Optical spectra and luminescence dynamics of the Dy-doped Gd2SiO5 single crystal

Spectroscopic properties of the Dy³⁺:Gd₂SiO₅ (GSO) single crystal were investigated. The polarized absorption and unpolarized emission spectra were measured at temperature ranging from 10 K to 300 K. Experimental oscillator strengths were determined from room temperature polarized absorption spectra and phenomenological intensity parameters Ω _t were calculated by using the standard Judd–Ofelt theory. Low-temperature measurements were used to determine the energy level structure of two nonequivalent Dy³⁺ sites in the GSO crystalline host. Analysis of spectra and decay curves of the ⁴F_9/2 emission revealed that Dy³⁺ ions entering nine-coordinated sites with C _3v symmetry and Dy³⁺ ions entering the seven-coordinated sites with C _s symmetry form two distinct, well-isolated subsystems weakly coupled by the spectral energy migration process. In addition to dissimilar crystal field splitting of multiplets, the two subsystems differ significantly in the efficiency of excitation energy transfer between dysprosium ions, thereby showing dissimilar self-quenching of the ⁴F_9/2 emission. Besides, only one of the two Dy³⁺ subsystems is coupled to Gd³⁺ ions by nonradiative Gd³⁺–Dy³⁺ energy transfer process. Laser potential related to the ⁴F_9/2→⁶H_13/2 yellow luminescence of dysprosium ions was assessed based on evaluation of the emission cross-section values. It was concluded that the Dy:Gd₂SiO₅ (Dy:GSO) is a promising material for the visible laser operation.     

Spin inversion in trigonal centers of CaF2:Dy3+

Abstract

Magnetic circular dichroism in the 4431 Å absorption line of the oxygen compensated CaF₂:Dy³⁺ crystal has been used to measure transient phenomena in the Kramers doublet ground level ⁶H_15/2 of the Dy³⁺ ion during magnetic field reversal. After inverting the field with a rate 10 T·s^?1 <dB/dt < 400 T·s^?1 a considerable spin inversion with the final electron spin polarization P_F was achieved while P_F=-0.86±0.03 relaxed to less than 0.05 when dB/dT < 10^?2 T·s^?1.     

Optical and luminescence properties of Dy3+ ions in K–Sr–Al phosphate glasses for yellow laser applications

Trivalent dysprosium (Dy³⁺)-doped K–Sr–Al phosphate glasses have been prepared and investigated for their optical and luminescence properties. Judd–Ofelt theory has been used to derive radiative properties for the ⁴F_9/2 level of Dy³⁺ ions. The luminescence spectrum of 1.0 mol% Dy₂O₃-doped glass shows intense yellow emission around 572 nm ascribed to ⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_13/2 transition with 78 % branching ratio and emission cross section of the order of 2.48 × 10^?21 cm². Moreover, the quantum efficiency of the ⁴F_9/2 level has been found to be 76 %. The luminescence decay curves for the yellow emission (⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_13/2) have been measured and analyzed as a function of Dy³⁺ ion concentration. The results revealed that Dy³⁺-doped phosphate glasses could be useful for yellow laser applications.     

The intercalation/deintercalation kinetic studies on the structure-integrated cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3 0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2

A cathode material, 0.5Li₂MnO₃ 0.5LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂, was prepared by citric acid-assisted sol–gel method and its electrochemical performance was investigated. It delivered a charge capacity of 270 mAh g^?1 and a discharge capacity of 189 mAh g^?1 in the first cycle. With the increase of current density from 14 to 28 mA g^?1, the discharge capacity dropped severely to 130 mA g^?1. Obviously, the rate capability of the material was inferior to most of the oxide cathode materials. The diffusion coefficient of this material was calculated to be 6.04?×?10^?12 cm² s^?1 from the results of cyclic voltammetry measurements. Moreover, diffusion coefficients between 3.13?×?10^?12 and 1.22?×?10^?10 cm² s^?1 in the voltage range of 3.8–4.7 V were obtained by capacity intermittent titration technique. This, together with the localized Li₂MnO₃ domains in the crystal structure, may validate the poor rate capability.     

Decay of 161m1,m2Dy isomers under conditions of a resonance environment (Mössbauer Screen)

The half-lives of the isomers ^161m1Dy and ^161m2Dy (E = 25.6 keV and T _1/2 ～ 30 ns for the former and E = 74.6 keV and T _1/2 ～ 3 ns for the latter) placed in a ¹⁶⁰Gd₂O₃ crystal lattice at T = 300 K and surrounded by stable ¹⁶¹Dy nuclei in the composition of ¹⁶¹Dy₂O₃ were measured by the method of (β-γ) coincidences in the beta-decay process ¹⁶¹Tb → ¹⁶¹Dy. Nuclei of ^161m1,m2Dy were obtained according to the chain ¹⁶⁰Gd(n, γ)¹⁶¹Gd → ¹⁶¹Tb → ¹⁶¹Dy from ¹⁶⁰Dy₂O₃ weighted portions irradiated at the PWR-M reactor of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI, Gatchina, Russia). The T _1/2 value observed for the isomer ^161m1Dy was found to be correlated with the number of surrounding ¹⁶¹Dy nuclei. The presence of this correlation in ^161m1Dy can be explained by the multiple resonance scattering of photons from isomer decay within the sample used. No such correlation was observed for ^161m2Dy. The half-lives measured for the isomers ^161m1Dy and ^161m2Dy in the absence of the above environment are 29.2(1) and 3.50(1) ns, respectively.     

The electrochemical behavior of Dy(III) in eutectic LiF-DyF<Subscript>3</Subscript> at W electrode

The electrochemical reduction process of Dy ion on tungsten electrode at 1103 K in Dy₂O₃-LiF-DyF₃ molten system was studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry methods with a three-electrode system on the electrochemical workstation AUTOLAB. The results showed that Dy³⁺ could be deposited at around ?0.75 V on inert W electrode compared with platinum electrode. The reduction process of Dy ion on W electrode occurred in a single step with the exchange of three electrons because one reduction peak was observed, and the calculated transfer electron number was three. Chronoamperograms indicated that the nucleation process of dysprosium ions was instantaneous three-dimensional nucleation on a tungsten electrode. The cathode electrochemical process on the tungsten electrode was controlled by the diffusion of ions, and the diffusion coefficient was 1.159 × 10^?4 cm²/s, which was calculated from a chronopotentiogram.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance of Dy3+ in cubic ZnSe and Tm3+ in hexagonal CdS single crystals

Electron paramagnetic resonance has been observed for Dy³⁺ in ZnSe and Tm³⁺ in CdS. For Dy³⁺ doped ZnSe, an isotropic spectrum was observed having well resolved hyperfine lines due to ¹⁶¹Dy and ¹⁶³Dy. The g value obtained was 6.577 ± 0.002 and ¹⁶¹A was 191 ± 1 × 10⁴ cm^?1 and ¹⁶³A was 265 ± 3 × 10^?4 cm^?1. The agreement of the observed g value to g(τ₆) = 6.667 and the point-charge calculations suggest that Dy³⁺ occupies an interstitial (II) site with no local charge compensation. For Tm³⁺ doped in hexagonal CdS, an axial spectrum consistent with g_⊥ = 0, g_∥ = 10.722 ± 0.007, D = 2.57 GHz (crystal field splitting) and ¹⁶⁹A = 1207 ± 5 × 10^?4cm^?1. The large g_∥ value indicates that the Tm ion exits in the trivalent state. This is in reasonable agreement with previous reports of the non-Kramer's state of Tm³⁺.     

Luminescence studies on SrMgAl10O17:Eu, Dy phosphor crystals

Using urea as fuel, SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu, Dy phosphor was prepared by a combustion method. Its luminescence properties under ultraviolet (UV) excitation were investigated. Pure SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇ phase was formed by urea-nitrate solution combustion synthesis at 550 °C. The results indicated that the emission spectra of SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu, Dy has one main peak at 460 nm and one shoulder peak near 516 nm, which are ascribed to two different types of luminescent Eu²⁺ centers existing in the SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇ matrix crystal. The blue luminescence emission of SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu phosphors was improved under UV excitation by codoping Dy³⁺ ions. The SrMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu phosphors showed green afterglow (λ=516 nm) when Dy³⁺ ions were doped. Dy³⁺ ions not only successfully play the role of sensitizer for energy transfer in the system, but also act as trap levels and capture the free holes in the spinel blocks.     

Lithium diffusion in Li<Subscript>3</Subscript>V<Subscript>2</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-based electrodes: a joint analysis of electrochemical impedance,cyclic voltammetry,pulse chronoamperometry,and chronopotentiometry data

In order to establish the mechanism and to determine the parameters of lithium transport in electrodes based on lithium-vanadium phosphate (Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃), the kinetic model was designed and experimentally tested for joint analysis of electrochemical impedance (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), pulse chronoamperometry (PITT), and chronopotentiometry (GITT) data. It comprises the stages of sequential lithium-ion transfer in the surface layer and the bulk of electrode material’s particles, including accumulation of lithium in the bulk. Transfer processes at both sites are of diffusion nature and differ significantly, both by temporal (characteristic time, τ) and kinetic (diffusion coefficient, D) constants. PITT data analysis provided the following D values for the predominantly lithiated and delithiated forms of the intercalation material: 10^?9 and 3 × 10^?10 cm² s^?1, respectively, for transfer in the bulk and 10^?12 cm² s^?1 for transfer in the thin surface layer of material’s particles. D values extracted from GITT data are in consistency with those obtained from PITT: 3.5–5.8 × 10^?10 and 0.9–5 × 10^?10 cm² s^?1 (for the current and currentless mode, respectively). The D values obtained from EIS data were 5.5 × 10^?10 cm² s^?1 for lithiated (at a potential of 3.5 V) and 2.3 × 10^?9 cm² s^?1 for delithiated (at a potential 4.1 V) forms. CV evaluation gave close results: 3 × 10^?11 cm² s^?1 for anodic and 3.4 × 10^?11 cm² s^?1 for cathodic processes, respectively. The use of complex experimental measurement procedure for combined application of the EIS, PITT, and GITT methods allowed to obtain thermodynamic E,c dependence of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ electrode, which is not affected by polarization and heterogeneity of lithium concentration in the intercalate.     

Absorption of Dy3+ and Nd3+ ions in BaR 2F8 single crystals

The Dy³⁺ absorption and excitation spectra of BaY₂F₈ and BaYb₂F₈ single crystals are investigated in the ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet, and visible ranges at a temperature of 300 K. These crystals exhibit intense broad absorption bands due to the spin-allowed 4f-5d transitions in the range (56–78) × 10^?3 cm^?1 and less intense absorption bands that correspond to the spin-forbidden transitions in the range (50–56) × 10^?3 cm^?1. The Nd³⁺ absorption spectra of BaY₂F₈ single crystals are studied in the range (34–82) × 10^?3 cm^?1 at 300 K for different crystal orientations.     

Thermo-luminescence kinetic parameters of γ-irradiated Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors

In this paper, we present a detailed investigation of the thermo-luminescence (TL) kinetics of the long afterglow phosphor, Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺, synthesized by the combustion method. Kinetic parameters such as the activation energy (E_α), the frequency factor (s) and the order of kinetics (b) were calculated using Chen's formulism. The crystalline structure of the phosphor was examined using X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 45–52 nm. The optimum dopant concentrations were Eu (1 mol%) and that of Dy (2 mol%). The TL response of the phosphor was monitored after the samples were irradiated with a γ-dose using a ⁶⁰Co source in the 20-800 Gy range. A broad TL peak, (stretching from 328 to 410 K) with a maximum at 368 K was observed. With increasing irradiation dose, the main peak shifts toward higher temperatures. Symmetry factor calculations show that the main TL glow peak obeys second-order kinetics, which could be attributed to the creation of deep level traps. This means that γ-ray irradiation greatly affects the distribution of traps in the Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ phosphor. The phosphor showed a linear response with γ-dose.     

Luminescent and scintillation properties of YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce single crystalline films

The paper is devoted to investigation of the luminescent properties of Dy³⁺ and Dy³⁺-Ce³⁺ doped single crystalline films (SCF) grown by LPE method from PbO–B₂O₃ flux. We have found that the YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce SCFs possess bright cathodoluminescence in the visible range and good scintillation figure of merit. For this reason LPE grown YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce SCF are proposed for different applications, namely, as cathodoluminescence screens or screens for microimaging. The Dy³⁺ co-doping can be also proposed for improvement of the scintillation efficiency of the Ce³⁺ doped garnet compounds in the SCF form due to Dy³⁺→ Ce³⁺ energy transfer and removing the trap related centers in the above RT range.     

Investigation on the 773 K isothermal section of Dy–Ni–Si ternary phase diagram by X-ray powder diffraction

The 773 K isothermal section of the Dy–Ni–Si ternary system was investigated and constructed by X-ray powder diffraction in this paper. Eighteen ternary phases (DyNiSi, DyNi₂Si₂, DyNiSi₂, Dy₂Ni₃Si₅, DyNiSi₃, Dy₂NiSi₃, Dy₃Ni₆Si₂, DyNi₁₀Si₂, Dy₄NiSi₇, DyNi₂Si, DyNi₅Si₃, DyNi₄Si, Dy₃NiSi₂, DyNi₆Si₆, Dy₈Ni₃₁Si₁₁, Dy₃Ni₂Si₄, Dy₄Ni₅Si and Dy₉Ni₂Si₁₄) were confirmed to exist in this work. In those ternary phases, Dy₉Ni₂Si₁₄ is a new phase, Dy₂NiSi₃ and Dy₄NiSi₇ have solid solution phenomena and the solid solution ranges are Dy_33.3Ni_14.7–18.7Si_52–48 and Dy₄Ni_0.3–1.2Si_7.7–6.8, respectively. We constructed 14 two phase regions and 52 three phase regions in the Dy–Ni–Si ternary phase diagram at 773 K. Because the phase relation is not very clear between 66.7 and 50 Si at.% in the Dy–Si binary system, we use dot lines to estimate tentative phase regions in this region.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance of Dy3+ ions in lead thiogallate single crystals

The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of Dy³⁺ ions in lead thiogallate PbGa₂S₄ single crystals have been presented. It has been shown that the ground state of these ions corresponds to the lowest Stark sublevel Γ₆ of the term ⁶ H _15/2. The spectra are well described by the axially symmetric spin Hamiltonian with the effective spin S = 1/2 with the factors g _‖ = 15.06 and g _⊥ = 2.47. The Dy³⁺ ions substitute Pb²⁺ ions in the crystal lattice of PbGa₂S₄. The observed hyperfine structure has allowed to unambiguously interpret the EPR spectra. The hyperfine interaction constants of two odd isotopes of dysprosium in lead thiogallate single crystals have been found to be A _‖ = 675 × 10^?4 cm^?1 and A _⊥ = 111 × 10^?4 cm^?1 for ¹⁶³Dy and A _‖ = 472 × 10^?4 cm^?1 and A _⊥ = 77 × 10^?4 cm^?1 for ¹⁶¹Dy.     

Broadband 2.84 μm luminescence properties and Judd–Ofelt analysis in Dy3+ doped ZrF4–BaF2–LaF3–AlF3–YF3 glass

2.84 μm luminescence with a bandwidth of 213 nm is obtained in Dy³⁺ doped (ZrF₄–BaF₂–LaF₃–AlF₃–YF₃) ZBLAY glass. Three intensity parameters and radiative properties have been determined from the absorption spectrum based on the Judd–Ofelt theory. The 2.84 μm emission characteristics and energy transfer mechanism upon excitation of a conventional 808 nm laser diode are investigated. The prepared Dy³⁺ doped ZBLAY glass possessing high predicted spontaneous transition probability (45.92 s^?1) along with large calculated emission cross section (1.17×10^?20 cm²) has potential applications in 2.8 μm laser.     

Thermoluminescence studies of LiBa2B5O10:RE (RE=Dy, Tb and Tm)

LiBa₂B₅O₁₀:RE³⁺ (RE=Dy, Tb and Tm) was synthesized by the method of high-temperature solid-state reaction and the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of the samples under the irradiation of the γ-ray were studied. The result showed that Dy³⁺ ion was the most efficient activator. When the concentration of Dy³⁺ was 2 mol%, LiBa₂B₅O₁₀:Dy³⁺ exhibited a maximum TL output. The kinetic parameter of LiBa₂B₅O₁₀:0.02Dy was estimated by the peak shape method, for which the average activation energy was 0.757 eV and the frequency factor was 1.50×10⁷ s⁻¹. By the three-dimensional (3D) TL spectrum, the TL of the sample was contributed to the characteristic f-f transition of Dy³⁺. The dose-response of LiBa₂B₅O₁₀:0.02Dy to γ-ray was linear in the range from 1 to 1000 mGy. In addition, the decay of the TL intensity of LiBa₂B₅O₁₀:0.02Dy was also investigated.     

Optical properties of Yb3+ ions in fluorophosphate glasses for 1.0 μm solid-state infrared lasers

Yb³⁺-doped fluorophosphate glasses were prepared by melt-quenching technique and characterized their spectroscopic properties to assess the laser performance parameters. The magnitude of absorption (emission) cross-sections at 975 nm for all the studied Yb³⁺-doped glasses is found to be in the range of 0.29–1.50 × 10^?20 (0.59–1.99 × 10^?20 cm²) which is much higher than those of commercial Kigre QX/Yb: 1.06 × 10^?20 (0.5 × 10^?20 cm²) laser glass. The luminescence lifetimes of ²F_5/2 level decrease (1.15–0.45 ms) with increase in Yb₂O₃ concentration (0.1–4.0 mol%). Effect of OH^? content on luminescence properties of Yb³⁺ ions has also been investigated. The effect of radiative trapping has been discussed by using McCumber (McC) and Fuchtbauer–Ladenburge (F–L) methods. The product of experimental lifetimes and emission cross-sections for 0.1 mol% Yb₂O₃-doped glass is found to be 2.28 × 10^?20 cm² ms which indicates that the higher energy storage and extraction capability could be possible. The detailed spectroscopic results suggest that the studied glasses can be considered for high-power and ultrashort pulse laser applications.     

Electrical transport in ferroelectric Pb[(Fe1/3Sb2/3) x Ti y Zr z ]O3 ceramics

In this article, the studies of the polarization currents and current–voltage characteristics (J–V) are presented. The measurements of the J–V in low and high temperatures as well as at low and high voltages have permitted to recognize certain details of local energy levels in forbidden gap. It has been possible to calculate energy trap levels and their concentration. Calculated trap energy and concentration, under the condition of single trap energy levels, are equal: E _t = 0.55 eV, N _t = 2.97 · 10²³ m^?3 for the sample y = 0.44 and E _t = 0.59 eV, N _t = 1.5 · 10²³ m^?3 for the sample y = 0.47. Knowing the J–V characteristic and the Seebeck coefficient the carriers concentration and their mobility can also be calculated. The carriers concentration and their mobility are equal: n = 3.8 · 10¹⁸ m^?3, µ = 1.4 · 10^?12 m² V^?1 · s^?1 for sample y = 0.44 and n = 6.9 · 10¹⁶ m^?3, µ = 1.3·10^?11 m² V^?1 · s^?1 for the sample y = 0.47.     

Effect of deposition time on structural and physical properties of Cu<Subscript>2</Subscript>CdSnS<Subscript>4</Subscript> thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique: experimental and ab initio study

Cu₂CdSnS₄ (CCdTS) thin films were synthesized using chemical spray pyrolysis deposition technique. The effect of various deposition times (20, 40, 60 min) on growth of these films was investigated. The as-synthesized Cu₂CdSnS₄ thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Hall Effect measurements. The XRD pattern of Cu₂CdSnS₄ structured in stannite phase with preferential orientations along (112) planes. Raman spectrum revealed very strong peak at about 333 cm^?1. The films have the direct optical band gaps of 1.39–1.5 eV. The optimum hole mobility was found to be 3.212 × 10¹ cm² v^?1 s^?1 for the film deposited on 60 min. The electronic structure and optical properties of the stannite structure Cu₂CdSnS₄ were obtained by ab initio calculations using the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker method combined with the Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA), as well as CPA confirms our results.