Thermal ionization decay of E′ centers in germanium dioxide

The thermally induced decay of oxygen-deficient E′ centers in GeO₂ glasses and ceramics has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The electron emission effect, which accompanies the thermally induced decay of these defects, has been interpreted based on the Perel’-Karpus model for the multiphonon ionization of centers in an electric field. It has been established that the decay of E′ centers in amorphous and crystalline modifications of GeO₂ is reversible and occurs according to the thermal ionization mechanism.     

Influences of neutral oxygen vacancies and E′_1 centers on α-quartz

Our calculations demonstrate that the concentration of neutral oxygen vacancies can affect the geometrical structrue,electronic structure, and optical properties of α-quartz. Moreover, the distribution of the neutral oxygen divacancy can also exert some influence on the properties of α-quartz. The dissimilarity and similarities are presented in the corresponding density of state(DOS) and absorption spectrum. In addition, when a higher defect concentration is involved in α-quartz,the influence of E1 center on the geometry of α-quartz becomes more significant. However, the introduction of an E1 center barely results in any improvement compared with the influence produced by the corresponding neutral defect.     

Thermodynamical behavior of E′ centers in quartz from sediments: Potential for paleothermometry and geochronometry

The thermodynamical behaviors of E′ centers in 8 quartz samples from core XJ33-2-1 recovered in the Zhujiang Mouth Basin were measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. The E′ ESR spectral intensity of samples before any laboratory treatment was measured and expressed asI ₁. The samples were then annealed at 300°C or 350°C for 60 min. The E′ ESR spectral intensity measured after this procedure is expressed asI ₂. The ratios ofI ₁, toI ₂ for the samples increase with the sample depth (from 320 to 3972 m), showing that there is a correlation between this ratio and the storage temperature of samples. Therefore the ratio ofI ₁/I ₂ can be used as an ESR paleothermometer. Besides the temperature, we must take into account the period of time for which the samples have been buried since their deposition, because we find that the ratiosI ₁/I ₂ (from 0.293 to 0.941) are closely related to the sediment ages (from 1.5 to 27.5 Ma), with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 or 0.99 obtained by linear or exponential regression, respectively. This relation can be explained by the increase of E′ center concentration in quartz samples with the sedimentation age.     

Gauge hierarchies in the E8 × E′8 superstring theory

We present a systematic approach to the problem of gauge hierarchy structure in E₈ × E′₈ superstring theory. It is shown that only very limited E₆ breaking schemes are allowed from the group-theoretical and phenomenological point of view. The ordinary GUTs are not permitted and moreover the unification of SU(3), and SU(2)_w cannot occur at the energy scale below M_PI. We give four promising models and add some comments on each of them.     

The potential for which E n 1 ′ 12=E n 2 ′ l1 in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

The answer is provided to the question ‘What is the potential for which E _{n 1} ^′ l₂=E _{n 2} ^′ l₁ in nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics?’     

Spectral holeburning properties ofR′ color centers in LiF: dependence on doping and irradiation processes

The effects of doping and radiation-damage processes on the persistent spectral hole burning properties ofR color centers in LiF were studied using current tuned GaAlAs diode-laser derivative spectroscopy. Dopants used were Mg, Ni and Co and irradiation was done by x-rays and neutrons. The holes were alwys burned near the center of the zerophonon line. In most cases the experimentally determined hole lineshapes including side holes could be satisfactorily fit by a phenomenological lineshape model with three adjustable parameters. The amplitudes of the side holes relative to the main hole were found to increase with increasing radiation damage.     

高纯硅低能粒子辐照E′色心形成动力学研究

考虑固有点缺陷形成E′色心的情况,建立了E′色心形成的动力学模型,得到了高纯硅低能粒子辐照E′色心浓度与辐照剂量的关系式.结果表明,在低辐照剂量下,E′色心浓度随剂量的变化呈线性增长;随着辐照剂量的增加,E′色心浓度随剂量的变化呈饱和趋势.如果进一步考虑E′色心和其他物质反应形成新的稳定结构,E′色心浓度随剂量的变化呈双指数关系,E′色心浓度随剂量的变化不再趋于饱和状态,而是偏离饱和状态.理论结果和实验结果很好地符合,说明建立的模型是有效的.     

Relativistic many-body calculations of E1, E2, M1, and M2 transitions rates for the 1 s 2 l′ 2 l′ ′ – 1 s 2 2 l lines in Li-like ions

Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are calculated for all allowed and forbidden 1s2l′ 2l′ ′ – 1s ²2l electric dipole (E1), magnetic dipole (M1), electric quadrupole (E2), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions in lithiumlike ions with nuclear charges ranging from Z?=?6 to 100. Relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate retarded E1, M1, E2, and M2 matrix elements. The calculations start with a Dirac potential and include all possible 1s2l′ 2l′ ′ configurations, leading to seven odd-parity and nine even-parity states. First-order perturbation theory is used to obtain intermediate coupling coefficients. Second-order RMBPT is used to determine the matrix elements, which are evaluated for the 22, 20, 16, and 18 possible E1, M1, E2, and M2 transitions, respectively. A detailed discussion of the various contributions to the energy levels and E1, M1, E2, and M2 matrix elements is given for lithiumlike iron, Z?=?26. The transition energies used in the calculation of oscillator strengths and transition rates are evaluated using second-order RMBPT. Trends of E1, M1, E2, and M2 transition rates as functions of nuclear charge Z are shown graphically for 1s2l′ 2l′ ′ – 1s ²2l transitions.     

Color centers in the ionized and in the triplet state —Z 2 centers in calcium doped KCl crystals

Optical absorption measurements ofZ ₂ andZ ₂ ⁺ centers in KCl:Ca are combined with electron spin resonance experiments in order to reveal the electronic and atomistic structure of these centers.Z ₂ ⁺ centers are alignable in the crystal by polarized optical irradiation at suitable temperatures. From orientedZ ₂ ⁺ centers equally orientedZ ₂ centers can be produced, both types of centers showing a (100) axial symmetry. ConcerningZ ₂ this is also confirmed by ESR measurements on their triplet state produced by optical excitation. Polarized excitations allow a determination of the ratio of oscillator strengths for transitions parallel and perpendicular to the center axis using the variations in ESR line intensities. ForZ ₂ f /f =1.6 is found in this way; decomposition of the dichroism ofZ ₂ ⁺ centers gives for this speciesf /f =1.8. It is shown that theZ ₂(Ca) center is a molecule made up of a Ca⁺⁺ ion and an anion vacancy in (100) nearest neighborhood, sharing two electrons with antiparallel spins in the ground state. Both, withZ ₂ andZ ₂ ⁺ , the absorption bands at lowest energies are best explained bys—d charge transfer transitions.     

Two-photon transitions of Ag− centers in KBr

Abstract

Two-photon excitation spectra of Ag^? centers in KBr have been measured. The main excitation peak appears only with linearly polarized excitation and has been assigned to the ¹A_1g → ¹A_1g transition. Weaker structures have a polarization dependence corresponding to ¹A_1g → ¹E _g and ¹A_1g → ¹T_2g transitions.     

Z′ mass limits,masses and coupling of higgs bosons,and Z′ decays in an E6 superstring based model

We demonstrate that current phenomenological constraints on Z-Z′ mixing for an E₆ grand unified group with low energy gauge group SU(2)_L×U(1)_Y×U(1)_Y, allow only a narrow range of Higgs vacuum expectation values consistent with possibilities favored by renormalization group expectations. Modest improvements in bounds on this mixing will lead to substantial bounds on the Z′ mass if alternative renormalization group solutions are not found. We then explore the constraints upon relations between Higgs masses in this model. In addition we explore the couplings of these Higgs to the gauge particles of the theory and emphasize the associated implications for Higgs detection in decays of the Z′.     

Effect of cloud on atmospheric ozone formation over Kolkata (22°34′N, 88°24′E), India

The paper presents the nature of variations of clouds and total ozone over Kolkata (22°34′N, 88°24′E), India. The low-level cloud over Kolkata has been noticed to occur for many days and nights, particularly in the months from June to September. The low level cloud occurrences were minimum in winter months. The effect of cloud occurrence on ozone concentration has been critically analyzed and explained. It has been observed that the concentration of ozone increased with the increase of cloud occurrence. The related possible chemical explanation for ozone production processes has been offered.     

The dipnictenes R-E=E′-R′ (E=P,As, Sb,Bi) revisited: a TDDFT and multi-reference study of some aspects of its electronic spectroscopy

Compounds with double bonds Terp-E=E′-Terp (E, E'=P, As, Sb or Bi; Terp=-C₆H₃-2,6 (C₆H₅)₂) have been studied using DFT. These compounds have been used as a model for other compounds with larger substituents. Some bands of its electronic spectroscopy have been calculated using TDDFT, and the results show high correlation with experimental data, when available. In Bi-containing compounds, the origin of some weak bands in the calculated spectra and also in experimental data is unclear. An assignation of these bands is suggested, wedding the experimental data with calculated and theoretical results. These bands could be weak singlet–triplet transitions, partially allowed by spin-orbit coupling only in Bi-containing compounds. A theoretical estimation of the energy of these bands is achieved using CASSCF and MR-MP2.     

Optical “memory” centers on an adsorption silicon surface

The charging of an illuminated silicon surface discovered by Abkevich [1] is of considerable interest for a number of practical applications (for example, semiconductor photography [2] and gas analysis). The present paper gives the results of investigations aimed at establishing the possibility of controlling the optical charge memory on the silicon surface by adsorption methods.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 92–96, January, 1981.We thank V. F. Kiselev for discussing the work and for helpful comments.     

Application of LiF crystals with F 2 − colour centers

It is shown that LiF crystals with F ₂ ^? colour centers may be used in lasers for cavity Q-switching and in high-power Nd: glass laser systems for, increasing the contrast and the self-excitation threshold. Also Lif crystals with F ₂ ^? centers are successfully used for the generation of ultrashort pulses, for the generation of difference frequencies in the ir spectral range and in intracavity spectroscopy experiments.     

Intrinsic luminescence centers in γ- and θ-alumina nanoparticles

In this study, we investigate the photoluminescence(PL) properties of γ and θ-alumina nanoparticles synthesized by the chemical wet method followed by annealing. The obtained experimental results indicate the presence of some favorable near ultraviolet(NUV)-orange luminescent centers for usage in various luminescence applications, such as oxygen vacancies(F, F~+_2, F~(2+)_2, and F_2centers), OH related defects, cation interstitial centers, and some new luminescence bands attributed to trapped-hole centers or donor–acceptor centers. The energy states of each defect are discussed in detail. The defects mentioned could alter the electronic structure by producing some energy states in the band gap that result in the optical absorption in the middle ultraviolet(MUV) region. Spectra show that photoionazation of F and F_2 centers plays a crucial role in providing either free electrons for the conduction band, or the photoconversions of aggregated oxygen vacancies into each other, or mobile electrons for electrons-holes recombination process by the Shockley–Read–Hall(SRH)mechanism.     

Quantum information processing with nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond

Nitrogen–vacancy(NV) center in diamond is one of the most promising candidates to implement room temperature quantum computing. In this review, we briefly discuss the working principles and recent experimental progresses of this spin qubit. These results focus on understanding and prolonging center spin coherence, steering and probing spin states with dedicated quantum control techniques, and exploiting the quantum nature of these multi-spin systems, such as superposition and entanglement, to demonstrate the superiority of quantum information processing. Those techniques also stimulate the fast development of NV-based quantum sensing, which is an interdisciplinary field with great potential applications.     

Mössbauer studies of negative-U tin centers in lead chalcogenides

Experimental data on identification of negative-U tin centers in lead chalcogenides and related solid solutions by means of ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy are discussed.     

Dislocation nucleation centers of thinly lamellar α-martensite in iron alloys

Probable dislocation-type nucleation centers of -martensite crystals with {259}-{3 10 15} habits, which are observed in iron alloys, are selected. It is demonstrated that 30° dislocations of the initial phase are most consistent with the wave pattern of the growth of such crystals. A particular dislocation nucleation center corresponds to each martensite crystal with a given morphology.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 79–83, September, 1991.