不同结晶度聚乙烯醇水凝胶中水氢键缺损的拉曼光谱学研究

聚乙烯醇 (ＰＶＡ)是一种水溶性高分子 ,它在一定条件下可以部分结晶形成水凝胶 ,其结晶度必然影响其机械性能及水在水凝胶中的状态 .部分结晶交联所得的ＰＶＡ水凝胶 ,由于无毒、机械性能好常用来作为生物医用材料 ,如接触眼镜、人工关节润滑软骨等[1,2 ] .水凝胶是轻度交联的高分子网络 ,其内含有大量的水 ,高分子交联网络与水之间的相互作用决定着水凝胶的物理性质和化学性质[3 ,4 ] .一般认为 ,水凝胶中的水以三种状态存在 ,即键合水 (Ｂｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒ)、自由水 (Ｆｒｅｅｗａｔｅｒ)和间隙水 (Ｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｗａｔｅｒ…     

阴离子对水的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱的影响

通过比较纯水、NaX(X=F, Cl, Br, I)、Na2S、NaOH、NaNO3、Na2CO3、Na2SO4溶液的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱, 发现所研究的阴离子对水的结构都有破坏作用. 通过比较阴离子对水的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱的影响, 可将所研究的阴离子分为两类, 一类阴离子有F−、OH−、S2−、CO32−, 另一类阴离子有Cl−、Br−、I−、NO3−和SO42−. 它们的主要区别在于对羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱3600 cm−1、2900−3100 cm−1处影响不同, 产生这些区别的原因在于阴离子与水分子之间氢键的强弱. 阴离子对水的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱的影响因素有离子半径、离子电荷和离子结构, 它们的影响程度为离子结构>离子电荷>离子半径.     

拉曼光谱研究CaCl2和MgCl2对水结构的影响

测试了CaCl2、MgCl2溶液(浓度小于1.0 mol•L-1)的OH伸缩振动区域的拉曼光谱.对所得到的拉曼光谱进行了计算机去卷积处理,并由此计算了不同溶液中水的四面体结构的百分数.研究表明,CaCl2、MgCl2对水中四面体结构有破坏作用，且CaCl2的破坏作用比MgCl2大.与17O核磁共振结果对比与分析,认为CaCl2、MgCl2虽然破坏水中的四面体结构,但通过促进含氢键数少的水分子形成氢键,故从总体上促进水的缔合结构.     

四甲基脲与水二元混合体系的拉曼光谱研究

密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-311G*基组水平对四甲基脲(TMU)气态的几何构型进行全面优化,计算了最优构型的拉曼光谱,并与实验得到的拉曼光谱进行比较,对TMU的各拉曼谱带进行归属。实验测得了TMU与水不同体积比二元混合体系的拉曼光谱,得到了TMU分子的特征拉曼谱线在不同浓度下的频移情况,受氢键和缔合水分子空间位阻的共同作用,在H2O/TMU体积比小于2时,TMU羧基伸缩振动频率向低波数的变化与体积比成线性关系,当体积比大于2时,其振动频率为定值1585cm-1,其它拉曼带的频率受到溶剂的非专一化作用而随溶液中水的增加变化不大。     

以双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯类为交联剂的丙烯酸β-羟乙酯类水凝胶中水的拉曼光谱学研究

水凝胶是轻度交联的高分子网络 ,其内含有大量的水 ,高分子交联网络与水之间的相互作用决定着水凝胶的物理化学性质[1 ,2 ] .Ｇｒｅｅｎ等[3] 在研究激光下水在 2 50 0～40 0 0ｃｍ- 1 范围内的拉曼平行谱带和垂直谱带时发现 ,水在此波数范围内的拉曼光谱低波数分量是高度偏振化的 ,即低波数分量只有平行分量 ,而没有垂直分量 .由此提出了下式所表示的聚集谱带 (Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｂａｎｄ)Ｉｃ(ω)的概念 :Ｉｃ(ω) =Ｉ∥ (ω) -ａＩ⊥ (ω)其中ａ为利用从 350 0ｃｍ- 1 到 3750ｃｍ- 1 的高频区数据使得Ｉ′∥(ω) -ａＩ′⊥(ω)的平方…     

DNA纤维经醋酸处理后脱嘌呤的拉曼谱带分析

鲱鱼精DNA纤维经醋酸处理,0．5h内以B型构象为主,这是酸溶液溶解DNA纤维的结果：DNA纤维在醋酸中浸润17h,A、B型构象都存在,以A型居多;在拉曼光谱分析中,由于存在醋酸脱嘌呤的干扰,所以主链构象仅依磷酸脱氧核糖核酸主链－OPO－特征模得出的结论为准;DNA经酸处理后,拉曼图谱中表征N9R糖苷键的诸峰均减色明显,有些甚至消失,这表明了脱嘌呤变化;在该过程中,碱基质子化作用也极为显著,它与嘌呤变化的共同作用导致N3、N7、N9原子两侧各键的电子云有不同程度减色,它们均导致了DNA双链之间氢键的断裂,使有关特征峰表现出相应的变化,但醋酸处理DNA并不导致DNA单链的断裂。     

二甲基亚砜防冻机理的拉曼光谱分析

采用拉曼光谱对不同体积比的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)水溶液进行测量, 并利用Origin 7.5对水的光谱带进行分峰, 求得拉曼光谱峰面积比值. 应用混合模型对实验结果进行了分析, 分析结果表明, 防冻剂二甲基亚砜与水混合时, 其SO基团与水分子的OH基团形成氢键(SO…H—O), 有效地阻止了四面体结构冰的生成, 并证实了二甲基亚砜与水的体积比为1∶1时, 防冻效果最佳.     

非水体系苯并咪唑及衍生物吸附的电化学表面增强拉曼光谱研究

应用电化学现场表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)以及直接电化学合成技术分别研究了非水体系中苯并咪唑及2-巯基苯并咪唑在铜电极表面的吸附行为及其与三苯基膦(pph3)共存的表面过程.在较负电位区间苯并咪唑主要以分子形式吸附在电极表面.在较正电位区间,电极表面生成类高分子(CuBIM)n膜,具有缓蚀作用,对含有pph3的该体系,Cu+首先与pph3配位形成稳定的阳离子,进入溶液之后与BIM配位生成稳定的配合物,导致不能在表面有效地成膜而破坏了苯并咪唑的缓蚀作用.2-巯基苯并咪唑在Cu表面主要通过自组装单层方式在电极表面吸附,且在实验测试的电位区间内,MBI均是以S端与金属表面作用,其吸附取向随电位正移由倾斜逐渐向接近垂直过渡,并在金属表面形成MBI单分子层膜.pph3的加入不影响MBI在Cu电极表面的成膜行为.电化学现场模拟合成及产物结构组成解析为推断表面反应过程提供了直接证据.     

乙腈非水体系中二甲基亚砜和咪唑的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

利用共焦显微拉曼系统研究了在乙腈非水体系中,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)与乙腈的竞争吸附,同时研究了咪唑在非水乙腈体系中的吸附情况.结果表明:在非水乙腈溶液中存在着明显的竞争吸附现象,咪唑和二甲基亚砜较乙腈分子在银电极上优先吸附,明显抑制了乙腈分子的吸附,随着电位负移,咪唑或二甲基亚砜逐渐脱附,更多的乙腈分子才得以接近电极表面并开始发生解离反应.     

表面增强拉曼光谱研究银电极/乙腈界面微量水的吸附行为

利用表面增强拉曼散射技术研究了含微量水的乙腈溶液中银电极 /乙腈界面水分子的吸附行为 ,详细考察了随电极电位的改变及微量水浓度对其的影响 .研究表明 ,银电极双电层中存在多种吸附模式下的水分子结构 .在较正电位下 ,水分子主要与乙腈形成弱的氢键共吸附于电极表面上 ,ν(O— H)伸缩振动出现在3 487cm- 1左右 ,一定范围内增加体相水的浓度对其影响较小 ;在较负电位下 ,随着乙腈解离反应的进行 ,水分子转为与表面配合物 [Ag(CN) n]( n- 1 ) - 作用而共吸附于电极表面 ,其有序性地增加导致 ν(O— H)频率出现在更高的波数 3 5 83 cm- 1 .增加水的浓度加强了界面水分子间的氢键作用 ,致使 ν(O— H)红移 ;在极负电位下 ,水分子发生解离 ,ν(O— H)的振动主要来自 Li OH微晶 ,其波数为 3 665 cm- 1 .随着体相水含量的增加 ,电极表面进一步形成水合 Li OH· H2 O,特征 ν(O— H)的波数为 3 5 63 cm- 1 .     

Raman Spectroscopic Studies on the Complexation and Adsorbed Behaviour of Thiourea

Raman spectroscopic studies on thiourea (TU) in highly acidic media (e. g. >3 mol/L HC1O4) show that TU as a solution species is protonated through its sulphur atom and forms complex with anions. However, as an adsorbed species, TU is protonated via the nitrogen atom and adsorbed at the silver electrode surface through the sulphur atom. The distinct effects of pH and anions of the solution on the surface enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of TU were investigated. In acidic and neutral solutions, TU is coadsorbed with anions through its NH3 and - NH2 groups respectively.     

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Detection and Identification of Pollutants in Water

The use of resonance Raman spectroscopy in water pollution is reviewed. After a short introduction to the technique, the results obtained with this method are illustrated with examples of coloured compounds (such as fabric dyes and food dyes) and non-coloured compounds (such as phenolic compounds and nitrobenzene pesticides). Attention is given to detection limits in distilled and natural water, to identification capabilities and to quantitative determinations. The major advantages are indicated and the problem of interferences due to fluorescence and its reduction are shortly discussed.     

Raman and FTIR Spectroscopic Studies of 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Trifluoromethylsulfonate,its Mixtures with Water and the Solvation of Zinc Ions

In this paper we report on the interactions of the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([EMIm]TfO) with water and the solvation of zinc ions in neat [EMIm]TfO and [EMIm]TfO–water mixtures investigated by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The structures and physicochemical properties of the [EMIm]TfO–water mixtures are strongly dependent on the interaction between cations, anions, and water. The structure was changed from ionic‐liquid‐like to water‐like solutions upon addition of water. In addition, zinc salts can precipitate in 0.2 M Zn(TfO)₂/[EMIm]TfO upon addition of 10 % (v/v) water, presumably as a result of polarity change of the solution. The average coordination number of TfO^? per zinc ion calculated from Raman spectra is 3.8 in neat [EMIm]TfO, indicating that [Zn(TfO)₄]^2?, and [Zn(TfO)₃]^? complexes are present in the solution. However, in the presence of water, water interacts preferentially with the zinc ions, leading to aqueous zinc species. The solvation of zinc ions in 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([Py_1,4]TfO) was also investigated. In [Py_1,4]TfO, there are, on average, 4.5 TfO^? anions coordinating each zinc ion, corresponding to the weak interaction between [Py_1,4]⁺ cations and TfO^? anions. The species present in [Py_1,4]TfO are likely a mixture of [Zn(TfO)₄]^2? and [Zn(TfO)₅]^3?.     

有机银溶胶的吸收光谱和表面增强Raman光谱研究

研究了2-氨基苯并咪唑(BIMNH₂)、LiCl、NaOEt对Ag/EtOH溶胶吸收光谱和表面增强Raman散射(SERS)光谱的影响。结果表明,少量的吸附分子BIMNH₂、LiCl、NaOEt均能改变溶胶聚集状态,从而影响其吸收光谱和SERS效应。此外,Cl^-还可与Ag、BIMNH₂形成表面络合物而增强SERS效应。对Ag溶胶体系SERS光谱的溶剂效应也作了初步研究。     

Theoretical Vibrational Raman and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectra of Water Interacting with Silver Clusters

In this study, we analyzed the Raman spectrum of a water molecule adsorbed on a cluster of 20 silver atoms, and the plasmonic electromagnetic effect of the silver surface was also considered to give a theoretical prediction of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectrum. The calculations were performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level by using both frozen and unfrozen silver clusters. Two different models were used to consider the plasmonic enhancement; one of them was a modified classical (dipole) model and the other was the coupled perturbed Hartree–Fock method with excitation frequencies obtained from time‐dependent DFT calculations and with proper detuning of these frequencies. The importance of small geometrical distortions of the silver surface in the orientation of the adsorbed water was shown. Moreover, it was shown how the symmetry of the transition dipole moment and the symmetry of the vibrational modes influence the Raman intensities of the SERS spectrum.     

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy,and Its Application to Inorganic Chemistry. New Analytical Methods (27)

Resonance Raman spectra are obtained when the wave number of the exciting radiation is close to, or coincident with, that of an electronic transition of the scattering species. Such spectra are usually characterized by a very large enhancement of the intensities of particular Raman bands, sometimes with the appearance of intense overtone and combination tone progressions. The technique provides detailed information about excited electronic states because it is only the vibrational modes associated with the chromophore that are resonance-Raman active. Additionally, the high sensitivity is such that compounds at concentrations as low as 10^?6 mol/L may be detected, enabling resonance Raman spectroscopy to be used as an analytical tool and for the study of chromophores in molecules of biological interest.     

钠和钾离子对磷酸二氢根拉曼光谱的影响

磷酸二氢根(H₂PO^-₄)溶液在生物缓冲、分子识别、晶体生长等方面有着重要的研究价值。 本文以KH₂PO₄(KDP)和NaH₂PO₄(NaDP)溶液为研究对象,利用原位微区拉曼光谱研究钠离子和钾离子对H₂PO^-₄溶液团簇聚合及化学键振动的影响,讨论单价阳离子(K⁺,Na⁺)的差异、溶液浓度对H₂PO^-₄拉曼位移变化和成核诱导时间的影响。 结果表明,拉曼位移变化、成核诱导时间随阳离子溶液电负性的增加、浓度的降低而增大。 在拉曼光谱中观察到P(OH)₂和PO₂振动峰在成核过程中发生偏移,表明由氢键作用导致的团簇构型逐渐稳定,化学键逐渐增强,深化溶液结晶过程中对溶液结构和化学键的理解。     

A Raman Study of the Effect of Trivalent Lanthanide Ions on the Conformational Disorder in Acyl Chains of Phospholipid Bilayers

ＡＲａｍａｎＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＴｒｉｖａｌｅｎｔＬａｎｔｈａｎｉｄｅＩｏｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＣｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｌＤｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｉｎＡｃｙｌＣｈａｉｎｓｏｆＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐｉｄＢｉｌａｙｅｒｓＹＵＡＮＣｈｕｎ－ｂｏ,ＺＨＡＯＤ...     

Effects of Heat Treatment on Raman Spectra of Two‐Layer 12C/13C Graphene

The Raman spectra of two‐layered graphene on a silicon substrate were studied in the temperature range from 298 to 1073 K in an inert atmosphere. Isotopic engineering was used to fabricate two‐layer graphene specimens containing ¹³C atoms in the top layer and ¹²C atoms in the bottom layer, which allowed the behavior of each particular layer to be distinguished as a function of temperature. It is demonstrated that the top layer exhibits much lower Raman temperature coefficients than the bottom one for both the G and the G′ modes. We suggest that the changes in the Raman spectra of graphene observed during thermal cycling are predominantly caused by a superposition of two effects, namely, the mechanical stress in graphene exerted by the substrate and the intrinsic changes in the graphene lattice caused by the temperature itself. The top graphene layer is proposed to be more relaxed than the bottom graphene layer and thus reflects almost exclusively the temperature variations as a freestanding graphene layer would.