Emission spectra produced from thermal energy charge transfer reactions of Ar+ ions with CS and PN radicals

CS⁺(B²Σ⁺-A²Π_i) and PN⁺(B²Σ⁺-X²Σ⁺) emissions were observed for υ′ = 0 and 1 from argon afterglow reactions of CS and PN radicals. The rotational constant (B₀) of the CS⁺(B) state was estimated to be 0.696±0.002 cm^?1 from the difference between band head and band origin. The dependence of each emission intensity on the voltage applied to the ion-collector grids and on the argon pressure indicated that Ar⁺ was a plausible candidate. Vibrational populations of the CS⁺(B) and PN⁺(B) states obtained from the emission spectra shifted to lower vibrational levels in comparison with those expected from the energy resonance and Franck-Condon factors for ionization. This is explainable as the distortion of target radicals by approach of reactant ions.     

Inverse kinetic isotope effects in the charge transfer reactions of ammonia with rare gas ions

In the absence of experimental data, models of complex chemical environments rely on predicted reaction properties. Astrochemistry models, for example, typically adopt variants of capture theory to estimate the reactivity of ionic species present in interstellar environments. In this work, we examine astrochemically-relevant charge transfer reactions between two isotopologues of ammonia, NH₃ and ND₃, and two rare gas ions, Kr⁺ and Ar⁺. An inverse kinetic isotope effect is observed; ND₃ reacts faster than NH₃. Combining these results with findings from an earlier study on Xe⁺ (Petralia et al., Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 1), we note that the magnitude of the kinetic isotope effect shows a dependence on the identity of the rare gas ion. Capture theory models consistently overestimate the reaction rate coefficients and cannot account for the observed inverse kinetic isotope effects. In all three cases, the reactant and product potential energy surfaces, constructed from high-level ab initio calculations, do not exhibit any energetically-accessible crossing points. Aided by a one-dimensional quantum-mechanical model, we propose a possible explanation for the presence of inverse kinetic isotope effects in these charge transfer reaction systems.

Inverse kinetic isotope effects are observed in the charge transfer reactions of rare gas ions with ammonia molecules.     

Thermal energy charge transfer reactions of Ar+ ions with HBr and DBr molecules

HBr⁺ (A²Σ⁺-X²Π_i) and DBr⁺ (A²Σ⁺-X²Π_i) emissions are found up to v′=1 and v^′=2, respectively, from the thermal energy charge transfer reactions of Ar⁺ with HBr and DBr molecules in a flowing afterglow apparatus. Both A-state vibrational distributions have a peak at the lowest vibrational level, which are inconsistent with those expected from the energy resonance and/or Franck-Condon factors for ionization. This discrepancy is explained in terms of the distortion of target molecules by approach of reactant ions. Both A-state rotational distributions show that energies partitioned into rotation decrease with increasing vibrational levels, whereas the internal energy is nearly constant for all vibrational levels. The vibrational and rotational distributions obtained suggest that the reaction occurs at a relatively short distance and the product has a broad translational energy distribution.     

Vibrational dependence of the NH3 (v2)+NO and NO(v)+NH3 charge transfer cross sections

A tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer is used to study the charge transfer reactions NH₃⁺ + NO and NO⁺ + NH₃ over a collision energy range 1.5–13 eV. The vibrational state of the reagent ions is selected by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. For the 0.9 eV exothermic process NH₃⁺ + NO → NH₃ + NO⁺ excitation of the v₂ umbrella bending mode (v₂ = 0–12) causes no marked change in the charge transfer cross section, while in the reverse process NO⁺ + NH₃ → NO + NH₃⁺ excitation of the NO⁺ vibration (v = 0–6) strongly enhanced the charge transfer cross section.     

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in PH2, PH3, PH4 and P2H4

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in PH⁻₂, PH₃, PH⁺₄ and P₂H₄ have been carried out employing SCF perturbation theory. Basis set dependence of all the four contributing terms has been studied in order to find the criterion for the selection of basis sets to be employed for computing this property. The dependence of the coupling constants of PH⁻₂ on its geometry has also been found. This study also discusses the requirement for satisfactory computation of couplings in cases where none of the coupling nuclei is a proton. It is found that bond-centred functions along with at least double zeta basis sets reproduce coupling constants quite satisfactorily. In all the cases studied, uncontracted core basis functions yield couplings which are in better agreement with experimental couplings than those obtained with contracted core functions.     

Kristall- und molekülstruktur vonzwei metallcarbonyl-derivaten des PH3: (CO)3Cr(PH3)3 und (CO)5Cr(PH3)

The structures of two carbonylphosphine complexes of chromium were determined by X-ray analysis. cis-Tricarbonyltriphosphinechromium(0), [(CO)₃(PH₃)₃Cr], crystallizes in space group P2₁/m with a = 6.90± 0.01, b = 11.29±0.02, c = 6.41±0.01 Å, β = 93.80±0.08°, Z=2. The structure was solved by conventional methods and refined by least squares (R₁ = 0.056). The idealized octahedral molecule shows approximate C_3v, symmetry. The mean CrP-distance is 2.346±40.003 Å. Pentacarbonylphosphinechromium, [(CO)₅(PH₃)Cr], crystallizes in spacegroup Pnma with a = 12.23±0.02, b = 11.33±0.02, c = 6.61 ±0.01 Å, Z = 4. Cell dimensions and structural parameters are very similar to those of hexacarbonylchromium(0). In the crystal the PH₃ group is disordered over three mutually cis-positions of the coordination octahedron.     

DSC investigation of the thermal behaviour of (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4 and NH4NH2SO3

Gaseous products evolved from (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄HSO₄ and NH₄NH₂SO₃ during successive heating and cooling cycles were flushed with inert gas into analyzer Dräger tubes hooked tightly to the terminal port of the DSC cell base. This simple procedure allowed the starting temperature of the decomposition to be determined and the amount of the individual gases in the mixture to be identified and even estimated. NH₄NH₂SO₃ at 523 K in humid air produced HNH₂SO₃ initially and, on further cycling, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄HSO₄ also appeared. The ΔH_f values for NH₄HSO₄ were (kJ mole^?1): in an airtight sample holder 12.67, in a dry argon atmosphere 11.93, and in a static air atmosphere 10.92. Endothermic peaks for (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 498 and 411 K represented the incongruent melting point and the polymorphic transition of (NH₄)₂SO₄·NH₄HSO₄. After the first heating in air to 530 K, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄HSO₄ exhibited closely similar cyclic DSC curves. The endothermic peaks at about 393–420 K may be assigned to different combinations of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄HSO₄.     

商业V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2烟气SCR脱硝催化剂CaSO_4中毒机理研究

基于商业V_2O_5-WO_3/Ti O_2脱硝催化剂,设计了两种模拟Ca SO_4中毒的方法,通过比表面积测定(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)等表征技术并结合固定床脱硝性能测试平台,对中毒前后催化剂的微观结构、氧化还原能力及表面性质的变化与脱硝活性进行了对比研究,探索硫酸钙中毒机理。研究表明,Ca SO_4会堵塞催化剂孔径,孔径小于2.7 nm和孔径大于17.8 nm时Ca SO_4的影响更大,从而使催化剂的比表面积和孔体积变小;Ca SO_4中毒会导致Brnsted酸位数量和强度的降低,同时Lewis酸强度也会减弱,从而阻碍了NH_3的吸附,Ca SO_4引起催化剂氧化还原能力的降低。     

Deuteron NMR spin–lattice relaxation of NH3D ions in partially deuterated (NH4)2SnCl6 and NH4ClO4

Deuteron spin–lattice relaxation is studied in 5% and 100% deuterated ammonium hexachlorostannate and perchlorate. The relaxation rate is observed to be independent of deuteration down to temperatures slightly lower than that of the maximum. At lower temperatures the rate of the 5% deuterated sample exceeds that of the 100% deuterated sample by four and two orders of magnitude in ammonium hexachlorostannate and perchlorate, respectively. The angular dependence of the deuteron relaxation rate in 5% deuterated ammonium hexachlorostannate at 6 K is explained in terms of existing models on quadrupolar relaxation. In 5% ammonium perchlorate one hydrogen equilibrium position, which lies on the preferred axis for 120° rotations, has a larger probability to be occupied by the deuteron of NH₃D⁺ ions. The deuterons at the other positions are still performing rotational jumps about the preferred C₃ axis and also about the other threefold axes, although at a slower rate. Such observations require a reconsideration of the relaxation process. A somewhat more general expression is derived for the relaxation rate, which agrees with the experimentally observed angular dependence for 5% deuterated ammonium perchlorate at 60 K. At lower temperatures the quadrupole coupling of the deuterons at the preferred axis may become practically time-independent. Then a significant contribution to the relaxation rate can be provided by the deuteron–proton magnetic dipolar interaction, which is still fluctuating fast via the rotation of the three protons about the axis through the stationary deuteron.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy of 57Fe in NH4MnCl3, NH4FeCl3 and NH4CoCl3

The Mössbauer spectra of ⁵⁷Fe doped NH₄MnCl₃ reveal that this compound undergoes a crystallographic phase transition at 258°K and becomes magnetic at 105°K. No crystallographic transition appeared either in NH₄FeCl₃ or in ⁵⁷Fe:NH₄CoCl₃; the latter orders magnetically around 27°K.     

The thermal dissociation of the [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 and [Co(NH3)6]Br3 complexes in vacuo

The thermal dissociation of the complexes, [Co(NH₃)₆]X₃(X^?=Cl, Br), was studied in vacuo using the techniques of thermogravimetry, evolved gas analysis and mass spectrometric analysis. It was found that the reaction stoichiometry was identical to that previously determined in air but that the type of intermediate compounds formed were different. The dissociation occurred by the reactions:

     

Kinetic mass spectrometric determination of the absolute rate coefficient for the reaction NH3 (ν = 0) + NH3 → NH4 + NH2 at thermal kinetic energies

The absolute thermal rate coefficient for the reaction NH₃⁺ + NH₃ → NH₄⁺ + NH₂ has been determined experimentally for the first time for NH₃⁺ (ν = 0) reactant ions. An increase in E_vib results in a decrease in the rate coefficient for proton transfer.     

Basis set dependence of protonation reactions of NH3, OH2, and SH2

All basis sets, ranging in size from minimal STO-nG to polarized double-valence n-31G^*, correctly predict that NH₃ has a higher proton affinity than OH₂ and SH₂ but most reverse the known order of the latter two. 4–31G^* results are in good agreement with experiment with regard to absolute as well as relative proton affinities of all three molecules. Further enlargement of the basis set and inclusion of electron correlation leads to no significant improvement of the 4-3 1G^* results.     

On the mechanism of the He+ + N2 thermal energy dissociative charge transfer reaction

ICR spectroscopy has been used to reinvestigate the He⁺ + N₂ charge transfer reaction at thermal energies. It is concluded that at least 60% of the N⁺ come from short lived excited (N₂⁺)^*.     

Analytical reactions of substituted cyanoferrates : I. Na3[Fe(CN)5(NH3)]

The reagent pentacyanoamminoferrate (PCAF) in its aqueous reactions with some common cations and anions produces colored species in solution. It has been observed that the reactions of Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, VO²⁺, Mo⁶⁺, S₂O₃²⁻, and NO₂⁻ are sensitive enough to permit their colorimetric determinations. In addition, the reagent has been found useful in the simultaneous trace analysis of Fe³⁺ and VO²⁺ present in the same solution.A comparative study has been made of the reactions of PCAF and the other unsubstituted cyanoferrates(II) and (III).     

Novel phosphoranyl radicals Ph3·PS− and PH3·PSR

ESR spectra obtained from γ-irradiated triphenylphosphine sulphide in CD₃OD are shown to be in agreement with novel tetrahedral phosphoranyl radicals (Ph₃·PS^? and Ph₃·PSR).     

Synthesis and crystal chemistry of NH3(MoO3)3

NH₃(MoO₃)₃ crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry, space group $\text{P6}{}_3\text{m}$, lattice constants a = 10.568 Å, c = 3.726 Å, and Z = 2. The crystal structure has been determined by Patterson synthesis and refined assuming isotropic temperature factors to a final conventional R value of 0.085. The structure shows a three-dimensional arrangement built up of double chains of distorted MoO₆ octahedra, parallel to the [001] direction. The octahedral double chains are linked among each other through common oxygen atoms. In addition to the shared oxygen atoms, each molybdenum is coordinated to one terminal oxygen. MoO distances range from 1.645 to 2.378 Å and OMoO angles from 74.3 to 114.3°. These results are consistent with the fact that molybdenum in high-valence states shows octahedral coordination with terminal oxygens.     

Carbon nitride formation in gas-phase reactions of CH4, NH3 and H2: an ab initio study

Ab initio QCISD(T)/6-311++(2d,2p) calculations have been carried out for an extensive study of gas-phase reactions among CH₄, NH₃ and their radicals. Our study shows that stable HCN molecules are readily formed by successive H abstraction reactions. Some of the reactions are strongly exothermic and have negligible energy barriers. In agreement with some recent experiments, our results indicate that H abstraction reactions, which make the chemical vapor deposition of diamond thin films successful, do not favor the formation of carbon nitride thin films.     

CpRu(PH3)2SH与HNCS 的模型化反应机理

应用密度泛函理论(DFT), 通过CpRu(PH3)2SH(Cp=环戊二烯基)与HNCS的模型化反应, 探讨了CpRu-(PPh3)2SH与RNCS(R=Ph, 1-naphthyl)反应生成CpRu(PPh3)S2CNHR的两种可能的反应机理. 一种可能的机理是, 一个PH3配体先从反应物CpRu(PH3)2SH解离出来, 得到一个16e中间体, 然后经过一个氢转移反应, 得到产物; 另一种可能的机理是, 先经过一个氢转移反应, 然后一个PH3配体再从金属中心解离出来, 得到产物. 通过分析两种机理的势能曲线发现, 反应的决速步骤为从硫原子到氮原子的氢迁移过程. 第一种反应机理中反应的最高活化能明显比第二种反应机理的最高活化能高. 因此, 我们预测反应倾向于先发生氢迁移, 然后配体PH3再从金属中心上解离出来. 在该反应机理中, 尽管和产物相连的中间体稳定性稍高于产物, 由于熵效应致使最终产物仍然是实验中所得到的产物.