Thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of one-electron transfer reactions in N-alkylaniline-tetracyanoethylene charge transfer complex systems

One-electron transfer reactions in systems containing an N,N-dialkylaniline (D) and tetracyanoethylene (A) in methylene chloride proceed through the formation of AD and AD₂ charge transfer complexes. The tetracyanoethylene -system and nitrogen unshared electron pair of the N,N-dialkylaniline participate in the formation of the charge transfer complex. The equilibrium constants for complex formation K and rates of formation of the TCE^– radical-anions k were determined for this reaction. The sign of the regression coefficient in the correlation between the thermodynamic (K) and kinetic indices (k) for the one-electron transfer reactions in charge transfer complex systems indicates the formation of shortlived intermediates between the starting compounds and final Reaction products (in the case of increasing K(AD) values with increasing k(TCE^–)) or of several longlived intermediate complexes (in the case of increasing K(AD) values with decreasing k(TCE^–).Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 692–699, November–December, 1987.     

Relative energies of substituted benzene valence isomers

Ab initio calculations employing the STO-3G basis set are used to obtain the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers and some selected monosubstituted derivatives. We find that 3,3'-bicyclopropenyl, the least stable of the five (CH)₆ examined, is slightly more stable in the anti conformation than the gauche (Φ = 45°) conformation in agreement with experiment. Substituents are calculated to produce significant changes in the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers. The ground-state isomerization of 1-Dewar benzeneearbinyl cation to benzyl cation is more exothermic than the aromatization of Dewar benzene, but is, in contrast to the latter, symmetry-allowed.     

Adiabatic ionization energies from charge transfer equilibrium constants; experimental determinations of entropy changes for charge transfer equilibria

Equilibrium constants have been measured as a function of temperature for the charge transfer equilibria in mixtures of NO with aromatic compounds, and mixtures of aromatic compounds. The experimentally determined entropy changes are in good agreement with entropy changes calculated from statistical mechanical considerations provided an intermolecular component is included. The enthalpy changes for the charge transfer reactions correspond to the differences in the adiabatic ionization potentials of the compounds.     

Comparative study of charge division in substituted benzene cations

A recently proposed phenomenon of charge division in a molecular cation [K. T. Lee et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 2588 (2007)] was examined in a number of molecules by experiment and theory. We investigated the spatial distribution of electrostatic charge in the cation of the following benzene derivatives: n-propylbenzene (PB), 3-phenylpropionic acid (PPA), 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PEAL), and 2-phenylethylamine (PEA). A density functional theory calculation indicated that the positive charge was divided into two cationic charge cores in both conformers of PEA+, while it is localized mainly on the phenyl group in PB+, PPA+, and PEAL+. This finding was experimentally verified by the characteristic range of electronic transition of these species reflected in the fragmentation pattern of the mass spectra. The degree of charge division in PEA+ was slightly less than in the cationic conformers of L-phenylalanine in its subgroup II. The charge distribution in a phenyl-containing cation is suggested to depend on whether there exists a functional group that can act as a competing charge core against the phenyl ring.     

Evaluation of nitric oxide chemical ionization mass spectra of substituted benzenes

Nitric oxide chemical ionization mass spectra of substituted benzenes obtained with the Townsend discharge technique were studied. There were four kinds of base peaks in the mass spectra, i.e. [M + NO]⁺˙, M⁺˙, [M ? H]⁺ and [M ? OR]⁺ (R = H, CH₃). The formation of the specific ion [M + NO]⁺˙ was highly dependent on the kind of substituent, and it was produced more abundantly in the case of substitutions involving electron-accepting groups. The measure of [M + NO]⁺˙ production was evaluated from the value of the ratio [M + NO]⁺˙/M⁺˙. In mono-substitutions, it was clarified that the ratios of [M + NO]⁺˙/M ⁺˙ were correlated with the Hammett substituent constant s?_p or the electrophilic substituent constant s?_p⁺. Monosubstitutions (C₆H₅R) and toluene substitutions (CH₃C₆H₄R) could be classified into six groups in terms of base peak species, [M + NO]⁺˙/M⁺˙ ratios and substituents. In disubstitutions, the mass spectral patterns were governed by the combination of substituents. Mass spectral distinctions among ortho, meta and para isomers could be made in many cases.     

Theoretical studies on the electronic structures and absorption spectra of substituted benzenes with one- and two-dimensional charge transfer character

The electronic structures and absorption spectra of one- and two-dimensional charge transfer (CT) molecules based on para-nitroaniline (pNA) and 1,3-diamino-4,6-dinitro- benzene (DADB) have been studied theoretically via semi-empirical and ab initio methods. It is found that the behaviors of optical absorption are strongly influenced by the dimension of CT. Different from the well-known one-dimensional CT molecule of pNA, which shows one intense absorption related to the π → π^* CT transition, two-dimensional CT molecule of DADB exhibits more absorption peaks associated with various low-lying CT transitions in near ultraviolet range. In addition, the relative orientations of transition dipole moment and ground state dipole moment in one- and two-dimensional charge transfer molecules were also discussed.     

A multicomponent approach to substituted benzenes involving sequential nickel-catalyzed reactions

Two sequential nickel-catalyzed reactions allow the preparation of highly functionalized alkylidene cyclohexenols. Dehydration of the resulting cycloadducts allows the preparation of densely functionalized aromatic ring systems, whereas a simple sequence involving oxidation followed by carbonyl addition or enolization allows additional diversity incorporation.     

A comparison of the role of charge transfer,hyperconjugation, inductive and field interactions in substitutd methyl and silyl substituent effects on benzene π vertical ionization energies

The first two vertical π-ionization energies of MX₃ substituted benzenes as determined by photoelectron spectroscopy are compared with the results of modified CNDO/2 calculations, where M is Si or C and X is H, F, Cl and OCH₃. The major substituent interaction mechanisms of MX₃ are described within the CNDO/2 model. The results for methylorthobenzoate support intramolecular charge transfer stabilization of the benzene radical cation ground state by oxygen lone pair electrons, whereas the dominant interaction of the Si(OCH₃)₃ group is a positive charge stabilising field effect. The first vertical ionization energies of PhSiCl₃ and PhCCl₃ are unexpectedly assigned to ionization from the a′ π orbital rather than the a″ orbital nodal at the substituent site. Carbon-chlorine hyperconjugation is a suggested stabilizing interaction in the PhCCl₃²A′ cation. The shape of the first band in the PE spectrum of phenylsilane is described as a possible example of a pseudo Jahn—Teller effect. Unlike CX₃, SiX₃ substituents except, where X is methoxy, exhibit calculated opposing field and σ-inductive effects.     

Relative cross-sections of charge transfer and ionization processes between multiply-charged ions and He at low and intermediate energies

The relative cross-sections of double (DI) to single ionization (SI) σ_DI/σ_SI, transfer ionization (TI) to single capture (SC) σ_TI/σ_SC and double capture (DC) to single capture σ_DC/σ_SC of helium by multiply-charged ions A^q+ (q = 2–5) at low and intermediate energies are calculated by considering the distribution of target electron and the interaction time between the projectile and the target electron. The calculated results are compared with published experimental data by our group and others.     

Ab initio study of charge transfer between lithium and para-disubstituted benzenes

The present work examines how substituents affect the interaction of lithium with the benzene ring and considers whether two configurations, “loose” and “tight,” can be found for the investigated set of complexes as in the lithium complexes with polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The two conformations were actually found for the electron-donating substituents, whereas for the electron-withdrawing substituents, CF₃ and NO₂, only tight conformation could be optimized. For complexes in the loose conformation [with the N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, OH, H, Cl, and CH₃ substituents], the transfer of electron density was directed from the region occupied by a disubstituted benzene to that occupied by Li. The amount of transferred density was very similar for all the complexes (0.21–0.25 a.u.). By contrast, in the tight complexes, the density transfer direction was opposite and the amount of the transferred density depended on the electronegativity of the substituents on benzene ring, being ?0.09, ?0.09, ?0.13, ?0.15, ?0.15, ?0.20, and ?0.30 a.u. for N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, OH, H, Cl, CF₃, and NO₂, respectively. Geometries of the loose and tight conformations differed notably. The six-membered ring was significantly more warped in the tight conformation than in the loose one: In the latter, the ring was nearly planar, whereas in the former, the ring had the boat structure.     

Comparison of ribonucleic acid homopolymer ionization energies and charge injection barriers

Thin films of guanosine and uridine ribonucleic acid (RNA) homopolymers (poly rG, poly rU) were grown in high vacuum in several steps on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) using electrospray deposition. Between deposition steps, the sample surface was characterized with X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS, UPS). The resulting spectra series allowed the determination of the orbital alignment at the HOPG interface, as well as the ionization energies of the homopolymer thin films. Comparison with earlier results on cytidine and adenosine RNA homopolymers (poly rC, poly rA) indicates significant ionization energy and charge injection barrier differences between purines and pyrimidines.     

Resonant Raman effect and charge distribution in the TCNEbenzene charge transfer complex

The resonant Raman effect due to irradiation in the spectral region of the charge-transfer absorption band of the complex TCNEbenzene is reported. The effect is mainly seen to manifest itself in the A_g vibrations of TCNE.     

Determination of the site of protonation of substituted benzenes in water chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The site of protonation of a substituted benzene may be determined using chemical onization mass spectrometry with D₂O as a reagent gas. The observation of extensive exchange of the ring hydrogens for deuteriums is linked to protonation on the benzene ring. The lack of this exchange coupled with the formation of cluster ions (the association of the protonated species with one or more D₂O molecules) is evidence of protonation on the substituent rather than the ring. Aniline, benzaldehyde and nitrobenzene are observed to protonate at the substituent while toluene, bromobenzene, biphenyl and iodobenzene protonate on the ring. The dimethylbenzenes protonate on the ring while the diaminobenzenes protonate at one of the substituents. The dihydroxybenzenes, as well as a number of other compounds in which an oxygen is attached directly to the ring, protonate predominantly at the substituent although a small amount of exchange of one ring hydrogen is observed.     

Benzoylation of benzene and substituted benzenes catalyzed by superacid ZrO_2:H_2SO_4

Superacid ZrO_2:H_2SO_4 showed high activity in Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of benzeneand substituted benzenes such an chlorobenzene,toluene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene.Benzophenonesin 90-100% yields were obtained with catalytic amount of superacid ZrO_2:H_2SO_4.The calcinationtemperature greatly influenced the acid strength and activity of the superacid ZrO_2:H_2SO_4.Thesuperacid has both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites.The reversibility of Friedel-Crafts benzoylation andtransacylation were observed over the superacid.The used superacid could be readily regenerated andshowed identical benzoylation activity to toluene.     

Multiple ionization,charge separation and charge stripping reactions involving polycyclic aromatic compounds

The 70 eV electron ionization mass spectra of polycyclic aromatic compounds are characterized by the presence of relatively stable multiply charged molecular ions [M]ⁿ⁺ (n=2–4). When generated from the compounds benzene, napthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, 2,3-benzanthracene, 1,2-benzanthracene, chrysene, 9,10-benzophenanthrene and pyrene, the relative abundances of the multiply charged ions increase dramatically with the number of rings. These compounds form multiply charged molecular ions (n=2, 3) which undergo unimolecular decompositions indicative of considerable ionic rearrangement. The main charge separation processes observed here [M]²⁺→m₁⁺+m₂⁺, [M]³⁺˙→m₃⁺+m→+m₄²⁺) involve, in almost every case, one or more of the products [CH₃]⁺, [C₂H₃]⁺˙ and [C₃H₃]⁺. This suggests the existence of preferred structures amongst the metastable parent ions. Information on the relative importance of the various fragmentation pathways is presented here along with translational energy release data. Some tentative structural information about the metastable ions has been inferred from the translational energy release on the assumption that the released energy is due primarily to coulombic repulsion within the transition state structure. For the triply charged ions these interpretations have necessitated the use of a coulombic repulsion model which takes account of an extra charge. Vertical ionization energies for the process [M]ⁿ⁺+G→[M](ⁿ⁺¹)+G+e^? (charge stripping) have also been determined where possible for n=1 and 2 and the results from these experiments allow the derivation of simple empirical equations which relate successive ionization energies for the formation of [M]²⁺ and [M]³⁺˙ to the appearance energy of [M]⁺˙.     

On the chemical ionization reactions of alkyl substituted cyclopropanes

As predicted by semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations, the methane chemical ionization mass spectra of alkylcyclopropanes exhibit both proton addition and hydride abstraction processes; both the calculations and the observed substituent effects suggest the common intermediacy of gas phase cyclopropylcarbinyl cations. In agreement with this hypothesis are the results of an isotopic labeling experiment which identifies the reactive site as the cyclopropylcarbinyl carbon.     

Ligand reorganization and activation energies in nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions

The activation energy and ligand reorganization energy for nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions in chemical and biological systems are investigated in this paper. The free energy surfaces and the activation energy are derived exactly in the general case in which the ligand vibration frequencies are not equal. The activation energy is derived by free energy minimization at the transition state. Our formulation leads to the Marcus-Hush [J. Chem. Phys. 24, 979 (1956); 98, 7170 (1994); 28, 962 (1958)] results in the equal-frequency limit and also generalizes the Marcus-Sumi [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4894 (1986)] model in the context of studying the solvent dynamic effect on electron transfer reactions. It is found that when the ligand vibration frequencies are different, the activation energy derived from the Marcus-Hush formula deviates by 5%-10% from the exact value. If the reduced reorganization energy approximation is introduced in the Marcus-Hush formula, the result is almost exact.