal signal on the height of the probe beam above the sample surface which affects mirage measurements when the thermal diffusivity of the coupling medium is greater than that of the sample. The present work is similar to the modification to the phase method proposed by Bertolotti et al. for determination of low thermal diffusivity. The method can be applied irrespective of whether the sample is optically transparent or optically opaque and is independent of thickness.     

Optodynamic study of multiple pulses micro drilling

This paper describes an analysis of pulsed lasers micro-drilling of different metals. Study focuses to an optodynamic phenomenon which appears as thermal effects induced by laser light pulses and leads to dynamic process manifested as ultrasonic shock waves propagating into the sample material. The shock waves are detected by a non-contact optical method by using arm compensated Michelson. Monitoring of the main parameters of the micro drilling such as material ablation rate and efficiency was realized by analysis of the optodynamic signals. The process is characterized by decreasing ablation rate that leads to the finite hole depth. The experimental part of study comprehends a comparison between various metals. In order to describe decreasing ablation rate a theoretical model based on the energy balance is proposed. It considers the energy/heat transfer from the laser beam to the material and predicts a decreasing drilling rate with an increasing number of successive laser pulses. According to the proposed model, the finite depth of the hole appears as a consequence of the increasing surface area through which the energy of the laser beam is conducted away to the material around the processed area. Decreasing ablation rate and the finite hole depth predicted by model were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

法拉第镜旋转角的偏振分束测量法

提出了基于偏振分束法的法拉第镜偏振旋转角的测量方法.利用非偏振分束器改变法拉第镜出射光的方向,偏振分束器将该出射光分为p光和s光,分别测量其光强,应用后续"差除和"信号处理方案消除光源波动的影响,推导出法拉第镜偏振旋转角的理论表达式.分析了起偏器的消光比非0及起偏角误差对输出结果的影响,分别是0.057 29°和-0.100 0°.实验验证了该方法的可行性,重复测量结果为89.68°,均方值为0.014 93.     

Measurement of the radiative cooling rates for high-ionization species of krypton using an electron beam ion trap

We describe a measurement of the radiative cooling rate for krypton made at the Berlin electron beam ion trap (EBIT). The EBIT was tuned to a charge-state distribution approaching the ionization balance of a plasma at a temperature of about 5 keV. To determine the cooling rate, we made use of EBIT's capabilities to sample a wide range of electron-beam energies and distinguish between different radiation channels. We have measured the x-ray emission from bremsstrahlung, radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and line radiation following electron-impact excitation. The dominant contribution to the cooling rate is made by the n=3-2, n=4-2, ellipsis x rays of the L-shell spectra of krypton, which produce more than 75% of the total radiation loss. A difference with theoretical calculations is noted for the measured total cooling rate. The predicted values are lower by a factor of 1.5-2, depending on the theoretical model. For our measurement of the cooling rate, we estimate an uncertainty interval of 22-30 %.     

多次漫反射法测量粉末中的杂质吸收光谱及其计算机模拟

本文提出了用多次漫反射法来测定粉末样品的杂质吸收光谱,其结果与同材料的透明片状样品的杂质吸收光谱基本一致,为了验证更普遍的对不同折射率粉末情况,文中采用假设模型,以计算机模拟方法,其所得的结果说明,当颗粒足够小,色散又不太大时,所得的粉末样品与透明片状样品的吸收光谱一致,只差一个未知的吸收光程,如再与另一特性参数(寿命或量子效率)测量相结合,即可用来确定稀土杂质在材料中的辐射跃迁几率等物理参数。     

Beam chopper development at LAMPF

In order to reduce pileup limitations on μSR data rates, a fast chopper for surface muon beams was built and tested at LAMPF. The system allowed one muon at a time to be stopped in a μSR sample in the following way: A surface beam from the LAMPF Stopped Muon Channel was focused through a crossed-field beam separator and onto a chopper slit. With the separator E and B fields adjusted properly, the beam could pass through the slit. The beam to the μSR sample was turned on or off (chopped) rapidly by switching the high voltage applied to the separator plates on or off within approximately 500 ns; with the E field off, the B field deflected the beam, dumping it near the slit. We demonstrated that, with improved electronics, we will be able to stop a single muon in a μSR sample as frequently as once every 20 μs and that data rates for the system can be a factor of five higher than is attainable with unchopped beams. The observed positron contamination of the beam was less than five percent, and the ratio of the muon rate with beam on to the rate with beam off was 1540.     

Measurements and removal of cerenkov light generated in scintillating fiber-optic sensor induced by high-energy electron beams using a spectrometer

In this study, we measured scintillating and Cerenkov lights generated in a scintillating fiber-optic sensor using highenergy electron beams and a spectrometer. The spectrum of Cerenkov light generated in a plastic optical fiber was measured with a spectrometer and the intensities of Cerenkov light were measured for irradiated lengths of the plastic optical fiber by integrating the photon counts at every wavelength of the spectrum. The intensities of Cerenkov and scintillating lights were also characterized as a function of the incident angle of an electron beam from a clinical linear accelerator (CLINAC). To minimize or remove Cerenkov light, a subtraction method was employed using a background optical fiber.     

亚微米局域空心光束的产生及其在单原子囚禁与冷却中的应用理论研究

提出了一种采用单模光纤、环形二元相位板和微透镜组成的光束整形系统产生亚微米局域空心光束的方案. 根据瑞利-索莫菲衍射积分公式, 数值计算了微透镜焦平面附近的场分布, 详细研究了空心光束的暗斑尺寸与单模光纤模场半径和微透镜焦距的关系. 数值计算结果表明: 在微透镜焦平面附近光场分布近似对称, 在焦点处场强近似为零, 周围场强逐渐增大, 形成半径约为0.4 μm的三维封闭的球形空心光场区域, 即亚微米局域空心光束. 当局域空心光束为蓝失谐时, 光场中的原子将被囚禁在光场最弱处. 若加上抽运光, 原子将受到蓝失谐局域空心光束与抽运光共同激发的强度梯度Sisyphus冷却. 本文利用该方案产生的亚微米局域空心光束构建单原子的囚禁与冷却器件, 并以单个⁸⁷Rb原子为例, 利用Mont-Carlo方法研究亚微米局域空心光束中单原子囚禁与强度梯度冷却的动力学过程, 结果表明利用该器件可以获得温度在5.8 μK量级的超冷单原子.     

HIRFL-CSRm冷却束流寿命

实验研究了HIRFL-CSRm中电子冷却装置对C6+,Ar15+两种束流寿命的影响。首先,通过对比实验的测量确定电子冷却可以有效提高束流寿命;其次,探究了电子冷却装置中的各项参数（主要是电子束密度分布、流强、能量、绝热展开因子）是如何影响束流寿命的,通过改变电子束参数,测量束流寿命的变化趋势和规律,并且结合电子冷却相关理论对实验结果给予解释,最终通过实验优化和确定最佳的冷却装置参数,使束流在HIRFL-CSRm上获得了较高的寿命,从而提高HIRFL-CSRm束流累积过程中的流强增益。     

Enthalpy relaxation of polymers: comparing the predictive power of two configurational entropy models extending the AGV approach

The Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) phenomenological model is widely accepted in order to describe the structural relaxation of glasses. However several quantitative discrepancies can be found in the literature that cannot be entirely ascribed to the experimental errors. In this work we compare the predictive power of two recently proposed configurational entropy approaches extending the TNM formalism. Both of them change the treatment of non linearity by adding a free parameter. We use Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) experiments in order to test the models in two different polymers. One of them is a commercial PMMA sample, the other is a side chain liquid crystal azo-benzene polymer properly synthesized for optical nanorecording purposes. Different results were found for the two systems. In the PMMA sample only one of the new models was able to improve the agreement between DSC experiments and theory with respect to the TNM model, whereas in the second polymer both the approaches were able to describe the experiments better than TNM model.Received: 25 February 2004, Published online: 21 October 2004PACS: 64.70.Pf Glass transitions - 61.43.Fs Glasses - 61.41. + e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics     

Cooling of atoms below the recoil energy under multizone Raman excitation

Cooling of atoms below the temperature determined by the recoil energy is proposed on the basis of the Raman excitation of three-level atoms by the field of standing waves with a relative spatial shift. The advantage of this cooling mechanism is a weak sensitivity to the shape and duration of light pulses used for the transfer of population under Raman excitation. It is shown that the effectiveness of such cooling increases sharply when multizone excitation is used and already several interaction zones are enough for deep transverse cooling of an atomic beam to a temperature significantly lower than the recoil energy.     

Wide-range cooling characteristics of a selected isotactic polypropylene

An increased knowledge of polymer crystallization kinetics and its effect on the crystalline structure is of particular importance at high cooling rates. The aims of this study were to explore the range of utility and complementarity of various methods (densitometry, microscopy, wide-angle x-ray diffraction [WAXD], and small-angle light scattering [SALS]) on the characterization of the crystalline structure of a high purity isotactic polypropylene (PP) in a wider cooling range than previously obtainable and to identify characteristic ranges of the structure as a function of cooling rate. High cooling rates, ranging to nearly 1000°C/sec, were obtained using a special quench device. The transition between truncated and isolated spherulites at 10°C/sec and the transition range between a pronounced α-monoclinic and a mainly mesomorphic phase were identified. The sizes of spherulites (ranging from partly truncated spherulites to a mesomorphic phase with no spherulites) were characterized by polarized optical microscopy and SALS. The influence of experimental conditions, such as beam diameter and sample thickness, on the SALS pattern was also investigated.     

Spectrophotometer with enhanced sensitivity for uric acid detection

A spectrophotometer with an LED as the light source for uric acid detection is proposed in this work. The mechanism of uric acid detection is based on energy absorbed by sodium urate, which is a chemical product of uric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. For the performance validation, comparison between the spectrophotometer with an LED and halogen lamp is carried out. Measurement results suggest that the spectrophotometer system with LED light has better sensitivity than that with halogen light. At a 460 nm wavelength,the sensitivity for the spectrophotometer with an LED is 0.0046 dL/mg, which is 73% higher than that with halogen light that records 0.0012 dL/mg. This enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher luminous efficacy of the LED light beam. As a result, a larger amount of flux interacts with the sample, leading to the sensitivity enhancement. The spectrophotometer with an LED is also applied for the detection of uric acid in a real human urine sample. Based on the experimental data at a 460 nm wavelength, the method manages to achieve the sensitivity of 0.0016 dL/mg, accuracy of 96.01%, limit of detection of 4.79 mg/dL, and limit of quantification of 14.52 mg/dL. These findings show that the use of LED as the input light source is promising for the spectrophotometer.     

Simultaneous derivation of intensities and weighting functions in a general pseudo-spherical discrete ordinate radiative transfer treatment

The retrieval of atmospheric constituents from measurements of backscattered light requires a radiative transfer forward model that can simulate both intensities and weighting functions (partial derivatives of intensity with respect to atmospheric parameters being retrieved). The radiative transfer equation is solved in a multi-layer multiply-scattering atmosphere using the discrete ordinate method. In an earlier paper dealing with the upwelling top-of-the-atmosphere radiation field, it was shown that a full internal perturbation analysis of the plane-parallel discrete ordinate solution leads in a natural way to the simultaneous generation of analytically-derived weighting functions with respect to a wide range of atmospheric variables. In the present paper, a more direct approach is used to evaluate explicitly all partial derivatives of the intensity field. A generalization of the post-processing function is developed for the derivation of weighting functions at arbitrary optical depth and stream angles for both upwelling and downwelling directions. Further, a complete treatment is given for the pseudo-spherical approximation of the direct beam attenuation; this is an important extension to the range of viewing geometries encountered in practical radiative transfer applications. The numerical model LIDORT developed for this work is able to generate intensities and weighting functions for a wide range of retrieval scenarios, in addition to the passive remote sensing application from space. We present a number of examples in an atmosphere with O₃ absorption in the UV, for satellite (upwelling radiation) and ground-based (downwelling radiation) applications. In particular, we examine the effect of various pseudo-spherical parameterizations on backscatter intensities and weighting functions with respect to O₃ volume mixing ratio. In addition, the use of layer-integrated multiple scatter output from the model is shown to be important for satellite instruments with wide-angle off-nadir viewing geometries.     

Analytical model of transversal cooling and heating of channeled ions

A theoretical model is developed explaining the atomic-number dependence of the velocity at which a transition occurs from the heating of the transverse energy of multiply charged channeled ions to its cooling. The model is based on the previously proposed interpretation of the influence of ion charge exchange on the redistribution of the ion flux passed through a thin single crystal with an isotropic distribution of the incident beam. The transition from heating to cooling is explained by the change in the ratio of the average charge of channeled ions to the average charge of ions with random motion in the crystal. In particular, the absence of such a transition for light ions is explained.     

基于电子束剪切干涉的PIE成像技术研究

提出了基于M?llenstedt电子双棱镜的电压扫描剪切干涉全场ptychographic iterative engine(PIE)显微成像技术.从低到高逐步改变电子双棱镜的电压,并同时记录所形成的剪切干涉条纹,待测样品透射电子束的强度和相位分布就可以用PIE算法得以快速重建,而且双棱镜的方向、位置和实际电场强度分布等诸多实验中不可避免地偏差都可以在迭代过程中自动得以更正.所提技术能够克服现阶段用电子束进行PIE成像的诸多技术困扰,从而有望推动PIE技术在电子显微成像领域的发展和应用.     

磷酸-氨水蒸沉γ晶型聚酰胺6的热行为研究

尼龙6是一种多晶型的半结晶高聚物。实验采用蒸沉法制备出尼龙6,首先通过XRD和FTIR的手段进行表征,与采用沸水处理的尼龙6样品表征结果对比,确定其为γ晶型,然后在130～211℃的温度范围内进行热处理,通过DSC研究其在低于熔点热处理时的整个热行为变化过程,并运用FTIR观察其在不同条件下热处理发生的晶型变化。发现蒸沉法制备的γ晶型尼龙6随着热处理温度的升高,整体结晶完善度以及晶片厚度随着处理温度的升高而增加。而且在这个过程中,样品厚度不同的晶片在不同温度下发生了γ晶型向α晶型的转化,最终在接近熔点(211℃)热处理时,样品变为以α晶型为主。