Facile aqueous synthesis and thermal insulating properties of low-density glass/TiO2 core/shell composite hollow spheres

Anatase TiO₂ shells assembled on hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with tunable morphologies were successfully prepared through a controllable chemical precipitation method with urea as the precipitator. Thus, glass/TiO₂ core/shell composite hollow spheres with low particle density (0.40 g/cm³) were fabricated. The phase structures, morphologies, particle sizes, shell thicknesses, and chemical compositions of the composite microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The morphology of the TiO₂ shell can be tailored by properly monitoring the reaction system component and parameters. The probable growth mechanism and fabrication process of the core/shell products involving the nucleation and oriented growth of TiO₂ nanocrystals on hollow glass microspheres was proposed. A low infrared radiation study revealed that the radiation properties of the products are greatly influenced by the unique product shell structures. A thermal conductivity study showed that the TiO₂/HGM possess low thermal conductivity that is similar to that of the pristine HGMs. This work provides an additional strategy to prepare low-density thermal insulating particles with tailored morphologies and properties.     

壳层形态对核/壳结构PS/SiO_2复合磨料抛光性能的影响

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为内核,通过控制正硅酸乙酯的水解过程制备具有不同壳层形态的核/壳结构PS/SiO2复合磨料,应用于二氧化硅介质层的化学机械抛光,借助AFM测量抛光表面的形貌、轮廓曲线及粗糙度.SEM和TEM结果显示:碱性水解条件下,复合磨料的壳层由SiO2纳米颗粒组成(非连续壳层);酸性条件下,复合磨料的壳层则呈无定型网状(连续壳层).抛光对比试验结果表明:复合磨料的PS弹性内核有利于降低表面粗糙度并减少机械损伤,SiO2壳层则有利于提高材料去除率,复合磨料的核/壳协同效应对于提高抛光质量具有主要影响.相对于非连续壳层复合磨料,具有连续壳层的PS/SiO2复合磨料能够得到更低的抛光表面粗糙度值(RMS=0.136 nm),且在抛光过程中表现出了更好的结构稳定性.然而,PS/SiO2复合磨料的壳层形态对抛光速率的影响则不明显.     

泡沫铝-复合泡沫冲击韧度及黏弹性分析

泡沫铝-复合泡沫互穿相复合材料是一种新型的结构功能一体化材料,在机械、交通、建筑等领域具有重要的应用前景。本文制备了纯泡沫铝及空心玻璃微珠四种体积分数的泡沫铝-复合泡沫试件,通过摆锤冲击实验研究了其冲击韧度,讨论了其断口形貌与结构性能的关系,通过单轴压缩的应力松弛实验研究其黏弹性性能。研究表明：空心玻璃微珠体积分数为10%的泡沫铝-复合泡沫试件的冲击韧度最大,随后其冲击韧度随空心玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而减小;当空心玻璃微珠体积分数较小时,泡沫铝的结构形貌决定了冲击断口的形貌,但当其体积分数达到30%时,空心玻璃微珠的破坏是形成断口形貌的主要原因;复合材料的黏弹性性能随着玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而增大。     

核壳结构PS/CeO2复合微球弹性模量的AFM测定

利用原子力显微镜测定了聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene, PS)微球和核壳结构PS/CeO₂复合微球的力-位移曲线,并根据Hertz接触理论计算了微球样品的弹性模量.结果表明:粒径在120 nm左右的PS微球的平均弹性模量约为2.80 GPa,其数值略低于聚苯乙烯块体材料的弹性模量.复合微球的弹性模量随CeO₂壳层厚度的增加而增大,当CeO₂壳厚分别约为8、12和16 nm时,其平均弹性模量依次约为7.93、8.25和10.67 GPa.与纯氧化铈相比,PS/CeO₂复合微球的弹性模量更接近于聚苯乙烯微球.     

油酸／PS／TiO2复合纳米微球对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响研究

采用种子乳液聚合法制备了油酸／PS／TiO2复合纳米微球,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察了油酸／PS/TiO2复合纳米微球添加剂对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响,采用X射线光电子能谱分析了钢球磨斑表面边界膜元素的组成及化学状态。结果表明,油酸／PS／TiO2复合微球作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的抗磨性能,能显著提高基础油的失效载荷。表明分析结果表明,复合纳米微球的抗磨作用取决于其摩擦化学反应所生成的含有TiO2及部分添加剂分解产物的复合膜。     

油酸/PS/TiO_2复合纳米微球对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响研究

采用种子乳液聚合法制备了油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合纳米微球 ,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察了油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合纳米微球添加剂对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响 ,采用 X射线光电子能谱分析了钢球磨斑表面边界膜元素的组成及化学状态 .结果表明 ,油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合微球作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的抗磨性能 ,能显著提高基础油的失效载荷 .表面分析结果表明 ,复合纳米微球的抗磨作用取决于其摩擦化学反应所生成的含有 Ti O2 及部分添加剂分解产物的复合膜 .     

Nanomaterials synthesized by gas combustion flames: Morphology and structure

The flame technology has been employed broadly for large-scale manufacture of carbon blacks, fumed silica, pigmentary titania, and also ceramic commodities such as SiO2, Ti02, and A1203. A deeper understanding of the process also made it possible for production of novel nanomaterials with high functionality--various novel nanomaterials such as nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocoils, and nanocomposites with core/shell, hollow and ball-in-shell structures, have been synthesized recently via gas combustion technology, while the mechanisms of the material formation were investigated based on the nucleation-growth and chemical engineering principles. Studies of the fluid flow and mass mixing, supported by principles of chemical reaction engineering, could provide knowledge for better understanding of the process, and thus make rational manipulation of the products possible.     

化学镀耐磨自润滑Ni-P复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

利用化学复合镀技术制备了Ni-P-碳纳米管(Ni-P-CNTs)和Ni-P-无机类富勒烯WS2[Ni-P-(IF-WS2)]复合镀层,考察了复合镀层的减摩抗磨性能.结果表明,Ni-P-CNTs和Ni-P-(IF-WS2)复合镀层的减摩抗磨性能优于化学镀Ni-P和Ni-P-石墨镀层,其原因在于Ni-P-CNTs化学复合镀层中的碳纳米管具有优异力学性能和同轴石墨纳米管结构,而Ni-P-(IF-WS2)化学复合镀层中的IF-WS2具有封闭层状类富勒烯球形结构,二者均具有优异的自润滑性能.     

Fabrication of magnetic nanosized γ-FeNi-coated ceramic core–shell microspheres by heterogeneous precipitation and thermal reduction

Precursors with NiCO₃·2Ni(OH)₂·2H₂O- and Fe₂O₃·nH₂O-coated alumina, graphite and cenosphere were synthesized by precipitation using ferrous sulfate, nickel sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, alumina, graphite and cenosphere as the main starting materials. Magnetic γ-FeNi-coated alumina, graphite and cenosphere core–shell structural microspheres were subsequently prepared by thermal reduction of the as-prepared precursors at 600 °C for 2 h. Precipitation parameters, e.g. concentration of ceramic micropowders (10 g/L), sulfate solution (0.2 mol/L), rate of adding reactants (3 mL/min) and pH value were optimized by a trial-and-error method. Powders of the precursors and the resulting coating of γ-FeNi with grain size below 40 nm on alumina, graphite and cenosphere microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties of the nanosize γ-FeNi-coated alumina, graphite and cenosphere microspheres were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the core–shell structural γ-FeNi-coated ceramic microspheres exhibited higher coercivity than pure γ-FeNi powders, indicating that these materials can be used for high-performance functional materials and devices.     

表面溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜的微观结构及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用表面溶胶-凝胶法在普通载玻片上制备TiO2纳米结构薄膜,用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分析薄膜组成结构及其表面形貌,用UMT-2型摩擦磨损试验机考察表面溶胶-凝胶法和传统体溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析薄膜表面及其磨痕表面形貌.结果表明,与传统体溶胶-凝胶法相比,表面溶胶-凝胶法制备的薄膜摩擦磨损性能得到明显改善.这是由于多次干燥过程在一定程度上避免了传统体溶胶-凝胶工艺的后续干燥和热处理过程中大量残留溶剂瞬时溢出而导致的结构缺陷,从而使得薄膜具有更高的致密性,降低了薄膜表面粗糙度,提高了抗磨性.     

Optimization of cylindrical shells with compliant cores

Thin-walled, cylindrical structures are found extensively in both engineering components and in nature. The weight to load bearing ratio is a critical element of design of such structures in a variety of engineering applications, including space shuttle fuel tanks, aircraft fuselages, and offshore oil platforms. In nature, thin-walled cylindrical structures are often supported by a honeycomb- or foam-like cellular core, as for example, in plant stems, porcupine quills, or hedgehog spines. Previous studies have suggested that a compliant core increases the buckling resistance of a cylindrical shell over that of a hollow cylinder of the same weight. In this paper, we extend the linear-elastic buckling theory by coupling it with basic plasticity theory to provide a more comprehensive analysis of isotropic, cylindrical shells with compliant cores. We examine the optimal design of a thin-walled cylinder with a compliant core, of given radius and specified materials, for a prescribed load bearing capacity in axial compression. The analysis gives the values of the shell thickness, the core thickness, and the core density that maximize the load bearing capacity of the shell with a compliant core over an equivalent weight hollow shell. The analysis also identifies the optimum ratio of the core modulus to the shell modulus and is supported by a Lagrangian optimization technique. The analysis further discusses the selection of materials in the design of a cylinder with a compliant core, identifying the most suitable material combinations. The performance of a cylinder with a compliant core is compared with competing designs (optimized hat-stiffened shell and optimized sandwich-wall shell). Finally, the challenges associated with achieving the optimal design in practice are discussed, and the potential for practical implementation is explored.     

基于细观力学均匀化等效材料参数的复合泡沫热致应力预测方法

环氧复合泡沫采用空心玻璃微珠改性环氧树脂，对于降低电子封装材料的热致应力非常有效．为提高环氧复合泡沫的设计效率，本文提出了一种宏细观结合的环氧复合泡沫热致应力分析方法．首先通过细观力学建立不同微珠粒径、壁厚、微珠体积分数等微观结构参数下环氧复合泡沫的等效性能预测模型，然后结合宏观线弹性热应力分析模型，进行环氧复合泡沫电子封装的热致应力分析，最终获得了一种电子封装热致应力与环氧复合泡沫微观结构之间的关联模型．基于模型探讨了微珠壁厚、微珠体积分数、微珠配比等微观结构参数对封装热致应力的影响规律，并基于两种典型封装结构证明了方法的可行性，研究成果对于开发低应力封装技术、提高电子封装的可靠性及环境适应性具有重要的意义．     

双层夹芯复合材料结构横向冲击响应实验

采用玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料层合板作为内、外面板,以PVC泡沫作为芯材,构造了双层夹芯复合材料结构。采用落锤冲击实验,得到了冲击过程的撞击力历史;研究了在不同的冲击能量下,双层夹芯结构的冲击响应及内面板位置对双层夹芯结构冲击响应的影响。实验结果表明,内面板的引入及内面板的位置显著影响双层夹芯结构的撞击力历史,根据该撞击力历史可以优化设计出抗冲击性能优异的新型双层夹芯复合材料结构。     

空心颗粒填充复合材料的建模与弹塑性仿真计算

空心玻璃微珠（hollow glass microballon,简称HGM）填充复合材料称为复合泡沫材料,近来已被广泛应用在工业中。利用RSA(Random Sequential Adsorption)方法生成了含不同体积比的HGMs填充代表体元模型,然后用有限元方法计算得出了材料的应力-应变关系,将材料属性简化为双线性随动强化模型,分析了HGM填充比、壁厚对材料的有效弹性常数、屈服极限的影响,并分析了材料内部细观应力场和塑性应变分布情况。结果发现,HGM壁厚比对材料有效弹性模量和屈服极限的增减起着决定性作用,而对于任意填充模式来说,其比模量和比强度总是大于纯树脂,这一点体现了该材料轻质的优良特性。材料基体的应力集中部位分布以及塑性应变区域的分布也取决于HGM的壁厚比。     

穿甲燃烧弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲和玻璃复合装甲的FEM-SPH耦合计算模型

为了提高小口径穿甲燃烧弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲和玻璃复合装甲（透明装甲）的仿真分析精度,本文将传统的FEM（finite element method）-SPH（smooth particle hydrodynamics）耦合计算模型中穿甲燃烧弹弹芯的有限元模型和JC（Johnson-Cook）材料模型分别替换为SPH模型和JH2（Johnson-Holmquist-ceramics）材料模型,提出了新型FEM-SPH耦合计算模型。研究表明,新型FEM-SPH耦合计算模型可以有效模拟弹芯碎裂现象,减少SPH粒子和有限元耦合计算量,进而显著提高仿真模型的计算精度和计算效率,并给出了新型FEM-SPH耦合计算模型的有限元/粒子尺度和建模尺寸的优选结果。     

Preparation of nanosized hollow silica spheres from Na2SiO3 using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as templates

Nanosized hollow silica spheres with average diameters from 43 to 70 nm were prepared by removal of Fe₃O₄ templates with hydrochloric acid from silica-coated Fe₃O₄ core–shell composites. The shells of the hollow silica spheres had nanopores with average diameters of 0.92–1.25 nm. When the silica-coated Fe₃O₄ core–shell composites were prepared at a high pH value or with a low mole ratio of Na₂SiO₃ to Fe₃O₄, the resulting hollow silica spheres consisted of highly porous shells. When the silica-coated Fe₃O₄ core–shell composites were prepared with a high mole ratio of Na₂SiO₃ to Fe₃O₄, the resulting hollow silica spheres had large diameters and thick shells. The release rate of herbicide, ammonium glyphosate, could be tuned by using hollow silica spheres with different shell thicknesses.     

Heat transport of hybrid nanomaterial in an annulus with quadratic Boussinesq approximation

The convective heat transfer of hybrid nanoliquids within a concentric annulus has wide engineering applications such as chemical industries, solar collectors, gas turbines, heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, and electronic component cooling due to their high heat transport rate. Hence, in this study, the characteristics of the heat transport mechanism in an annulus filled with the Ag-MgO/H_2O hybrid nanoliquid under the influence of quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic convection are analyzed. The nonuniform heat source/sink and induced magnetic field mechanisms are used to govern the basic equations concerning the transport of the composite nanoliquid. The dependency of the Nusselt number on the effective parameters(thermal radiation, nonlinear convection,and temperature-dependent heat source/sink parameter) is examined through sensitivity analyses based on the response surface methodology(RSM) and the face-centered central composite design(CCD). The heat transport of the composite nanoliquid for the spacerelated heat source/sink is observed to be higher than that for the temperature-related heat source/sink. The mechanisms of quadratic convection and quadratic thermal radiation are favorable for the momentum of the nanoliquid. The heat transport rate is more sensitive towards quadratic thermal radiation.     

乳化炸药密度对其压力减敏的影响

在相同的乳胶基质内分别添加2%、3%、4%、5%的空心玻璃微球,2%、3%、4%、5%的膨胀珍珠岩和0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%的化学发泡剂制备了3组乳化炸药。测试了各组乳化炸药未受压时和受冲击波动态压缩作用之后的水下爆炸冲击波,以波峰值计算他们的压力减敏度。比较了各组乳化炸药的压力减敏度大小,分析了密度对乳化炸药压力减敏的影响。结果表明:密度较大的乳化炸药压力减敏度较小,膨胀珍珠岩或化学发泡剂的添加量越大,乳化炸药越容易产生压力减敏作用;空心玻璃微球的添加量由2%增加到4%,乳化炸药的压力减敏度增加,但当空心玻璃微球的添加量由4%增加到5%后,乳化炸药的压力减敏度反而减小。密度对乳化炸药压力减敏影响的主要原因在于密度调整剂周围的乳胶基质破乳。     

石墨烯/二硫化钼复合纳米添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究

采用水热法制备了两种不同形貌结构的石墨烯/二硫化钼纳米复合物(RGO/MoS₂-1和RGO/MoS₂-2). 通过电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对所制备材料的形貌、成分和晶格结构进行表征;利用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机考察了RGO/MoS₂-1和RGO/MoS₂-2作为PAO-4添加剂的摩擦学性能. 结果显示具有花状结构的RGO/MoS₂-2与RGO/MoS₂-1相比具有更大的层间距,且因其较大的层间距使得RGO/MoS₂-2表现出较好的摩擦学性能. Raman和XPS对润滑机理的表征结果证实了RGO/MoS₂复合纳米添加剂优异的摩擦学性能归因于吸附和摩擦化学反应的协同作用.      

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes added to Na2CO3/MgO composites for thermal energy storage

Na2CO3/MgO composites with added multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） were prepared and tested as phase change materials （PCMs） for thermal energy storage. Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were prepared and their chemical compatibility and thermal stability were studied. MWCNTs introduced with Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were also investigated and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） characterization was used to demonstrate the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs. The composites with added MWCNTs still display good thermal stability with mass losses lower than 5%. Introducing MWCNTs into composite Na2CO3/MgO PCMs by material formation/calcination signifi.cantly enhances the thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs was found to increase with an increase in the weight fraction of the added MWCNTs and an increase in the testing temperature. This study may present a promising way to prepare high temperature phase change materials with superior properties such as improved thermal stability.