The Thermoviscoelastoplastic Axisymmetric Stress–Strain State of Laminated Flexible Orthotropic Shells

A technique is proposed to determine the thermoviscoelastoplastic axisymmetric stress–strain state of laminated shells made of isotropic and orthotropic materials. The paper deals with processes of shell loading such that both instantaneous elastoplastic and creep strains occur in isotropic materials and elastic and creep strains in orthotropic materials. The technique is developed within the framework of the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses for a stack of layers with the use of the equations of the geometrically nonlinear theory of shells in a quadratic approximation. The deformation of isotropic materials is described by the equations of the theory of deformation along slightly curved trajectories, while the deformation of orthotropic materials is described by Hooke's law with additional terms allowing for creep. A numerical example is given     

Effects of partial crack–face contact for the bending of thin shell structures

The physical occurrence that crack surfaces are in contact at the compressive edges when a flat or a shell is subjected to a bending load has been recognized. This article presents a theoretical analysis of crack–face contact effect on the stress intensity factor of various shell structures such as spherical shell, cylindrical shell containing an axial crack, cylindrical shell containing a circumferential crack and shell with two non-zero curvatures, under a bending load. The formulation of the problem is based on the shear deformation theory, incorporating crack–face contact by introducing distributed force at the compressive edge. Material orthotropy is concerned in this analysis. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) is conduced to compare with the theoretical solution. It is found that due to curvature effect crack–face contact behavior in shells differs from that in flat plates, in that partial contact of crack surfaces may occur in shells, depending on the shell curvature and the nature of the bending load. Crack–face contact has significant influence on the stress intensity factor and it increases the membrane component but decreases the bending component.     

Viscoelastoplastic Deformation of Reinforced Shells of Revolution Under Nonstationary Loading

The elastoviscoplastic behavior of a discretely reinforced shell under axisymmetric nonstationary loading is considered within the framework of the geometrically and physically nonlinear Timoshenko-type theory of shells. The stress–strain state of the structure is studied in terms of the incremental plasticity with kinematic hardening and dynamic yielding condition, which allows for the dynamic viscosity of the structure. The nonstationary behavior of a rigidly fastened reinforced shell under axisymmetric pulse loading normal to the shell surface is considered as an example. The deflection–time and deflection–space relationships are found     

Analysis of creep deformation and creep damage in thin-walled branched shells from materials with different behavior in tension and compression

A constitutive model for describing the creep and creep damage in initially isotropic materials with different properties in tension and compression has been applied to the modeling of creep deformation and creep damage growth in thin-walled shells of revolution with the branched meridian. The approach of establishing the basic equations for axisymmetrically loaded branched shells under creep deformation and creep damage conditions has been introduced. To solve the initial/boundary-value problem, the fourth-order Runge–Kutta–Merson’s method of time integration with the combination of the numerically stable Godunov’s method of discrete orthogonalization is used. The solution of the boundary value problem for the branched shell at each time instant is reduced to integration of the series of systems of ordinary differential equations describing the deformation of each branch and the shell with basic meridian. Some numerical examples are considered, and the processes of creep deformation and creep damage growth in a shell with non-branched meridian as well as in a branched shell are analyzed. The influence of the tension–compression asymmetry on the stress–strain state and damage evolution in a shell with non-branched meridian as well as in a branched shell with time are discussed.     

Container for Localization of an Explosion of a Compact High–Explosive Charge with an Inert Shell

Results of an experimental study of fragmentation effects in the explosion and the piercing power of the fragments of inert masses in the form of hemispherical aluminum and soft–steel shells enclosing the spherical charge of a high explosive under their action on flat steel, aluminum, steel–net, and claydite—concrete barriers are given. A design of the lightest spherical explosion–proof container with a load–carrying steel or glass–reinforced plastic shell protected by a splinter–proof layer capable of withstanding an explosion of a high–explosive charge (with a twofold safety factor) with an inert steel shell is proposed.     

Numerical Stress–Strain Analysis of Shells Including the Nonlinear and Shear Properties of Composites

A presentation is made of the numerical results obtained in a stress–strain analysis of thin and nonthin orthotropic shells with due regard for the physical nonlinearity and small and nonsmall shear stiffness of composites. A spherical shell with a circular hole is used as an example to analyze how the above-mentioned factors affect the distribution of stresses and strains depending on the shell thickness for adopted deformation models (the Kirchhoff–Love and Timoshenko hypotheses). Generalized conclusions are drawn from which it is possible to decide which of the composite properties and shell models should be given more priority.     

Hurling of shells by hollow charges

Results of the numerical solution of the problem of one-dimensional hurling of shells by hollow explosive charges are elucidated. The results of the numerical solution are compared with asymptotic formulas. Numerous domestic and foreign papers have been devoted to the question of hurling shells by explosive charges. A numerical solution of the problem of convergence of a ring to the center under the effect of detonation products is presented in [1–3]. The problem of hurling a shell by a hollow explosive charge with an internal lining is considered in [4]; the solution of the problem of hurling a shell by a hollow explosive charge without the cavity lining is presented in [5] on the basis of the energy-balance equations; however, the complete picture of the processes occurring in the detonation products is not considered.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 161–166, May–June, 1976.     

Thermoelastoplastic Nonaxisymmetric Stress-Strain Analysis of Laminated Shells of Revolution

A technique for nonaxisymmetric thermoelastoplastic stress–strain analysis of laminated shells of revolution is developed. It is assumed that there is no slippage and the layers are not separated. The problem is solved using the geometrically linear theory of shells based on the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses. The thermoplastic relations are written down in the form of the method of elastic solutions. The order of the system of partial differential equations obtained is reduced by means of trigonometric series in the circumferential coordinate. The systems of ordinary differential equations thus obtained are solved by Godunov's discrete-orthogonalization method. The nonaxisymmetric thermoelastoplastic stress–strain state of a two-layered shell is analyzed as an example     

Solution of certain variational problems of thermal resilience for thin shells considering the selection of optimum conditions for localized heat treatment

One of the possible ways of stating and solving the selection problem for optimum temperature fields for localized axisymmetric heating of shells is investigated. The minimum of shell elastic energy is taken as the optimization criterion. An infinite cylindrical shell was considered in a similar formulation in [1], The corresponding variational problem is formulated for the functional of elastic energy with additional limitations imposed on the function of twist angle at specified shell sections. The variational problem is reduced to an isoperimetric by the use of singular functionals of the -function kind. The related Euler equation is obtained, and this together with the problem resolvent equation constitute a complete set of equations for determining the extremum temperature field with related stress-strain state of the shell. Cylindrical, conical, and spherical shells are considered separately. A numerical analysis is made for the simplest conditions of localized heating of cylindrical and conical shells.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 47–54, July–August, 1968.     

Solving Stress Problems for Elastic Systems of Anisotropic Shells of Revolution with Regard for Transverse Shear and Reduction

An approach is proposed for refined solution of stress problems for elastic systems consisting of coaxial shells of revolution. Transverse shear and reduction are taken into account. Multivariant calculations made for orthotropic cylindrical shells with elliptical end-plates allow us to analyze the influence of the semiaxis ratio and intermediate supports on the stress–strain state of the shell systems under consideration     

DYNAMICS AND STABILITY OF PINNED–CLAMPED AND CLAMPED–PINNED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS CONVEYING FLUID

The paper examines the dynamics and stability of fluid-conveying cylindrical shells having pinned–clamped or clamped–pinned boundary conditions, where “pinned” is an abbreviation for “simply supported”. Flügge's equations are used to describe the shell motion, while the fluid-dynamic perturbation pressure is obtained utilizing the linearized potential flow theory. The solution is obtained using two methods — the travelling wave method and the Fourier-transform approach. The results obtained by both methods suggest that the negative damping of the clamped–pinned systems and positive damping of the pinned–clamped systems, observed by previous investigators for any arbitrarily small flow velocity, are simply numerical artefacts; this is reinforced by energy considerations, in which the work done by the fluid on the shell is shown to be zero. Hence, it is concluded that both systems are conservative.     

Stability of Cylindrical Shells with Microdamages

Problems on bifurcational stability of cylindrical shells are formulated and solved within the framework of the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses with regard for damageability in the precritical stress state. The damageability of the material is due to the inhomogeneity of its microstrength and is modeled by empty quasispherical pores whose distribution over the shell volume is statistically homogeneous and isotropic. The problems are solved for shells under axial and radial compression.     

The Elastoplastic Axisymmetric Stress–Strain State of Flexible Laminated Shells Exposed to Radiation

A procedure is proposed to numerically study the thermoelastoplastic axisymmetric stress–strain state of laminated flexible shells exposed to radiation. The equations of thermoradiation plasticity describing simple processes are used. Results of an analysis of the elastoplastic state of a three-layer shell with regard for radiation effects are presented     

Stability of Orthotropic Corrugated Cylindrical Shells

A technique for stability analysis of cylindrical shells with a corrugated midsurface is proposed. The wave crests are directed along the generatrix. The relations of shell theory include terms of higher order of smallness than those in the Mushtari–Donnell–Vlasov theory. The problem is solved using a variational equation. The Lamé parameter and curvature radius are variable and approximated by a discrete Fourier transform. The critical load and buckling mode are determined in solving an infinite system of equations for the coefficients of expansion of the resolving functions into trigonometric series. The solution accuracy increases owing to the presence of an aggregate of independent subsystems. Singularities in the buckling modes of corrugated shells corresponding to the minimum critical loads are determined. The basic, practically important conclusion is that both isotropic and orthotropic shells with sinusoidal corrugation are efficient only when their length, which depends on the waveformation parameters and the geometric and mechanical characteristics, is small     

Nonlinear Modes of Motion of Thin Circular Cylindrical Shells

Free flexural vibrations of a simply supported shell are studied within the framework of the nonlinear theory of flexible shallow shells. It is assumed that largeamplitude flexural vibrations are coupled with radial vibrations of the shell. Modal equations are derived by the Bubnov–Galerkin method. Periodic solutions are obtained by the Krylov–Bogolyubov method. The skeleton curve of the soft type obtained using a nonlinear finitedimensional shell model agrees with available experimental data.     

Nonaxisymmetric Thermoelastoplastic Analysis of Branched Shells of Revolution by the Semianalytic Finite-Element Method

A technique is proposed to solve elastoplastic deformation problems for branched shells of revolution under the action of asymmetric forces and a temperature field. The kinematic equations are derived within the framework of the linear Kirchhoff–Love theory of shells and the thermoelastic relations within the framework of the theory of small elastoplastic strains. The problem is given a variational formulation based on the virtual-displacement principle and the Fourier-series expansion of the unknown functions and loads with respect to the circumferential coordinate. The additional-load method is used to solve a nonlinear problem and the finite-elements method is used to carry out a numerical analysis. As an example, an asymmetric stress–strain analysis is performed for a cylindrical shell reinforced by a ring plate.     

Nonlinear buckling of torsion-loaded functionally graded cylindrical shells in thermal environment

Based on the nonlinear large deflection theory of cylindrical shells, this paper deals with the nonlinear buckling problem of functionally graded cylindrical shells under torsion load by using the energy method and the nonlinear strain–displacement relations of large deformation. The material properties of the functionally graded shells vary smoothly through the shell thickness according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituent materials. Meanwhile, on the base of taking the temperature-dependent material properties into account, various effects of external thermal environment on the critical state of the shell are also investigated. Numerical results show various effects of the inhomogeneous parameter, the dimensional parameters and external thermal environment on nonlinear buckling of functionally graded cylindrical shells under torsion. The present theoretical results are verified by those in literature.     

Geometrically nonlinear bending of thin-walled shells and plates under creep-damage conditions

Summary A phenomenological constitutive model for characterization of creep and damage processes in metals is applied to the simulation of mechanical behaviour of thin-walled shells and plates. Basic equations of the shell theory are formulated with geometrical nonlinearities at finite time-dependent deflections of shells and plates in moderate bending. Numerical solutions of initial/boundary-value problems have been obtained for rectangular thin plates (two-dimensional case) and axisymmetrically loaded shells of revolution (one-dimensional case). Based on the numerical examples for the two problems, the influence of geometrical nonlinearities on the creep deformation and damage evolution in shells and plates is discussed. Accepted for publication 30 October 1996     

Nontraditional Substructuring Procedure for Analysis of Free-Form Shells

An efficient nontraditional scheme of the substructuring method is expounded. It is based on the curvilinear mesh method (CMM) used for analysis of complex shell structures. In forming the stiffness matrix, this approach excludes fully the shell displacement approximation errors. A numerical algorithm that preserves the efficiency of the CMM for shells of arbitrary form is developed. The stress–strain problem for a boxed beam with diaphragms and a cylindrical roof shell is solved numerically. The results are compared with those obtained by other numerical methods     

The Stress State of Stiffened Shallow Orthotropic Shells

An approach is proposed for stress analysis of elastic systems consisting of shallow shells having a rectangular planform and stiffened with rods in one direction. The shell curvature varying in the direction perpendicular to the ribs and piecewise-constant in another direction is taken into account. A system of ordinary differential equations and shell–rib conjugation conditions are derived after separation of variables for two simply supported opposite contours. A one-dimensional boundary-value problem is solved by a stable numerical method. The results of a stress–strain analysis of shipbuilding structural elements are presented as an example