The JLab polarization transfer measurements of proton elastic form factor

The ratio of the electric and magnetic proton form factors,G _Ep G _Mp , has been obtained in two Hall A experiments, from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse polarizations of the recoil proton,P _l andP _t , in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons, . Together these experiments cover theQ ² range of 0.5 to 5.6 GeV². A new experiment is currently being prepared, to extend theQ ² range to 9 GeV² in Hall C.     

Proton elastic form factor: The JLab data

The ratio of the electric and magnetic proton form factors, G_Ep/G_Mp, has been obtained in two Hall A experiments, from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse polarization of the recoil proton, P_L and P_T, respectively, in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons, . Together these experiments cover the Q² range 0.5 to 5.6 GeV². A new experiment is currently being prepared, to extend the Q² range to 9 GeV² in Hall C.Received: 1 November 2002, Published online: 15 July 2003PACS: 13.40.Gp Specific reactions and phenomenology: Electromagnetic form factors - 14.20.Dh Properties of specific particles: Protons and neutrons - 24.70.+s Nuclear reactions: Polarization phenomena in reactions     

Kaon electro-production on protons at JLab in Hall A

The elementary reaction of kaon exclusive electro-production on protons has been studied in a broad kinematical range at Jefferson Lab in Hall A. Data have been taken at different values of the invariant center-of-mass energy W in the range W=1.8-2.2 GeV, for two values of the transferred 4-momentum Q² =1.9 and 2.4 (GeV/c)². Each kinematics was measured at different electron beam energies so as to separate the longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) contributions to the cross-section. The LT interference term has also been measured for a limited number of kinematics. The preliminary data are compared to results of different models developed in the framework of hadronic field and Regge theories.     

Hypernuclear spectroscopy program at JLab Hall C

Hypernuclear production by the (e,e^′K⁺) reaction has unique advantages in hypernuclear spectroscopy of the S=−1 regime. The second-generation spectroscopy experiment on ¹²C, ⁷Li and ²⁸Si targets has been recently carried out at JLab Hall C with a new experimental configuration (Tilt method) and also using a new high-resolution kaon spectrometer (HKS). The experiment is described and preliminary results are presented together with the empasis of significance of the (e,e^′K⁺) reaction for Λ hypernuclear spectroscopy and its future prospects.     

Transition Form Factors at JLab: Status and Outlook

The measurements of exclusive single-meson and double-pion electro-production cross sections off the proton to study nucleon resonances will be extended to higher momentum transfers with the CLAS12 detector and the energy upgraded CEBAF beam. Based on new theoretical developments to extract and interpret the electromagnetic transition form factors and on the experience gained from the most recent results, the newly formed collaboration of experimentalists and theorists shall enable us to provide unprecedented high- precision data, high-quality analyses, and state-of-the-art model and QCD based calculations in a Q2 domain up to 10 GeV2. For the first time nucleon resonance structures will be studied at still unexplored distance scales, where the dressed quark contributions are the dominating degrees of freedom and their strong interaction is responsible for the ground and excited nucleon state formation. These studies also open up a promising opportunity to understand the origin of more than 98% of the nucleon mass that is created by strong fields predominantly at these distance scales by dressing the current quarks.     

Nucleon transition form factors at JLab: status and outlook

The measurements of exclusive single-meson and double-pion electro-production cross sections off the proton to study nucleon resonances will be extended to higher momentum transfers with the CLAS12 detector and the energy upgraded CEBAF beam. Based on new theoretical developments to extract and interpret the electromagnetic transition form factors and on the experience gained from the most recent results, the newly formed collaboration of experimentalists and theorists shall enable us to provide unprecedented high-precision data, high-quality analyses, and state-of-the-art model and QCD based calculations in a Q~2 domain up to 10 GeV~2. For the first time nucleon resonance structures will be studied at still unexplored distance scales, where the dressed quark contributions are the dominating degrees of freedom and their strong interaction is responsible for the ground and excited nucleon state formation. These studies also open up a promising opportunity to understand the origin of more than 98% of the nucleon mass that is created by strong fields predominantly at these distance scales by dressing the current quarks.     

Electroweak measurements of neutron densities in CREX and PREX at JLab,USA

We analyze microscopic many-body calculations of the nuclear symmetry energy and its density dependence. The calculations are performed in the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock and the self-consistent Green’s functions methods. Within Brueckner-Hartree-Fock, the Hellmann-Feynman theorem gives access to the kinetic energy contribution as well as the contributions of the different components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The tensor component gives the largest contribution to the symmetry energy. The decomposition of the symmetry energy in a kinetic part and a potential energy part provides physical insight on the correlated nature of the system, indicating that neutron matter is less correlated than symmetric nuclear matter. Within the self-consistent Green’s function approach, we compute the momentum distributions and we identify the effects of the high momentum components in the symmetry energy. The results are obtained for the realistic interaction Argonne V18 potential, supplemented by the Urbana IX three-body force in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations.     

Few-body Decay and Recombination in Nuclear Astrophysics

Three-body continuum problems are investigated for light nuclei of astrophysical relevance. We focus on three-body decays of resonances or recombination via resonances or the continuum background. The concepts of widths, decay mechanisms and dynamic evolution are discussed. We also discuss results for the triple ?? decay in connection with 2⁺ resonances and density and temperature dependence rates of recombination into light nuclei from ??-particles and neutrons.     

Implications of the JLab proton polarization data for the behavior of strange nucleon form factors

A special eight-resonance unitary and analytic model of nucleon electromagnetic structure is used to analyze first the classical proton form factor data obtained by the Rosenbluth technique, and then also the contradictory JLab proton polarization data on the ratio μ_p G _Ep(Q ²)/G _Mp(Q ²) , with the aim to investigate the implications of the latter for the behavior of strange nucleon form factors.     

Few-body correlations in the QCD phase diagram

From the viewpoint of statistical physics, nuclear matter is a strongly correlated many-particle system. Several regimes of the QCD phase diagram should exhibit strong correlations. Here I focus on three- and four-body correlations that might be important in the phase diagram.Received: 30 September 2002, Published online: 22 October 2003PACS: 21.65. + f Nuclear matter - 21.45. + v Few-body systems     

The proton form factor measurements at Jefferson Lab, past and future

Use of the double-polarization technique to obtain the elastic nucleon form factors has resulted in a dramatic improvement of the quality of two of the four nucleon electromagnetic form factors, G _Ep and G _En . It has also changed our understanding of the proton structure, having resulted in a distinctly different Q ²-dependence for both G _Ep and G _Mp , contradicting the prevailing wisdom of the 1990’s based on cross section measurements, namely that G _Ep and G _Mp obey a “scaling” relation μG _Ep ～ G _Mp . A related consequence of the faster decrease of G _Ep revealed by the Jefferson Lab (JLab) polarization results was the disappearance of the early scaling F ₂/F ₁ ～ 1/Q ² predicted by perturbative QCD. In three experiments, GEp(1), GEp(2) and GEp(3), in Halls A and C at JLab, the ratio of the proton’s electromagnetic elastic form factors, G _Ep /G _Mp , was measured up to four momentum transfer Q ² of 8.5 GeV² with high precision, using the recoil polarization technique. The initial discovery that the proton form factor ratio measured in these three experiments decreases approximately linearly with four-momentum transfer, Q ², for values above ～ 1 GeV², was modified by the GEp(3) results, which suggests a slowing down of this decrease. There is an approved experiment, GEp(5), to continue these measurements to 15 GeV². A dedicated experimental setup, the super bigbite spectrometer (SBS), will be built for this purpose. It will be equipped with a new focal plane polarimeter to measure the polarization of the recoil protons. In this presentation, I will review the status of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors, mention succinctly a number of theoretical approaches to describe results and show some features required for the future GEp(5) experiment.     

Conductivity and Hall effect measurements in doped polyacetylene

Conductivity and Hall effect measurements are reported for polyacetylene films heavily doped with AsF₅. The Hall coefficient is anomalously small, however, it is p-type and relatively temperature insensitive in the range 4–300 K indicative of metallic conduction. The effects of film degration by heating and air exposure are also investigated.     

Hall coefficient factor in polar semiconductors

The Hall coefficient factor in polar semiconductors is calculated avoiding any serious approximation in the calculation. Lattice scattering (polar optical, acoustic deformation potential and piezoelectric scattering), combined lattice and ionized impurity scattering, and the effect of a nonparabolic conduction band are considered. Results are given both in the limit of vanishing magnetic field and for arbitrary values of the magnetic field. Furthermore our results are compared with experimental values reported previously.     

Few-body quantum method in a d-dimensional space

In this work we investigate the continuous confinement of quantum systems from three to two dimensions. Two different methods will be used and related. In the first one the confinement is achieved by putting the system under the effect of an external field. This method is conceptually simple, although, due to the presence of the external field, its numerical implementation can become rather cumbersome, especially when the system is highly confined. In the second method the external field is not used, and it simply considers the spatial dimension d as a parameter that changes continuously between the ordinary integer values. In this way the numerical effort is absorbed in a modified strength of the centrifugal barrier. Then the technique required to obtain the wave function of the confined system is precisely the same as needed in ordinary three dimensional calculations without any confinement potential. The case of a two-body system squeezed from three to two dimensions is considered, and used to provide a translation between all the quantities in the two methods. Finally we point out perspectives for applications on more particles, different spatial dimensions, and other confinement potentials.     

Few-body magneto-absorption in prolate ellipsoidal quantum dot

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - In this paper, the behavior of the few-body electron gas localized in a strongly prolate ellipsoidal quantum dot with the presence of the uniform external magnetic field...     

Hall effect measurements on transmutation doped semiconductors

Transmutation doping of semiconductors by neutron irradiation is a well known technique, mainly applied to achieve an extremely uniform low level n-doping of large Si crystals via the ³⁰Si(n,γ)³¹Si→³¹P nuclear reaction. Similar experiments in other semiconductors never gained a comparable importance. In the last years, however, it has been shown that the doping of semiconductors by implanting radioactive isotopes can yield valuable information about the processes occurring during the incorporation of dopant atoms into the lattice as well as the defect–dopant interactions occurring after the decay of the unstable isotope to a daughter isotope with usually different elemental properties. In this contribution, Hall effect measurements carried out so far on implanted radioactive dopants will be reviewed. The specific problems and the potential of the method will be discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hall effect measurements on silicon inversion layers

Hall mobility measurements have been made in the region of activated conductivity. The results are inconsistent with the mechanism being activation to a mobility edge, but agree with a new model of correlation-dominated transport, developed by Adkins.     

Direct measurements of fractional quantum Hall effect gaps

We measure the chemical potential jump across the fractional gap in the low-temperature limit in the two-dimensional electron system of GaAs/AlGaAs single heterojunctions. In the fully spin-polarized regime, the gap for filling factor nu=1/3 increases linearly with the magnetic field and is coincident with that for nu=2/3, reflecting the electron-hole symmetry in the spin-split Landau level. In low magnetic fields, at the ground-state spin transition for nu=2/3, a correlated behavior of the nu=1/3 and nu=2/3 gaps is observed.