自准校正单透镜检验凸非球面的方法研究

针对凸非球面大口径、大相对孔径、全口径检验难的问题,提出了一种利用自准校正单透镜检验凸非球面的方法。该方法通过在单透镜的凸面镀半反半透膜构成自准校正透镜,校正非球面的球差,从而实现大口径凸非球面的全口径检验。依据三级像差理论,推导了初始结构参数计算公式,介绍了检验光学系统的设计方法;对口径为240.62 mm、相对孔径为0.48的凸扁球面光学检验系统进行了模拟设计。系统优化后的残余波像差峰谷(PV)值为0.00025λ,均方根(RMS)值为0.0001λ(λ=632.8 nm)。将该方法用于工程项目中口径为287 mm、相对孔径为0.74的凸双曲面反射镜检验中,测得镜面RMS为0.021λ,验证了该方法的可行性。最后对该方法的适用性以及像差校正能力进行分析。研究结果表明:该方法可以实现任意偏心率凸非球面的全口径检验,在大口径、大相对孔径凸非球面全口径检验时具有较大优势。     

凸非球面背向零位补偿检验的设计方法

为了实现大口径凸非球面的高准确度检测,提出了凸非球面背向零位补偿检验方法.该方法在非球面背面引入辅助球面并在光路中加入球面补偿透镜来达到零位补偿检验.辅助球面既可以使凸非球面等效为凹非球面,还可以补偿部分非球面法线像差.依据三级像差理论,对辅助球面曲率半径及补偿透镜结构参量进行初始结构求解,并编写了求解初始结构软件,再利用光学设计软件对初始结构进行优化,优化结果满足设计要求,使凸非球面背向零位补偿检验理论化.在实际应用中,以Φ120mm凸非球面为例设计了凸非球面背向零位补偿检测系统,检测系统设计的剩余波像差PV为0.024λ、RMS为0.007λ.利用此检测方法加工完成后的凸非球面的面形准确度优于λ/40.     

折反射式零位补偿检验

结合奥夫纳尔折射式零位补偿器和马克苏托夫反射式零位补偿器的优点,对大口径、大相对孔径凹非球面加工检验提出一种折反射式零位补偿检验法.该方法采用放置在非球面顶点曲率中心之前的两块透镜和一块反射镜来实现大口径凹非球面零位补偿检验.依据三级像差理论,推导了初始结构计算公式;通过对口径为1 000mm、顶点曲率半径为4 000mm、偏心率为1.05、中心孔为200mm的凹非球面进行补偿器设计,完成了原理验证,优化后系统剩余波像差峰谷值为0.004 2λ.研究结果表明该方法轴向光路长度短,补偿能力强,可用于允许部分中心遮拦的大口径、大相对孔径凹非球面检验.     

Φ520mmF/1.6椭球面反射镜加工

介绍了一块Φ520mm大相对孔径(F/1.6)轻量化椭球面反射镜的加工与检测方法。镜面的有效口径为Φ502mm,顶点曲率半径为1600mm,非球面系数k=-0.9663,面形精度要求优于0.025λ(RMS)。镜子背面有54个大小深浅不一的不通孔,用于减轻镜子的重量。采用WYKO干涉仪检测得到镜面面形误差达RMS0.02λ,λ=632.8nm。     

二元光学在凸非球面零件检测中的应用

大口径凸非球面的传统检测方法是使用背部检验。在分析各种传统检测方法的基础上,研究了一种新的检测方法,即用二元光学元件检测大口径凸非球面。给出了两种方法的设计实例,所研究的凸曲面为一椭球面,口径为400mm,实现了二元光学在凸曲面检验中的应用。     

Ф750mm口径望远镜光学系统的检测(英文)

为了探测更高轨道的空间目标,研制了一台通光口径为Ф750mm的望远镜.该望远镜为主焦点光学系统,由一片二次非球面反射元件和四片透射元件组成,具有大视场(4°),大相对孔径(1∶1.32)和宽光谱(500～800nm)的特点.本文以该望远镜的研制为基础,介绍了其光学系统各个元件的单独检测和系统装调完成后的整体检测方法和过程.采用样板法对系统中的球面透射元件进行了单独检测,采用透射无像差补偿器法对二次非球面反射镜进行了单独检测,采用反射无像差补偿器法对组合起来的透射校正镜组进行了检测,并且对系统装调对准之后的光学系统进行室内平行光管和室外对星观测两种方法进行检测.测量结果均满足设计要求,其中球面透镜的面形误差小于0.1个光圈,反射元件和透射元件非球面表面的面形误差均优于λ/30(λ=632.8nm),透射校正镜组的波像差优于λ/30(λ=632.8nm).光学系统整体检测结果表明,室内和室外检测结果一致,其像面的80%能量集中度直径在4°的全视场范围内均小于2个像元,达到了设计的成像要求.     

Optical Measurement of φ750 mm Telescope System

为了探测更高轨道的空间目标,研制了一台通光口径为φ750 mm的望远镜.该望远镜为主焦点光学系统,由一片二次非球面反射元件和四片透射元件组成,具有大视场(4°),大相对孔径(1∶1.32)和宽光谱(500～800 nm)的特点.本文以该望远镜的研制为基础,介绍了其光学系统各个元件的单独检测和系统装调完成后的整体检测方法和过程.采用样板法对系统中的球面透射元件进行了单独检测,采用透射无像差补偿器法对二次非球面反射镜进行了单独检测,采用反射无像差补偿器法对组合起来的透射校正镜组进行了检测,并且对系统装调对准之后的光学系统进行室内平行光管和室外对星观测两种方法进行检测,测量结果均满足设计要求,其中球面透镜的面形误差小于0.1个光圈,反射元件和透射元件非球面表面的面形误差均优于λ/30(λ=632.8 nm),透射校正镜组的波像差优于λ/30(λ=632.8nm).光学系统整体检测结果表明,室内和室外检测结果一致,其像面的80％能量集中度直径在4°的全视场范围内均小于2个像元,达到了设计的成像要求.     

衍射极限非球面准直透镜

介绍了一种新的非球面透镜设计方法。通过非球面方程中二次曲面常数和非球面系数对光学系统像差的贡献来设计非球面透镜,并详细分析了非球面设计过程。设计了数值孔径NA=0.37, 纤芯Φ=600μm的大光束光纤耦合半导体激光器的非球面准直透镜,其焦距f=50mm。从像质评定可以看出, 非球面准直镜几乎接近衍射极限, 整个系统的波像差小于0.3λ。实验表明： 采用非球面准直系统能最大限度地利用光能率和提高光束准直性, 证明了设计方法基本正确。     

非球面透镜在两波长间的补偿检验

在检验光路中,采用补偿透镜来补偿口径为φ500mm的非球面透镜的使用波长(λ=1053nm)与检测波长(λ=632.8nm)之间的色差。给出补偿透镜的求解方法,得到非球面透镜的补偿检验光路,并就非球面透镜的检验精度进行分析。通过精度分析可以看出,在此种补偿检验光路下,非球面透镜的透射波前PV不低于0.2λ(λ=632.8nm),可满足元件的精度要求。     

折反式大视场星敏感器光学系统设计

讨论了由逆卡塞格林结构和补偿器构成的折反式星敏感器光学系统。该光学系统由一块球面反射镜、一块非球面反射镜以及由同种光学玻璃做成的两块球面透镜和一块非球面透镜组成。具有视场大、相对孔径大和易实现等优点。给出了该光学系统的设计指标和设计思想,并给出了由其初级像差公式确定初始结构参数的方法。经优化设计,得到了全视场为20°、入瞳直径为36.3mm、相对孔径为1∶1.2的光学系统。给出了它的成像质量评价。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.