Zur Bestimmung chemischer Verschiebungen der NMR-Frequenzen bei Quadrupolkernen aus den MAS-NMR-Spektren

Determination of Chemical Shifts of NMR-Frequencies of Quadrupolar Nuclei from the MAS-NMR Spectra The general expressions for the NMR central transition of rotating samples with quadrupolar nuclei of half-integer spins, derived by BEHRENS [1, 2] for arbitrary angles of inclination of the spinning axis considering second-order quadrupolar effects, are presented for the practically interesting case of magic angle spinning (MAS) in a form analogous to the expressions for the resting sample. The theory is tested and used for the exact determination of the chemical shift values from the MAS-²⁷Al-NMR spectra of two representative aluminates.     

Bestimmung der Kerndipolmomente von171Yb und173Yb durch optisches Pumpen

The nuclear Zeeman levels of the odd isotopes of Ytterbium (¹⁷¹Yb,¹⁷¹ I=1/2;¹⁷³Yb,¹⁷³ I=5/2) were polarized in the atomic ground state (6s ^{2 1} S ₀) by means of optical pumping with the resonance line (6s ^{2 1} S ₀ ? 6s6p ¹ P ₁,λ=3988 å). The magnetic moments, calculated from the nuclear Hf-Zeeman transitions in a magnetic field of 228 Gauss are¹⁷¹ Μ _I=0.49188 (2)Μ _K ¹⁷³ Μ _I=0,67755 (3)Μ _K (with diamagnetic correction applied).     

Bestimmung der Hochfeldgrenze der dynamischen Kernpolarisation aus der Dispersion der Kernrelaxation

The dynamic nuclear polarisation arising from dipolar interactions between unpaired electrons and protons in liquids decreases with increasing magnetic fieldH ₀. Since the polarisation involves the same electron-proton flip-flop processes which are responsible for nuclear magnetic relaxation, we were able to determine the maximum possible enhancement factorV _max of the protons in paramagnetic solutions as a function of the applied magnetic field from the dispersion of nuclear magnetic relaxation. The measurements of the frequency dependence of nuclear magnetic relaxation in the field range of 33 to 38000 Gauss show thatV _max drops to one half of its low field value in fields of 2000 to 6000 Gauss depending on the solvent and on the temperature. An appreciable enhancement of the order of 50 or more seems to be possible in magnetic fields up to 30 or 40 kG.     

Bemerkung zur Bestimmung der van der Waals-Konstanten aus Streuquerschnitten

The attempt has been made by several authors to clear up the discrepancy between van der Waals constants determined from scattering cross sections for thermal energies and theoretical values using measured oscillator strengths. The present paper discusses three sources of error not accounted for properly in the earlier work. The appropriate corrections discussed in this paper lead to a satisfactory agreement between experiment and theory.     

Zur Frage derZ-Zentren bei der Exoelektronenemission aus Alkalihalogeniden

Zusammenfassung Es wurde das Maximum des Exoelektronenemissionsstroms untersucht, das an NaCl infolge Verunreinigung durch Kalzium auftritt, und die Möglichkeit, dieses Maximum denZ-Zentren zuzuordnen, diskutiert.

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Z-

, NaCl . Z-.

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Wir danken herzlichst Herrn Dr. A. Bohun für das gefällige überlassen des NaCl: Ca-Materials.     

Bestimmung der Kernquadrupolmomente der beiden stabilen Europiumisotope aus dem Eu II-Spektrum

The hyperfine structure of the transitions 4f ⁷ 6p ⁹ P _3,4,5?4f ⁷ 6s ⁹ S ₄,⁷ S ₃ in the spark spectrum of europium was investigated by a digital recording double-Fabry-Perot-spectrometer. Enriched samples of¹⁵¹Eu and¹⁵³Eu were used in hollow cathode light sources cooled in liquid air. As the hyperfine splitting of the⁹ P levels was not completely resolved the patterns were analysed by a computer. TheA- andB-values of the⁹ P levels were determined for both isotopes. Together with the experimentalA-values of the⁷ P levels theseA-values were used to check the eigenfunctions ofBordarier, Judd, andKlapisch, which have been calculated for intermediate coupling. Good agreement between observed and calculatedA-values was reached only if the spherical-symmetric part of the magnetic hyperfine interaction operator of the 6p-electron was used as a free parameter. In this way the configuration interaction between 4f ⁷ 6p and 4f ⁶ 6s 6d can be taken into account. Fortunately this mixing does not affect the quadrupole interaction. Therefore the quadrupole moments were derived from the measuredB-values using the unperturbed eigenfunctions. The resultsQ(¹⁵¹Eu)=(1.12 ±0.07) · 10^?24 cm² andQ(¹⁵³Eu)=(2.85 ± 0.18) · 10^?24cm² are in complete agreement with the values obtained byMüller, Steudel, andWalther in the 4f⁷ 6s 6p levels of the arc spectrum of europium. The values found for the hyperfine anomaly agree very well with the values derived from levels in Eu I and Eu III.     

Zur Bestimmung der longitudinalen Relaxationszeit in optischen Medien

For Gaussian, Lorentzian, and square pulses passing through an absorbing medium the transmission is calculated. The atoms in the medium are regarded as two-level-systems. The pulses are assumed to be so weak that the change of population in the lower level is small. The transmission in our case of (weak) non-linear absorption depends on the shape of the pulse and the longitudinal relaxation time. Knowing the transmission the relaxation time can be determined by means of the computed curves of the mentioned three types of pulses.     

Vereinfachung der Formeln zur Berechnung der Optischen Konstanten von Absorbierenden Stoffen

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Bestimmung der Kernmomente des Ho165 aus der Hyperfeinstruktur des Grundzustandes im Ho I-Spektrum

In an atomic beam magnetic resonance experiment, the hyperfine interaction constantsA andB of the⁴ I _2/15-groundstate of Ho¹⁶⁵ were found to beA=800,58389 (50) MHz,B=?1667,997 (50) MHz. Using an effective value for 〈r ^?3〉, the magnetic moment of the Ho¹⁶⁵ nucleus was calculated to beμ=4·1(4)μ _n . The quadrupolement was determined by use of the 〈r ^?3〉 given byWatson andFreeman. The result isQ=2·4·10^?24 cm².     

Zur Theorie der diffusen Reflexion und Transmission beim Vorliegen elastischer Vielfachstreuung

In order to determine the diffuse reflectivity and transmittivity of multiply scattered particles, there is not necessarily the need of solving the complete differentiointegral equation of multiple scattering. It can be shown that the problem reduces to solving a set of two simultaneous differential equations of the first order, provided that the amount of sideward scattering may be neglected. The solutions of these equations furnish all data required, if the mechanism of single scattering is known.     

Bestimmung von Temperatur und Dichte eines Gleitfunkens aus der Bremsstrahlung im Infrarot

The absolute intensity of a vacuum sliding spark (length 2–10 cm, half cycle 0,8 μsec) has been measured in the spectral region between 0,4 and 3μ. From the long wavelength radiation emitted from an optically thick layer, one gets the temperature, from the short wavelength radiation emitted from an optically thin layer, one obtains the density. Using polyethylene as an insulator we reached a temperature of 4·10⁵ °K at electron densities of 8·10¹⁸ cm^?3 and current densities of 1.2·10⁶ A/cm². The temporal development of temperature and density has been determined. The maximum intensity at λ=0.43 μ was found to be 5·10⁴ (7·10¹⁰ W/cm³ ster) as large as that of the positive crater of a properly driven carbon arc. At λ=3 μ this same parameter turned out to be 300 times as large (5·10⁷ W/cm³ ster).     

Experimentelle Bestimmung der Supraleitungsparameter einiger Verbindungen vom β-Wolframtyp aus Magnetisierungsmessungen

A complete analysis of magnetization curves is given for bulk sintered samples of Nb₃Sn with low hysteresis and for finely powdered sintered and melted samples of Nb₃Sn, Nb₃Al, V₃Si and V₃Ga. The Ginzburg-Landau parameterκ and the penetration depthλ of weak magnetic fields is calculated from the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic and upper critical fieldsH _c andH _c2. The slope of theH _c ?T curve is about 360 Oe/°K and approximately the same for all measured samples. There is an extremely high increase of the lower critical fieldH _c1 if the grain size approachesλ. The occurence of field expulsion and partially reversible magnetization curves of sintered Nb₃Sn samples with high sintering temperatures and high pore volumes is explained by means of connections between single grains which have lower transition temperatures.