Headspace gas chromatography analysis of toxic contaminants in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines

Summary Headspace-gas chromatography was used to determine the contents of toxic 1,4-dioxane, ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines, and in commercial cosmetics and washing products. A Permaphase PEG capillary column was used for the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide and a DB-17 column for ethylene glycol determination. Dimethylformamide was used as the solvent in the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide, and undecanol in the case of ethylene glycol. The detection limits for ethylene oxide, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol are 1,2 and 10 μg·g⁻¹, respectively.     

乙烯对脂肪酶活力的直接作用及机理初探

研究了乙烯对脂肪酶活力的直接作用及其机理. 结果表明: 低浓度乙烯能使脂肪酶催化三油酸甘油酯的水解活力提高; 当乙烯浓度为0.9834 mmol•L^－1时, 酶活力提高13.0%. 高浓度乙烯降低脂肪酶活力; 当乙烯浓度为7.9669 mmol•L^－1时, 酶活力下降24.5%. 加入乙烯的酶最适温度向高温偏移10～15 ℃, 而酶的最适pH值不变. 在pH＝7.9时, 乙烯使酶活力升高较大, pH为4.5～7.5, 8.5, 9.5～11时酶的活力降低. 加入乙烯的酶与对照相比, 其紫外吸收和荧光发射强度均有较大幅度增加, 荧光偏振度、比旋光度和粘度显著下降. DSC分析表明: 在低温范围内酶的可逆吸热峰值温度明显高于对照, 而热焓变低于对照; 在高温范围内酶的不可逆吸热峰值温度和热焓变都低于对照. 这些结果证实了乙烯可以直接影响酶的微环境和构象. 乙烯对脂肪酶的直接作用机制可能是通过改变酶的微环境以及渗入到酶分子内部改变酶构象而引起酶活力的改变.     

Multipolymers with Fischer-Tropsch olefins

Multipolymers consisting of ethylene, 1-heptene, 3-methylpentene and 4-methylpentene were prepared with a heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The polymers were prepared in such a way that the molar fraction of the comonomers remained the same. Copolymers of ethylene/1-heptene and ethylene/4-methylpentene were prepared in order to study the changes in polymer characteristics as one moves from an ethylene/linear alpha olefin copolymer through ethylene multipolymers to an ethylene/4-methylpentene copolymer. The mechanical, rheological and application properties showed expected trends.     

环氧乙烷均聚反应机理的理论研究

借助量子化学理论计算方法对环氧乙烷均聚反应历程进行了理论探讨．采用DFT中的B3LYP方法在6-311G^**基组下对环氧乙烷基态和激发态以及亲核试剂和亲电试剂进攻环氧乙烷反应产物进行几何构型全优化,确定了各物种的电子结构、电荷分布和键长等参数．运用前线轨道理论从微观电子结构层次上对环氧乙烷的各种均聚反应机理进行了分析,探讨了阳离子均聚和阴离子均聚机理的合理性．由于受到前线轨道对称性和能级差的限制,环氧乙烷的基态分子不能发生均聚,同样也不能发生自由基均聚;而当环氧乙烷基态分子被亲电试剂或亲核试剂进攻时,可以进一步生成新的亲电或亲核试剂从而引发环氧乙烷均聚．计算结果很好地阐明了实验事实．     

Novel reaction between cyclic formal and ethylene oxide

Novel reactions between trioxane and ethylene oxide were discovered, and three novel cyclic formals were isolated and identified. These novel cyclic compounds clarified the initiation mechanism of the copolymerization of trioxane and ethylene oxide. This type of reaction was not limited to the reaction between trioxane and ethylene oxide but was also generalized to the reaction between the cyclic formal and ethylene oxide. Although an NMR method for analyzing the ethylene oxide sequences of the acetal copolymer from trioxane and ethylene oxide has not yet been established, the three newly found novel cyclic compounds, composed of 1 mol of ethylene oxide and 1 mol of trioxane, 2 mol of ethylene oxide and 1 mol of trioxane, and 3 mol of ethylene oxide and 1 mol of trioxane, were useful for analyzing the ethylene oxide sequences. These compounds gave only one consecutive oxyethylene unit, two consecutive oxyethylene units, and three consecutive oxyethylene units in three consecutive oxymethylene units, respectively, and gave different ¹H NMR spectra for each oxyethylene unit. Considering these data, we synthesized three polymeric model compounds that had one consecutive oxyethylene sequence, two consecutive oxyethylene sequences, and three consecutive oxyethylene sequences in an oxymethylene main chain. By a linear combination of the ¹H NMR spectrum of each oxyethylene unit of the three polymeric model compounds, we succeeded in determining the ethylene oxide sequences by the ¹H NMR method for the copolymer from trioxane and ethylene oxide. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 520–533, 2004     

乙二醇的合成和展望

本文综述了由乙烯、环氧乙烷、合成气等不同原料合成乙二醇的工艺过程、催化体系及反应机理,并展望乙二醇的发展前景。     

New deuterated oligo(ethylene glycol) building blocks and their use in the preparation of surface active lipids possessing labeled hydrophilic tethers

For the introduction of additional analysis protocols of tethered molecules, a method is presented to prepare functionalized, deuterated oligo(ethylene glycols) from ethylene glycol-d4. Partial oligomerization of ethylene glycol-d4 and conversion to ditosylates is accompanied by coupling reactions to prepare doubly benzyl protected oligo(ethylene glycols) with two to five repeating units. The tetramer bearing 16 deuteria was elaborated at both ends to eventually prepare 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol-1-tetraethylene glycol-d,l-alpha-lipoic acid ester (DPTL), which bears a fully deuterated tetra(ethylene glycol) spacer group. Through linking of functionalized components, an analogue of DPTL possessing an octa(ethylene glycol) spacer group was prepared, both in deuterated and unlabeled form.     

PHOTOSENSITIZED CONVERSION OF ETHIONINE TO ETHYLENE BY FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE*

When methionine or one of several analogues (ethionine, homocystine, homocysteine, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid or 4-methylthio-2-oxo-butyric acid) was irradiated by visible light in the presence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), ethylene was produced in good yield [1,2]. The ethylene was derived from carbons 3 and 4 of methionine. Later Shimokawa and Kasai [3] reported that the ethyl moiety of ethionine could also be converted to ethylene by FMN and light, but these authors did not show the proportion of the ethylene derived from the ethyl moiety of ethionine. Under the optimal conditions, I have found that the ethylene derived from the ethyl moiety of ethionine represents less than 1 per cent of the total ethylene produced. The present paper describes the characteristics of ethylene production from the ethyl moiety and from carbons 3 and 4 of ethionine, and presents a mechanism to explain these reactions.     

Structure of ethylene sulphide crystallites in block copolymers

Block copolymers, having the configuration ethylene sulphide-isoprene-styrene or ethylene sulphide-isoprene-ethylene sulphide, have been characterized to define the structure of the ethylene sulphide moiety. It is concluded that ethylene sulphide-isoprene-styrene block copolymers exist in solution and in bulk (above the styrene softening point) as radial aggregates held together by polyethylene sulphide crystallites. During polymerization, these crystallites are formed with a linear extended chain morphology which is retained in bulk in ethylene sulphide-isoprene-styrene copolymers: in the copolymers which require processing above the melting point of the ethylene sulphide crystallites, the linear morphology is destroyed during moulding.     

Effect of Interchain Crosslinking on the Shrinkability of Blends Consisting of Low‐Density Poly(ethylene) and Ethylene Acrylic Rubber

Two samples have been prepared to study the effect of interchain crosslinking on the heat shrinkability of the blends. In the first sample low‐density poly(ethylene) is blended with ethylene acrylic rubber while in the second one glycidyl acrylate‐grafted low‐density poly(ethylene) is blended with ethylene acrylic rubber. It is revealed that interchain crosslinking in the glycidyl acrylate grafted low‐density poly(ethylene) and ethylene acrylic rubber improves the heat shrinkability in the second sample.     

乙烯装置裂解炉管焦炭燃烧特性的研究

齐鲁石化公司乙烯厂是我国最先引进计算机控制下蒸汽 空气在线烧焦技术的乙烯厂 ,在线烧焦使其过程自动化程度大大提高 ,裂解炉没有升降温过程 ,延长了裂解炉管的使用年限[1～ 5] 。但裂解气盘管管径较小 ,易于堵塞 ,烧焦时间稍短 ,管壁上的焦炭就燃烧不完全 ,目前在线烧焦时间还需 70ｈ～ 80ｈ。为了进一步缩短烧焦时间 ,节约能源 ,提高炉子运行周期 ,必须对乙烯装置裂解炉管焦炭的微观结构及燃烧过程进行深入研究 ,以提出进一步加快烧焦速度的办法 ,满足工业生产的需要。本研究采用国内某乙烯厂裂解炉管焦炭为实验原料 ,研究了焦炭的微观…     

Reaction of ethylene with oxygen adsorbed on a silver film. Dependence of the selectivity to ethylene oxide on the ethylene pressure

Kinetics of the reaction of ethylene with oxygen adsorbed on a silver film was studied by a static method at 333 K, initial surface coverage with oxygen close to 0.8 and initial ethylene pressures of 1.1 and 4.4 Pa. The ethylene oxide selectivity was found to increase with increasing ethylene pressure.     

杂双核(H)Rh-Cr配合物中乙烯插入RhI—H键反应的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了配体和配位数对乙烯插入杂双核(CO)₄Cr(m-PH₂)₂RhH(L_n) (L＝CO或PH₃, n＝1或2)配合物中Rh—H键反应的影响. 计算结果表明, 六配位乙烯复合物中乙烯与铑之间轨道相互作用主要为乙烯到铑中心的s供体相互作用; 而五配位乙烯复合物中乙烯与铑中心间相互作用涉及乙烯到铑中心的s供体相互作用和铑到乙烯的p反馈作用. PH₃配体在热力学上不利于该反应. 处于氢配体对位的膦配体能加速乙烯插入反应. 乙烯插入的五配位反应途径占优势. Cr(CO)₄部分的引入降低了乙烯插入反应的活化能.     

Studies on the Valence Band of Ethylene (C2 H4) on Fu ( ) Surface

The ethylene(C2H4)absorbs in molecular state on Ru (1010) surface stably below 200K. The dehydrogenated of ethylene occurs at 200K. The main product of the dehydrogenation of the absorbed ethylene is the acetylene (C2H2). After the dehydrogenation of the absorbed ethylene, the binding energies ofσCCandσCHbond have an increase of 0.5 and 1.1eV respectively. The C-C bonds of both ethylene and acetylene tilt in <0001> azimuth.     

乙烯在煤焦及石英砂床层上裂解实验研究

以石油炼制过程中产生的炼厂气与煤共转化利用为背景,采用小型石英管固定床反应装置,在850℃～1000℃下,对乙烯在空床、彬县煤焦以及石英砂床层上的裂解反应进行了研究。结果表明,乙烯裂解产物包括氢气、甲烷、乙烷及裂解炭,反应温度越高,裂解越彻底,生成的氢气越多;850℃～950℃时,乙烯在彬县焦上初始转化率最高,随着反应的进行逐渐降低到一个较低的平衡值,并且与在石英砂上裂解结果接近。这说明新鲜彬县煤焦对乙烯裂解呈现良好的催化作用,但随着反应进行其催化活性由于裂解生成的炭沉积在煤焦表面而逐渐丧失。1000℃时乙烯在石英砂上和空床裂解转化率均可达到94％,即在此温度下乙烯无需催化剂通过热作用即可接近完全裂解。     

Ultrafast dynamics of liquid poly(ethylene glycol)s and crown ethers studied by femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy

Ultrafast molecular dynamics of liquid poly(ethylene glycol)s, tetra(ethylene glycol), penta(ethylene glycol), and poly(ethylene glycol) with the molecular weight of 600, and crown ethers, 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5, have been investigated by means of femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. Picosecond Kerr transients of poly(ethylene glycol)s and crown ethers are characterized by a biexponential function with the time constants of about 2 and 20 ps. Both the faster and slower time constants do not vary much among the five oligo(ethylene oxide)s. Femtosecond dynamics is discussed based on the Kerr (depolarized Raman) spectra obtained by Fourier transform deconvolution analysis of the high time resolution Kerr transients. The broad low-frequency band (0-200 cm(-1)) in the Kerr spectrum is analyzed by two Brownian oscillators. The spectral shapes of linear poly(ethylene glycol) and cyclic crown ether are very different. Both the low- and high-frequency Brownian oscillators for crown ethers show lower frequency and broader spectral features than those for poly(ethylene glycol)s. The comparison of the low-frequency spectra of poly(ethylene glycol)s and crown ethers shows that the low-frequency spectrum of 15-crown-5 is closer to that of poly(ethylene glycol)s than that of 12-crown-4 is. The difference of the low-frequency spectra between poly(ethylene glycol) and crown ether is discussed with the concepts of molecular conformation and liquid density. The features of the observed intramolecular vibrational bands are also correlated with the molecular conformations.     

苯、乙烯和乙苯在HZSM－5及其负载Co，Zn的催化剂上的吸附和脱附行为

用ＴＰＤ（程序升温脱附）和ＴＰＳＲ（程序升温表面反应）技术研究了苯、乙烯和乙苯在ＨＺＳＭ－５及其负载Ｃｏ、Ｚｎ的催化剂上的吸附和脱附行为．结果表明，苯的ＴＰＤ峰皆为弥散的单峰．乙烯在ＨＺＳＭ－５及Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上发生二聚、歧化和芳构化反应，在Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上乙烯的二聚和歧化反应能力减弱，芳构化能力增强．苯和乙烯ＴＰＳＲ行为与吸附苯和乙烯的先后顺序有很大关系，主要产物是甲苯、乙苯和苯乙烯等．乙苯在各种催化剂上发生裂解和脱氢反应．结合活性评价结果，对苯和乙烯在催化剂上直接生成苯乙烯的途径进行了探讨．     

Ethylene-promoted intermolecular enyne metathesis

[reaction: see text] Intermolecular enyne metathesis between functional group-rich alkynes and vinyl ethers was promoted by ethylene cometathesis. The concentration of ethylene was optimized to suppress the competing formation of butadiene through background ethylene metathesis. The role of ethylene appears to be both protective and rate enhancing.     

Comparative study of the kinetics of non-isothermal melt solidification of random copolymers of butene-1 with either ethylene or propylene

The kinetics of non-isothermal melt solidification of random butene-1/propylene copolymers has been compared with that of random butene-1/ethylene copolymers. Analysis of the distance between neighbored chain segments in the crystal phase revealed inclusion of propylene chain defects into crystals, while ethylene co-units are excluded from crystallization. As a consequence of different acceptance of propylene and ethylene chain defects to participate in crystallization, the kinetics of the transition of the melt into ordered phase is significantly slower in random butene-1/ethylene copolymers. For samples of similar co-unit concentration, the decrease of the crystallization temperature and of the critical cooling rate to suppress ordering/crystallization is higher in random butene-1/ethylene copolymers than in butene-1/propylene copolymers. Due to the required rejection of ethylene co-units at the crystal growth front, ultimately, the maximum crystallinity is lower in butene-1/ethylene copolymers than in butene-1/propylene copolymers of similar amount of co-units.     

Compatibility studies of styrene and hydroxyl containing styrene copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide)

Copolymers of styrene with vinylphenyl trifluoromethyl carbinol, p-vinylphenyl trifluoromethyl carbinol, vinylphenyl hexafluorodimethyl carbinol, and p-vinylphenol are conditionally compatible with poly(ethylene oxide), depending on their composition and blending ratios, whereas copolymers of styrene and vinylphenyl methyl carbinol are much less compatible with poly(ethylene oxide), as determined by T_g criteria and differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallinity of poly(ethylene oxide) is changed in the copolymer/poly(ethylene oxide) blends, as indicated by depressions of the poly(ethylene oxide) melting point. Hydrogen-bond formation has been studied in two selected blends by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Hydrogen bonding dissociation and reassociation as a function of temperature are reported. The conformation changes of poly(ethylene oxide) in the blends, the interaction between copolymer and poly(ethylene oxide) as well as in the reference blend, polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide), are also investigated.