煤种及煤粉细度对炉内再燃过程脱硝和燃尽特性的影响

煤粉再燃技术是目前电站锅炉降低Nx排放的一种有效技术。本文在一维沉降炉上进行了不同煤种、不同煤粉细度的煤粉再燃脱硝降低NOx排放的试验研究。试验结果表明:高挥发分的煤种在再燃降低NOx时的效果更显著。对于同一煤种,采用细度更细的煤,合适的再燃区停留时间,可以获得高的降低NOx排放效果,并可使煤粉的燃尽率达到90%左右。本文还采用最小燃尽高度的方法探讨了再燃过程中煤粉细度的选择方法,分析得出,为使再燃区的煤粉能完全燃烧,充分发挥还原NOx的效果,必须采用细粉或者超细粉。     

F-T柴油在直喷式柴油机中燃烧与排放特性的研究

煤通过Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)合成可得到十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃质量分数极低的F-T柴油。研究分析了未作改动的单缸直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油时的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时的滞燃期平均缩短18.7%,预混燃烧放热峰值降低26.8%,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,燃烧持续期相当。燃用F-T柴油时的最高燃烧压力略低,最大压力升高率显著下降,机械损失和燃烧噪音较小,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到显著改善。燃用F-T柴油可同时降低CO、HC、NOx和炭烟排放,其中NOx和炭烟分别平均降低16.7%和40.3%。研究表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料。     

燃烧福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉飞灰及其未燃炭分析

以三个燃烧福建无烟煤的商业CFB锅炉电厂飞灰为研究对象，分析飞灰的粒径和含碳量分布；观察并区分了飞灰中煤炭、烟怠、半焦和灰渣等颗粒的表面形貌；测定了飞灰炭的反应活性并与入炉煤作比较；并研究了飞灰炭的来源。结果表明，采用单级分离装置的CFB锅炉，粒径在0.0385mm～0.0500mm的飞灰质量最多，未燃炭份额也最高；而采用双级分离装置的CFB锅炉，飞灰质量分布和飞灰炭份额的峰值则出现在粒径为0.0500mm~0.0750mm处。飞灰主要由三种形貌的颗粒组成，颗粒状的未燃炭、絮团状的灰渣、和介于两者之间的半焦。与入炉煤相比，飞灰炭的反应活性较高，主要来源于入炉煤中的细粉和燃烧早期因破碎和磨蚀而产生的、来不及在炉膛中燃尽的细小含炭颗粒。入炉煤中易破碎、反应性较高的亮煤是构成电厂CFB锅炉飞灰炭的主要成分。     

Thermogravimetric analysis of the co-combustion of the blends with high ash coal and waste tyres

Incineration methods are becoming increasingly important from the view point of the need to minimize the environmental impact of waste tyre disposal. Combustion of waste tyre, one high ash coal and tyre-coal blends with 10, 30 and 50% waste tyre were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) carried out at 20 K min⁻¹ in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 1273 K. And effects of the mixed proportion between coal and waste tyre on the combustion process, ignition and burnout characteristics were also studied. The results indicate that the combustion of waste tyre is controlled by the emission of volatile matter, the regions are more complex for waste tyre (three or more peaks) than for coal (one peak). Also as compared with the case of burning only high ash coal, the incorporation of waste tyre can improve the combustion characteristics of high ash coal, especially the ignition performance and the peak weight loss compared with the separate burning of waste tyre and coal. Moreover, comparisons of the TG-DTG profiles between experimental and calculational results, it is indicate that there is a comparatively important difference, the co-combustion characteristics is the coupling effect between waste tyre and coal. The data resulting also showed that the co-combustion of waste tyre and low quanlitied coal as fuel is feasible.     

Biofuels

The article presents results of thermogravimetric measurements of the pyrolysis of dry biomass materials such as: grains and oats and triticale straw, energy plants called cukrosorgo. The initial phase of dry decomposition visible on the DTG curve is evaporation of moisture. The process of evaporation for the studied types of agro biomass occurred at temperatures of 65.9?°C (triticale straw) to 82?°C (oat grain). The next stage of the process concerned major transformations that for the studied cases were conducted in temperatures of 200?C400?°C, and the maximum speed of transformations (the second peak is visible in the DTG graph) refers to the temperature range from 299.1?°C (oat grain) to 323.9?°C (triticale straw). The last phase of the process is characterized by the absence of mass loss, which in the case of dry biomass distribution determines the conditions of carbonizate formation. The calorific values of formed process gases ranged from 4,884 to 6,302?kJ/Nm³. Gases of such calorific values are defined as low calorific, despite the fact they can be successfully used for energy purposes, this is for burning in boilers and gas turbines. Carbonizates are characterized with high-calorific values from 24,100 to 27,900?kJ/kg. This type of high-calorific fuels is recommended to be burnt in the boiler furnaces in a mix with fuels with a lower calorific value such as pulverized coal or wet biomass. In these processes, the combustible gas is obtained, which can be burned in power boilers and gas turbines.     

Characterization of active sites, determination of mechanisms of H(2)S, COS and CS(2) sorption and regeneration of ZnO low-temperature sorbents: past, current and perspectives

The intellectually and technically challenging pursuit of the emerging global environmentally "green" and energy-efficient infrastructure of the 21st century requires the development of a worldwide network of low- to medium-power fuel cell (FC) based portable electric power-generating devices and high-power biomass/clean coal "electric+chemical plants" with zero carbon footprint utilizing integrated coal gasification combined cycle with geologic carbon sequestration (IGCC-GCS) under energy-efficient low-temperature conditions. These emerging technologies require the deep and ultradeep desulfurization of gaseous feeds, since sulfur compounds, especially hydrogen sulfide H(2)S are highly corrosive and poisonous to both technological processes and the environment. Therefore, it is of crucial importance for both academic and industrial research communities to have a solid understanding of the atomic-level structures of active sites and molecular-level mechanisms of surface chemical reactions of the novel deep and ultradeep desulfurization materials, especially desulfurization sorbents. This review critically analyzes the recent literature (last ～20 years) on the experimental determination of molecular and atomic-level nature of adsorption sites, effects of desulfurization promoters, mechanisms of chemical reactions of H(2)S, COS and CS(2) and physical processes during and upon regeneration of "spent" low-temperature H(2)S sorbents based on ZnO that were developed for desulfurization of fuel reformates, syngas and similar streams. Recent trends in research on the ultradeep H(2)S sorbents are discussed with an impetus on real-time in situ and Operando techniques of instrumental chemical analysis, and the challenges of direct determination of the structure of active sites and of the experimental mechanistic studies in general are described.     

Microprobe sampling—Photo ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for in situ chemical analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases: Examination of the thermo-chemical processes within a burning cigarette

A microprobe sampling device (μ-probe) has been developed for in situ on-line photo ionization mass spectrometric analysis of volatile chemical species formed within objects consisting of organic matter during thermal processing. With this approach the chemical signature occurring during heating, pyrolysis, combustion, roasting and charring of organic material within burning objects such as burning fuel particles (e.g., biomass or coal pieces), lit cigarettes or thermally processed food products (e.g., roasting of coffee beans) can be investigated. Due to its dynamic changes between combustion and pyrolysis phases the cigarette smoking process is particularly interesting and has been chosen as first application. For this investigation the tip of the μ-probe is inserted directly into the tobacco rod and volatile organic compounds from inside the burning cigarette are extracted and real-time analyzed as the glowing front (or coal) approaches and passes the μ-probe sampling position. The combination of micro-sampling with photo ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS) allows on-line intrapuff-resolved analysis of species formation inside a burning cigarette. Monitoring volatile smoke compounds during cigarette puffing and smoldering cycles in this way provides unparalleled insights into formation mechanisms and their time-dependent change. Using this technique the changes from pyrolysis conditions to combustion conditions inside the coal of a cigarette could be observed directly. A comparative analysis of species formation within a burning Kentucky 2R4F reference cigarette with μ-probe analysis reveals different patterns and behaviors for nicotine, and a range of semi-volatile aromatic and aliphatic species.     

Residential wood combustion: A source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Samples were taken of the atmospheric particulate matter over Fairbanks Alaska in the winter of 1985, and from wood stoves burning the major wood types locally available. These samples were then analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). A PAH emission profile was determined from the wood stove samples and applied to the atmospheric samples to determine the residential wood combustion contribution to the local atmospheric particulate burden. Emission profiles for coal burning and automobile emissions for PAH were also used to estimate their relative contributions.     

Radiometric measurements on non-destructive assay standards fabrication for WIPP Performance Demonstration Program

Fifteen ash samples taken from filters and bottom products of boilers or chimneys of seven coal fired power plants in Turkey have been analysed quantitatively for some minor elements using radioisotope energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). It is found that samples contain Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cs, Sb, Ba, Pb, Y, La, Ce, Nd and Sm in different amounts. An ash sample taken from the electro-filter of the Ambarli, fuel oil fired-power plant was also analysed for comparison and found that it contained the smallest amount of potentially toxic elements.     

分析测试新成果(230~237)2种常见燃油添加剂对汽油燃烧烟尘的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,根据汽油原样中的特征成分,对未加入和分别加入汽油燃油精、海龙燃油宝的汽油燃烧烟尘进行对比分析.结果表明,汽油燃油精的加入会使汽油燃烧烟尘中各类特征成分的百分含量有所变化,但对谱图和特征成分的影响较小;而海龙燃油宝的加入对汽油燃烧烟尘的谱图、特征成分及其个数、各类特征成分的百分含量均产生较大影响.结果为火灾物证鉴定提供一定的参考依据.     

QDTA/T/EGD/GC在线联同技术 Ⅵ.煤的热氧化、燃烧反应过程及其机理的研究

应用QDTA/T/EGD/GC在线联同技术及其装置,测定了四种不同变质程度的煤质之DTA/EGD/GC燃烧特性曲线,从中可提供如下三方面的信息和数据:(1)依据DTA测得的燃烧特性曲线,可取得在氧化、燃烧全过程中各项热特性的表征温度。(2)依据跟踪DTA逸出气成份的浓度变化所测得的EGD曲线,可了解不同煤质在热解、着火和燃烧特性等方面的差异。(3)依据DTA/EGD曲线的演变,可截取各个反应温度下之逸出气,进行在线的GC分析。在上述实验结果的基础上,应用过氧化物学说探讨煤的低温氧化反应机理。     

生物质与煤混燃灰的比电阻特性实验研究

以玉米秸、麦秸、锯末纯燃并以不同比例与煤混燃,利用DR型高压粉尘比电阻实验台对灰样比电阻R进行测量, 以AAS对灰样化学成分进行分析。结果表明,纯生物质燃料灰R值为10⁸Ω·cm~10¹0Ω·cm,属于中比电阻。混燃灰样的R值均为10⁸Ω·cm~10¹2Ω·cm。麦秸与煤的混燃灰中,掺混率R_t对比电阻R的影响不明显;玉米秸与煤的混燃灰中,在110℃以下,R_t越高,R越低;在110℃以上,R_t越高,R越大。生物质与煤的混燃改变了燃料的燃烧特性及熔融特性,使灰的物理特性和化学成分、含量发生变化,造成混燃灰比电阻与煤灰比电阻的规律存在一定的差异。     

Hybrid direct carbon fuel cells and their reaction mechanisms—a review

As coal is expected to continue to dominate power generation demands worldwide, it is advisable to pursue the development of more efficient coal power generation technologies. Fuel cells show a much higher fuel utilization efficiency, emit fewer pollutants (NO _x , SO _x ), and are more easily combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) due to the high purity of CO₂ emitted in the exhaust gas. Direct carbon (or coal) fuel cells (DCFCs) are directly fed with solid carbon to the anode chamber. The fuel cell converts the carbon at the anode and the oxygen at the cathode into electricity, heat and reaction products. The use of an external gasifier and a fuel cell operating on syngas (e.g. integrated gasification fuel cells) is briefly discussed for comparative purposes. A wide array of DCFC types have been investigated over the last 20 years. Here, the diversity of pre-commercialization DCFC research efforts is discussed on the fuel cell stack and system levels. The range of DCFC types can be roughly broken down into four fuel cell types: aqueous hydroxide, molten hydroxide, molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells. Emphasis is placed on the electrochemical reactions occurring at the anode and the proposed mechanism(s) of these reactions for molten carbonate, solid oxide and hybrid direct carbon fuel cells. Additionally, the criteria of choosing the ‘best’ DCFC technology is explored, including system design (continuous supply of solid fuel), performance (power density, efficiency), environmental burden (fresh water consumed, solid waste produced, CO₂ emitted, ease of combination with CCS) and economics (levelized cost of electricity).     

配煤燃烧过程中煤灰熔融性研究

采用灰熔点较低的神华煤和较高的准格尔煤以及这两种煤组成的混煤在沉降炉内进行实验,模拟实际电站锅炉内结渣的形成过程。采用SEM、XRD技术对煤粉和灰渣的微观形貌和晶相成分进行分析。结果表明,准格尔煤粉中包含的大量高岭石和勃姆石为莫来石的大量生成提供了条件,神华煤中不含勃姆石,高岭石的含量也不多,莫来石的生成量很少。莫来石在高温下遇到石灰石的分解产物CaO,要与之反应生成钙长石,这是神华煤灰渣中没有检测到莫来石衍射峰的主要原因。莫来石是一种高熔点矿物（1850℃）,能显著改善煤灰的熔融温度,神华煤灰渣中不含莫来石,灰渣中缺少大量能在其熔融过程中发挥“骨架”作用的成分,这是导致神华煤灰熔融温度较低的一个重要原因。     

煤颗粒脱挥发分的数学模拟研究

煤颗粒脱挥发分的数学模拟研究王国金，李术元，王剑秋，钱家麟，朱亚杰（石油大学化工系，北京１０００８３）关键词煤脱挥发分，煤热解，模拟煤脱挥发分过程是煤的焦化、气化和燃烧等工艺中的基础步骤，开发煤颗粒脱挥发分的数学模型对于煤加工工艺操作参数的制定、生产...     

不同灰成分的低熔点煤灰熔融性调控机理研究

通过灰熔点较低且接近的两种煤与灰熔点较高的天池煤混配,结果表明,在含铁类矿物质较低的小屯煤与天池煤的混煤中,混煤灰熔点随天池煤混入比例的增加而提高,含铁类矿物质较高的宁鲁原煤与天池煤的混煤灰熔点随天池煤混入比例的增加没有明显变化。通过XRD分析配煤中矿物质的转变过程,结果表明,宁鲁原煤灰中含有的钙铁类矿物质(如赤铁矿、硬石膏)抑制了莫来石的生成,缺少作为骨架支撑作用的高熔点莫来石,煤灰的熔点得不到显著提高。最后将配煤在沉降炉中进行实验模拟电站锅炉的结渣过程,并使用SEM分析灰渣的微观形貌,发现与宁鲁原煤相比,小屯与天池煤的混煤更能显著改善结渣特性。     

Ionization Mechanism and Chemical Composition of an Argon DC Discharge with Water Cathode

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - This paper reports the results of the experimental study and chemical composition modeling for a DC argon discharge burning above water cathode in the...     

Some Thermal Studies on Pyrotechnic Compositions

Some applications of thermal analysis (TA) and temperature profile analysis (TPA) to the study of a variety of binary pyrotechnic systems are described. Factors that effect the combustion of such fuel/oxidant mixtures are discussed. Trends in burning behaviour and the experimental limitations of the techniques available are identified. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Specific characteristics of molten carbonate fuel cell in realization of electrochemical coal oxidation

The test object was a fuel cell with free molten carbonate electrolyte providing realization of direct electrochemical oxidation of solid hydrocarbons. This study involved the effect of the fuel type and dispersion as well as cathode reagent gas mixture composition to the fuel cell functional parameters. The used fuels were dispersed and monolithic graphite, anthracite, and jet coal specimens. The effect of oxygen/carbon dioxide ratio on the mixture fed to cathode to the open circuit cell voltage and achieved current density levels was studied with respect to interrelation of the processes taking place in the cathode and anode units of the fuel cell. A correlation was noted between the specific fuel cell characteristics and hydrogen content in the fuel material. The highest level of current density and specific power was recorded for jet coal characterized with high hydrogen content. The different characteristics of monolithic and dispersed fuel specimens were accounted for by the effect of losses at contacts between particles. Achievement of high current density and specific power was demonstrated by using dispersed coal fuel.