Steady conduction of heat in prolate spheroidal systems

The steady local temperature distribution has been determined for arbitrary prolate spheroidal systems with various boundary conditions. The temperature was derived for all possible systems, such as when the temperature was kept constant on the hyperbolic surfaces and variable on the prolate spheroidal surfaces, and vice versa. In'the latter case, roots with respect to the degree of the associated Legendre function for arguments larger than unity had to be determined. Some of the presented solutions have been evaluated numerically, and the isothermal surfaces have been presented.

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Zusammenfassung Für beliebig ausgedehnte sphäroide Systeme wurde mit verschiedenen Randbedingungen eine stationäre lokale Temperaturverteilung ermittelt. Die Temperatur wurde für alle möglichen Fälle ermittelt, so auch für den Fall, in dem die Temperatur an der Hyperbeloberfläche konstant gehalten und an den ausgedehnten sphäroiden Flächen veränderlich ist bzw. umgekehrt. Für letzteren Fall mußten für Argumente größer als eins Wurzeln betreffs des Grades der zugehörigen Legendre Funktion ermittelt werden. Einige der dargestellten Lösungen wurden numerisch ermittelt und die isothermen Flächen dargestellt.

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. , . , . .

     

X-ray studies of interaction between magnesium chloride and ethyl benzoate, components of the catalyst for propylene polymerization

X-ray studies of the interaction between highly dispersed magnesium dichloride and ethyl benzoate (EB) at different molar ratios EB/MgCl₂, and the effect of their grinding indicate that a new compound of MgCl₂ and EB is formed. Grinding destroys the crystal phase of the new compound, thus increasing the activity and stereospecificity of the catalyst obtained.

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() /MgCl₂, . , MgCl₂. , .

     

Application de la thermogravimetrie,de l'analyse thermique differentielle et de la spectrographie d'absorption infrarouge a l'etude de la reaction entre l'oxyde de chrome(III) et les nitrates alcalins

Résumé On dose, à l'état solide, des mélanges chromate-bichromate de potassium, à côté d'oxyde de chrome(III), par spectrophotométrie d'absorption infrarouge et par analyse thermique différentielle. Certains aspects de la dissociation du bichromate de potassium ont été mis en évidence.

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Mixtures of chromate and dichromate were determined in the presence of chromium(III) by infrared spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Questions connected with the dissociation of potassium dichromate were also treated.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde über die Bestimmung von Chromat-Bichromat Gemischen in fester Phase durch infrarote Spektroskopie und Differentialthermoanalyse in Gegenwart von Chrom(III) berichtet. Fragen der Dissoziation von Kaliumbichromat wurden ebenfalls erörtert.

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() (III). .

     

Application of the interacting bond method to estimate CO chemisorption heats over Pt and Pd

CO adsorption heats on Pt and Pd have been estimated by the interacting bond method.

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CO Pt Pd.

     

Differential scanning calorimetry applied to cross-linking of a filled epoxy resin: Accuracy of the Borchardt and Daniels equation for describing the curing process kinetics

From the point of view of the chemical reactions describing the curing process of a mixture epoxy resin-dicarboxylic acid anhydride-tertiary amine-polyol and silica filler, it is difficult to understand the network formation: several different reactions are involved, so that the interaction between the epoxy resin and the other components of the mixture is unquestionably complex. However, a linear plot is obtained when Kissinger's method is applied to dynamic DSC results (four different scanning rates), which confirms the calculation assumptions. In particular, the Borchardt and Daniels equation, where the specific rate constant is assumed to be of Arrhenius form appears to be a good mathematical model for describing the curing process under dynamic DSC conditions. The apparent activation energy determined by means of this analytical method is in good agreement with those obtained by other methods in the literature.

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Zusammenfassung Die bei der Härtung eines Epoxidharz, Dicarboxylsäure-Anhydrid, tertiäres Amin, Polyol und einen SiO₂-Füllstoff enthaltenden Gemisches vor sich gehende Vernetzung ist schwer zu überblicken; es verlaufen mehrere unterschiedliche Reaktionen, so daß die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Epoxidharz und den anderen Komponenten außerordentlich komplex ist. Eine lineare Abhängigkeit wird jedoch erhalten, wenn dynamische DSC-Ergebnisse erhalten bei 4 verschiedenen Scanning-Geschwindigkeiten nach der Kissinger-Methode aufgearbeitet werden, was die Richtigkeit der für die Berechnung gemachten Annahmen bestätigt. Besonders die Gleichung von Borchardt und Daniel, bei deren Ableitung für die spezifische Geschwindigkeitskonstante eine Arrhenius-Form angenommen wird, scheint ein gutes mathematisches Modell zur Beschreibung des Härteprozesses unter DSC-Bedingungen zu sein. Die nach dieser Methode bestimmte scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie stimmt gut mit den nach anderen in der Literatur beschriebenen Methoden bestimmten Werten überein.

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, — — — ( ), . . ( ), , . , , , , . , , , .

     

Kinetics of propylene oxidation in the region of negative temperature coefficients of the rate

Kinetic regularities in the consumption of initial reactants and the accumulation of propylene oxidation products has been studied in the region of negative temperature coefficients of the maximum reaction rate (T=648–723 K). It has been revealed that for prolynene-enriched mixtures (C₃H₆:O₂=3:1) at P-20.66 kPa, the reaction rate is practically independent of the temperature, whereas for poor mixtures (C₃H₆:O₂=1:5) it decreases with increasing temperature.

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a (T=648–723K). , (C₃H₆:O₂=3:1) P=20,66 , (C₃H₆:O₂=1:5) .

     

Effect of acio properties of the alumina surface on the formation of chlorides during its interaction with CCl4

IR spectroscopy was employed to study acid properties of a series of alumina samples different in the phase composition and in the porous structure. The comparison of the surface acidity with the data on the quantitative formation of Cl^– during the interaction of CCl₄ with alumina indicates that the extent of chlorination of the samples tends to increase with increasing the surface acidity.

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- , . Cl^– CCl₄ , .

     

Y (Grunwald-Winstein) parameters of aqueous solutions of sugars

The kinetics of solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-glucose and water-sucrose solutions have been studied. From the data obtained, Y Grunwald-Winstein parameters corresponding to these mixtures have been derived.

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- . Y - .

     

Studies on catalytically active surface compounds, IX. Formation of O2? radicals on VCl4/SiO2 catalysts

The conditions for the formation of O ₂ ^– on VCl₄/SiO₂ catalysts have been investigated. It is shown that thermal vacuum treatment (TVT) of unhydrolyzed catalysts leads to partial hydrolysis of the surface vanadium complex caused by the silanol groups of the support. The ability of the catalysts to generate O ₂ ^– radicals was found to depend on the degree of hydrolysis caused by thermal vacuum treatment.

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O ₂ ^– VCl₄/SiO₂. , , . , O ₂ ^– , .

     

Propylene oxidation over tin-molybdenum oxide catalysts

The influence of preparation of tin-molybdenum catalysts on their phase composition and activity has been elucidated. The mutual dissolution of Sn and Mo oxides leads to a considerable increase in their activities and selectivities in the partial oxidation of propylene to acetone.

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. , .

     

Zur Frage der Quantitativen Differentialthermoanalyse Cristobalithaltiger Staubproben

Zusammenfassung Mit einer DTA-Anlage eigener Entwicklung werden an Cristobalitproben verschiedener Herkunft und Entstehungsgeschichte Umwandlungstemperatur und Wärmetönung der --Inversion bestimmt. Die dabei gefundene Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Größen ermöglicht unter gewissen Bedingungen die Ermittlung des Cristobalitgehaltes einer Staubprobe.

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Temperature and heat of the --inversion in christobalite samples of various origin and way of production were measured with a self-constructed DTA-apparatus. A relationship was found between temperature and heat of reaction, which in certain circumstances enables to determine the christobalite content in dust samples.

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Résumé Détermination, à l'aide d'une installation d'ATD personnelle, de la température et de la chaleur de transformation de l'inversion - de divers échantillons de cristobalite d'origine et de préparation différentes. Une relation est apparue entre ces deux grandeurs permettant de déterminer, sous certaines conditions, la teneur en cristobalite d'un échantillon de poussière.

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– , . , .

     

Thermoanalytical investigations of some industrial wastes produced in steel works

The experiments involves three types of industrial wastes produced by iron works, which create serious hazards to the natural environment: (1) paint-shop sludge, (2) oil-polluted diatomite, and (3) oil-polluted scale. The choice of an appropriate and safe storage method should be based on extensive physicochemical examination.DTA, in combination with other data, allows characterization of the combustible properties of wastes. Thermoanalytical measurements were carried out in a dynamic air atmosphere. Enthalpy values were calculated from peak areas of DTA curves. Thermoanalytical data were compared with calorimetric results obtained with an oxygen bomb.

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Zusammenfassung Drei Arten industrieller Abtälle eines Stahlwerks, die schwere Umweltbelastungen darstellen, wurden untersucht: (1) Lackiererei-Schlamm, (2) ölhaltiger Diatomit, (3) ölhaltiger Kesselstein. Geeignete sichere Deponien setzen ausführliche physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen voraus. DTA in Kombination mit anderen Untersuchungen erlaubt die Charakterisierung der Verbrennungseigenschaften der Abfälle. Die thermoanalytischen Untersuchungen erfolgten im Luftstrom, die Verbrennungswärmen wurden aus den DTA-peak-Flächen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen kalorimetrischer Messungen in einer Sauerstoffbombe verglichen.

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- , . , . , - . . . . , .

     

Studies of copper-modified V?Mo oxide catalyst for acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid

Modification of a V–Mo oxide catalyst by copper improves its catalytic properties due to the formation of a variable composition V–Cu–Mo–O phase with varying the ratio Mo/Me (Me=V+Cu).

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T–Cu–Mo–O, Mo/Me, Me=V+Cu.

     

Reactivity of allyl (o-halophenyl) ethers with organonickel (0) complexes

The reactivity of allyl (o-halophenyl) ethers with zerovalent nickel complexes, with triphenylphosphine and pyridine as ligands, leading to benzo[b]furan derivatives has been checked. Cyclization products were not isolated, but deallylation, substitution, reduction and rearrangement products were obtained in low to moderate yields. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of these side products.

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-(o-) , , [b] . , , , , . .

     

Thermal analysis of mercury(I) sulfate and mercury(II) sulfate

The thermal decomposition of mercury(I) and (II) sulfates has been investigated by thermogravimetry. The solid-state decomposition products have been characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and an X-ray diffraction method. It is concluded that mercury(I) sulfate decomposes in two steps, initially forming a mixture of metallic mercury and mercury(II) sulfate — the latter subsequently decomposes without forming a stable intermediate. The stoichiometry of disproportionation of mercury(I) sulfate and the thermal stability range of mercury(I) and mercury(II) sulfates have been established.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von Quecksilber(I) und (II)-sulfaten wurde durch Thermogravimetrie untersucht. Die Festphasen-Zersetzungsprodukte wurden durch Infrarot- und Ramanspektroskopie, Massenspektrometrie und Röntgendiffraktion charakterisiert. Es wurde gefolgert, dass Quecksilber(I)sulfat in zwei Stufen zersetzt wird, unter anfänglicher Bildung eines Gemisches von metallischem Quecksilber und Quecksilber(II)-sulfat, welches in der Folge ohne Bildung eines stabilen Zwischenproduktes zersetzt wird. Die Stöchiometrie der Disproportionierung des Quecksilber(I)sulfats und der Bereich der Thermostabilität der Quecksilber(I) und Quecksilber(II)sulfate wurden ermittelt.

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Résumé La décomposition thermique des sulfates de mercure(I) et de mercure(II) a été suivie par TG. On a caractérisé les produits de la décomposition en phase solide par spectroscopies infrarouge et Raman, spectrométrie de masse et diffraction des rayons X. On en a conclu que le sulfate de mercure(I) se décompose en deux étapes, formant initialement un mélange de mercure métallique et de sulfate de mercure(II), ce dernier se décomposant ensuite sans formation d'un intermédiaire stable. Les proportions stoechiométriques de la dismutation du sulfate de mercure(I) et de l'intervalle de stabilité thermique des sulfates de mercure(I) et de mercure(II) ont été établis.

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- . , , . , , (), - . - .

     

Determination calorimetrique des enthalpies de formation en metallurgie

The calorimetric methods used for the measurement of the enthalpy of formation of metallic systems are described and discussed. Special attention is paid to direct reaction calorimetry, dissolution calorimetry, precipitation calorimetry, combustion calorimetry... and non-reacting calorimetry is considered as an additional method from this point of view. Emphasis is placed on their particular field of application. Some recent developments are given.

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Zusammenfassung Kalorimetrische Verfahren zut Messung der Bildungsenthalpie von metallischen Systemen wurden beschrieben und diskutiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde dabei der Hinreaktionskalorimetrie, der Lösungskalorimetrie, der Fällungskalorimetrie, der Verbrennungskalorimetrie geschenkt, Nichtreaktionskalorimetrie wurde als eine zusätzliche Methode in dieser Hinsicht betrachtet. Das spezielle Anwendungsgebiet dieser Verfahren wird hervorgehoben und einige Neuentwicklungen gegeben.

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, . , , , . . .

     

Reduction of alkenes by hydrogen transfer over a Pd/sepiolite catalyst. Compensation effect

This paper shows the occurrence of a linear relationship between the activation energy (E_A) and the logarithm of the pre-exponential factor (ln A) in the Arrhenius equation, and between the enthalpy increment (H) and the entropy increment (S) in the Eyring equation for the reduction of olefinic double bonds by hydrogen transfer over a Pd/sepiolite catalyst. Such a relationship is known as the compensation effect or isokinetic relationship.

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Pd/ (E_a) (ln A) (H) (S) . .

     

Coke deposition on naphtha reforming catalysts: I. Influence of the hydrocarbon feed

During hydrocarbons reactions over Pt/Al₂O₃ the catalyst is covered by coke. It is accepted that coke formation occurs on metal and acid sites. During normal heptane and methylcyclopentane reforming it was found that the nature and the rate of coke deposited on the catalyst surface was not same, depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon feed.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ . , . , - .

     

Preparation and characterization of Ru?Pb supported catalysts

Decomposition of Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ during oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde was observed. Depending on the surface composition of the initial catalyst, the decomposition leads to less active but highly selective MnMoTeO₆ or to MnMoO₄ which is not selective in toluene oxidation.

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Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ . , MnMoTeO₆, MnMoO₆.