A photoelectron study of the alkali fluorides

Precise values have been determined for the binding energies of the outer electronic bands of the alkali fluorides using 40.81 eV ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. An approximate difference of 1.1(1)eV between experimental and Born model binding energies is attributed to polarization effects which are treated using the theory of Mott and Littleton     

Biasing effect of non-conductive solids in x-ray photoelectron spectra

The effect of biasing the sample holder was investigated in a range of ?300 to +300 V, in order to study the surface charging of non-conductive samples. Shifts in kinetic energies of photoelectron and peak broadening were compared to the dielectric constants and the volume resistivity of the solid.     

Computerized detection and evaluation of peaks in survey spectra from photoelectron spectroscopy

The computer program described is written in Algol-60 and allows a fast data analysis of photoelectron peaks in survey spectra (0–1500 eV). Additional peak parameters such as area, background and peak width are also determined. The assumptions about peak shape are kept to a minimum. In spectra with good counting statistics, it is possible to detect peaks with peak/background ratio down to 0.01.     

The correlation of vibrational broadening of core lines in x-ray photoelectron spectra with valence bond resonance structures

When core ionization of an atom in a molecule causes significant changes in bond orders, the core-hole ion is formed in a strained configuration. This strain causes vibrational broadening of the core line. The core-hole ion can be represented as an ordinary chemical species by applying the equivalent cores approximation. Then simple rules of classical valence bond theory can be used to predict changes in the weighting of resonance structures and corresponding changes in bond orders. Thus qualitative changes in relative linewidths can be predicted.     

Dynamic effect on the structure of X-ray photoelectron spectra of lanthanide fluorides and oxides

Dynamic effect on the fine structure of X-ray photoelectron spectra of lanthanide oxides and fluorides is discussed. The Ln4p electron spectra are considerably complicated by the interaction between the configurations of themain one-hole and additional two-hole final states of 4p⁵4d⁵⁴fⁿ ↔ 4p⁶4d⁸fⁿ⁺¹ type. The effect of the nature of atoms in the nearest environment of lanthanide ions on the fine structure parameters is evaluated. Translated fromZhurnal Struktumoi Khimii, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1059–1066, November–December, 1998.     

Valence electron bands in the gas-phase x-ray photoelectron spectra of acetonitrile and nitromethane

The valence electron bands of the gas-phase X-ray photoelectron spectra were measured on acetonitrile and nitromethane. It is shown that the observed spectra can be interpreted successfully by comparison with the He I photoelectron spectra and the results of CNDO/2 calculations.     

Vibrational spectra and the structures of alkali metal caprolactamates

Based on analysis of the IR and Raman spectra of Na and K caprolactamates it has been established that these exist not in two forms (lactamic and lactimic), as previously proposed, but rather in one form, intermediate in structure between these two forms, in which the negative charge is delocalized uniformly across the amide bond. It has also been shown that spectral bands at 1560 and 1400 cm–1 for these salts correspond to the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of this bond.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 335–339, February, 1990.     

Line shapes and satellites in high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectra of large pi-conjugated organic molecules

We present a high-resolution C1s and O1 s x-ray photoemission (XPS) study for condensed films of pi-conjugated organic molecules, namely, of the anhydrides 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 1,8-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid anhydride, and benzoperylene-(1,8)-dicarboxylic acid anhydride as well as the quinoic acenaphthenequinone. Although the functional groups are identical for the anhydrides, the molecules show very different photoemission fine structure thus providing a detailed fingerprint. A simultaneous peak fit analysis of the XPS spectra of all molecules allows to consistently determine the ionization potentials of all chemically different carbon and oxygen atoms. Additional structures in the C1s and O1s spectra are interpreted as shakeup satellites and assigned with the help of singles and doubles configuration interaction calculations. These satellites provide further information on multielectron excitations and must be taken into account for quantitative investigations.     

Theoretical study of shake-up in the core photoelectron spectra of the alkali atoms

Relativistic and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations have been performed for the shake-up lines relative to core ionization of the alkali atoms. Good general agreement with the experimental data is achieved both for the energy and the intensity. Relativistic effects are found to be small, amounting TO = 0.2 eV in Cs. As concerns the shake-up energies, a correlation effect is detected, the magnitude of which increases along the series.     

A detailed analysis of vibrational excitations in x-ray photoelectron spectra of adsorbed small hydrocarbons

The vibrational fine structure of x-ray photoelectron (XP) spectra of a number of different small hydrocarbon molecules and reaction intermediates adsorbed on Pt(111) and Ni(111) has been investigated in detail. The data for methyl, methylidyne, acetylene, and ethylene can consistently be analyzed within the linear coupling model. The S factor, i.e., the intensity ratio of the first vibrationally excited to the adiabatic transition, is obtained to be 0.17+/-0.02 per C-H bond; for the deuterated species a value of 0.23+/-0.02 is obtained. Therefore, the vibrational fine structure can be used for fingerprinting in the analysis of XP spectra and for identifying unknown reaction intermediates. From the data, Deltar, the change of the minimum in the potential energy curve upon core ionization, is calculated within the linear coupling model using a first order correction. For all adsorbates, including the deuterated ones, a value of Deltar=0.060+/-0.004 A is obtained. Furthermore, from the binding energy of the adiabatic peak and from the energy of the vibrational excitation in the ionic final state some information on the adsorbate/substrate bond and the adsorption site can be derived.     

On the calculation of the satellite peaks observed in the high energy photoelectron spectra of small molecules

The shake-up peaks which are observed to high binding energy of the main photoionization peak in the high energy photoeletron spectra of CO (carbon and oxygen core holes), H₂O and NH₃ have been interpreted by an extension of the singly excited configuration interaction method used previously in the study of the low-lying excited states of these molecules. The results obtained provide a good interpretation of the experimental spectra of these molecules in terms of many shake-up states. It is concluded that relaxed orbitals and an extensive basis set, including diffuse functions, should be used in the calculations in order to obtain good results.     

Influence of impurities on the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectra of single-wall carbon nanotubes

The effect of impurities on the properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was investigated with multiple analytical techniques. Charge transfer is believed to occur between the impurities and the SWNTs as observed by combining the Raman scattering and x-ray photoelectron measurements. The impurity condition (type and level) was found to strongly affect the electronic and vibrational properties of the SWNT. The metal catalysts in the impurity usually behave as electron donors, which can downshift the graphitic (G) band as well as the radial breathing mode frequencies. The low temperature air oxidation of as-prepared SWNT material usually upshifts the radial breathing mode Raman peaks to higher frequencies.     

Temperature effects in x-ray photoelectron spectra of paramagnetic cupric and iron complexes with anomalous magnetic properties

The temperature dependence of the XPS spectra of paramagnetic cupric and iron complexes with anomalous magnetic properties is studied. It was found that the XPS spectra of polynuclear complexes with antiferromagnetic interaction, such as cupric acetate, do not change with temperature, although their magnetic moments diminish essentially. The Fe 2p spectra of mononuclear iron (III) complexes with the spin multiplicity transitions S = $\text{1}\text{2}$ ? S = $\text{5}\text{2}$ exhibit temperature-dependent reversible alterations of shake-up satellite intensity which correlate with the spin state of the paramagnetic Fe(III) ion. The results obtained prove the mechanism of appearance of intensive shake-up satellites in XPS spectra of paramagnetic 3d element complexes, which relates shake-up excitations with the interaction of the photoelectron with unpaired valence 3d electrons during photoionization.     

Nature of satellites in x-ray photoelectron spectra XPS of paramagnetic cobalt (II) compounds

XPS spectra of a number of paramagnetic Co(II) compounds are studied and the correlation between the intensity of the Co 2_{p$\text{3}\text{2}$} satellite and the magnitude of its magnetic moment is shown. A new approach is put forward to explain the experimental data.