Rescattering and neutron-proton final-state interaction in the 12C(d,pn)12C reaction

The ¹²C(d, pn)¹²C reaction has been studied in a kinematically complete experiment at several energies and angles suitable for observing proton-neutron rescattering and sequential decay final-state interactions (FSI), with the aim of investigating the relative importance of the two reaction mechanisms. An increase of yield has been observed for all spectra in the region of low relative proton-neutron energy where both rescattering and sequential decay leading to the ¹S₀ final-state interaction are possible. No consistent fits to the data using only the rescattering graph were found and interference with other diagrams must be assumed to occur. The effect of isospin non-conservation is discussed. It is concluded that no reported measurements on this reaction require an exclusive interpretation in terms of a rescattering mechanism and therefore no reliable information on nuclear lifetimes can be obtained from these experiments.     

Quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleus reactions

The quasi-elastic contribution of the nuclear inclusive electron scattering model developed in [A. Gil, J. Nieves, and E. Oset: Nucl. Phys. A 627 (1997) 543] is extended to the study of electroweak charged current induced nuclear reactions at intermediate energies of interest for future neutrino oscillation experiments. The model accounts for long-range nuclear (RPA) correlations, final state interaction and Coulomb corrections. RPA correlations are shown to play a crucial role in the whole range of neutrino energies, up to 500 MeV, studied in this work. Predictions for inclusive muon capture for different nuclei, and for the reactions ¹²C(ν _μ , μ ₋)X and ¹²C(ν _e, e⁻)X near threshold are also given. Presented by M. Valverde at the Workshop on calculation of double-beta-decay matrix elements (MEDEX’05), Corfu, Greece, September 26–29, 2005.     

Elastic scattering of 32S on 24Mg, 27Al and 40Ca and the effect of nuclear forces on the grazing collision

Elastic scattering of ³²S ions on ²⁴Mg, ²⁷Al and ⁴⁰Ca has been measured at energies between 67 MeV and 120 MeV. Angular distributions were analyzed with the optical model with Woods-Saxon potentials. Strong absorption radii are extracted with and without consideration of the nuclear interaction at the surface. The nuclear potential decreases the otherwise anomalously large strong absorption radii which can then be described by a radius parameter of r₀ = 1.41 fm.     

Nucleon resonance decay by theK 0Σ+ channel: Preliminary results

The strange meson production on a proton target in theK ⁰Σ⁺ channel is sensitive to nucleon resonance contributions. TheK ⁰ production on a deuteron target can provide information on the hyperon-nucleon final-state interaction. The experiments γp →K ⁰Σ⁺ andγd → K ⁰Σ⁺n have been carried out at the ELSA facility at Bonn. In this paper, we report the preliminary results of both experiments     

Single and double πo-photoproduction from the deuteron

Photoproduction of neutral pions from the deuteron has been studied for incident photon energies from 200 MeV to 792 MeV with the TAPS detector at the Mainz MAMI accelerator. Total and differential cross sections covering the full angular range have been obtained for coherent and incoherent single π^o-photoproduction. Good agreement between model predictions and the data was found for the coherent process. The incoherent cross section in the energy region of the Δ(1232)-resonance is overestimated by existing models. A comparison to model predictions indicates that final state interaction effects are much more important than for the coherent reaction. However, the angular dependence of the data in the Δ-peak region follows the pattern expected from the dominant excitation of the M₁₊-multipole on the free nucleon. The energy and angular dependence of single π^o-photoproduction in the second resonance region is remarkably different from the reaction on the free proton, indicating a strong nuclear effect. Finally the total cross section for double π^o-photoproduction from the deuteron has been measured for the first time and was used to estimate the cross section for double π^o-photoproduction from the neutron. Received: 24 June 1999 / Revised version: 30 August 1999     

Search for a quadrupole component in the hyperfine interaction on recoil into vacuum

Time-differential perturbed γ-ray angular correlations have been measured with the plunger technique for fast Nd nuclei recoiling into vacuum. A clear trend of increasing quadrupole interaction with increasing nuclear quadrupole moment has been found. The hyperfine interaction on recoil into vacuum and recoil into gas is discussed in terms of stochastic models.     

Measurement of compound-nucleus lifetime by X-ray spectroscopy in the 106Cd(p,p')106Cd reaction

A new method for measuring compound-nucleus lifetimes in the range of 10^?18–10^?16 s is presented. The method is based on the comparison between the known lifetime of an atomic excited state used as a reference and the nuclear delay time to be measured. On-line coincidences performed between the nuclear reaction products and the emitted X-rays enable the selection of the atomic vacancies decaying during the compound stage of the nuclear interaction. The main characteristics of this technique are illustrated by measurements of lifetimes of the ¹⁰⁷In compound nucleus excited at 13.6 and 15.6 MeV in the ¹⁰⁶Cd(p, p')¹⁰⁶Cd reaction. They are found in agreement with statistical model calculations. The spurious effect associated with decay by internal conversion of final states populated by the competitive (p, n) reaction is emphasized.     

Nuclear structure studies on halo nuclei by direct reactions with radioactive beams

The investigation of direct reactions with exotic beams in inverse kinematics gives access to a wide field of nuclear structure studies in the region far off stability. The basic concept and the methods involved are briefly discussed. The present contribution will focus on the investigation of light neutron-rich halo nuclei. Such nuclei reveal a new type of nuclear structure, namely an extended neutron distribution surrounding a nuclear core. An overview on this phenomenon, and on the various methods which gave first evidence and qualitative confirmation of our present picture of halo nuclei, is given. To obtain more quantitative information on the radial shape of halo nuclei, elastic proton scattering on neutron-rich light nuclei at intermediate energies was recently investigated for the first time. This method is demonstrated to be an effective means for studying the nuclear matter distributions of such nuclei. The results on the nuclear matter radii of ⁶He and ⁸He, the deduced nuclear matter density distributions, and the significance of the data on the halo structure is discussed. The present data allow also a sensitive test of theoretical model calculations on the structure of neutron-rich helium isotopes. A few examples are presented. The investigation of few-nucleon transfer reactions in inverse kinematics may provide new and complementary information on nuclear structure, as well as astrophysical questions. The physics motivation and the experimental concept for such experiments, to be performed due to momentum matching reasons at low incident energies around 5–20 MeV/u at the new generation low energy radioactive beam facilities SPIRAL, PIAFE, etc., is briefly discussed.     

The pressure-dependent perturbation factor of excited41K nuclei recoiling in argon gas; Calculation and comparison

The pressure-dependence of the time-integrated perturbation factor of excited⁴¹K nuclei slowing down in Ar gas was calculated and compared to our experimental data. The models used were (1) Abragam—Pound plus static interaction, (2) the Scherer model viewed as a non-stationary sequence of static interaction, and (3) our non-stationary extension of the Scherer—Blume model. The calculations used detailed and quantitative information on nuclear and atomic parameters characterizing the perturbation mechanism. A good agreement is attained between experimental data and calculations. Supported by FINEP and CNPq.     

Nuclear compressibility and its effect on nuclear binding energies from the study of muonic atoms

The variation of nuclear parameter with mass number elicits information about nuclear compressibility. Analysis of muonic x-ray transitions provides an elegant method to investigate the behaviour of the nuclear parameterr ₀. It is observed from the behaviour ofr ₀ that nuclei in the regionA⩽70 are highly compressible while those in the regionA∼210 are almost incompressible. The behaviour ofr ₀ is incorporated into the semi-empirical mass formula through the Coulomb energy term. From the modified mass formula thus obtained binding energies of about 440 spherical nuclei have been calculated. The results suggest that nuclear compressibility imposes certain relationship between excess binding energies (E _exp−E _cal) and neutron. proton number. The present study also points out that shell effects exhibited by nuclear binding energies cannot be accounted for by simply varying the coefficients of the mass formula: on the other hand extra terms are necessary to explain them.     

Direct processes in heavy ion collisions at E ⩽ 20 MeV/u

Elastic and inelastic scattering at projectile energies of E ? 20 MeV/u have been studied using a magnetic spectrometer. It is shown that nuclear rainbow scattering for ¹²C + ¹²C allows to extract information from small inter nuclear distances. The role of the collective inelastic excitations is studied and it is shown that they lead to a decomposition of the projectile (or target)if the threshold for particle emission is close to the excitation energy of low lying collective states. The origin of the continuous background in the study of high lying excitations in nuclei is studied and it is shown that it can be analysed quantitatively.     

Relation between the Landau-Migdal interaction and the separable interaction

The Landau-Migdal interaction has been used widely in analyses of the quenching of spinisospin transitions. The separable interaction, on the other hand, has been used for studies of electric giant resonances and low-lying vibrational states, and recently for those of spin-isospin polarizations. The relation between these two interactions in the spin-isospin channel is studied. Quantitative comparison of these interactions in the spin-isospin L = 1 channel shows good correspondence between the nuclear matrix elements of the two types of interactions.     

Effective hamiltonian of the nuclear moments electronic shielding

An information is given allowing to use the second quantization and the effective operator methods in the ligand field theory. The operator was constructed accounting for the interaction of the multi-shell electronic configurations through a one-particle perturbation V≪R. The expression obtained is believed to be useful in microscopic calculations and phenomenological interpretation of spectroscopic experiments. As an illustration, the effective hamiltonian of the nuclear moments electronic shielding has been deduced. It was found, in particular, that the dipolar part of the hyperfine interaction contributes to the shift of the nuclear g-factor in the systems with the electronic spin S>0.     

Studies of magnetism by nuclear orientation and NMRON

Low temperature nuclear orientation (NO) and nuclear magnetic resonance on oriented nuclei (NMRON) are used to investigate the magnetic properties of solids, and are especially useful when high sensitivity is required, for example in the study of small or dilute systems. Measurement of the static hyperfine interaction and the nuclear spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times T ₁ and T ₂ yield information about the electronic magnetization and spin dynamics, respectively. A number of NMRON techniques are available and their application to the study of magnetism will be briefly discussed. In particular, the pulsed technique has been shown to be effective for studying insulators. Recent NO and NMRON measurements, primarily on insulating magnets and magnetic multilayers, will be reviewed. Spins of stable isotopes can also be investigated using NMR thermally detected by NO (NMR-TDNO), and this method, in combination with NMRON, has been recently applied in both metals and insulators to obtain information about nuclear spin-spin couplings, “frequency pulling” and nuclear magnons. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microscopic approach to the antiproton-nucleus optical potential

By using the self-energy of an antiproton evaluated in nuclear matter, the antiproton effective interaction with a bound nucleon is derived and is found to have a drastic density dependence. The p?-nucleus optical potential constructed by folding the effective interaction well reproduces experimental data on the p?-nucleus absorption cross section as well as on the complex level shift of p?-atoms. In addition, it is pointed out that the strong spin-orbit interaction spreads each doublet and considerably affects the lower complex level shift.     

Dynamics of high energy heavy ion collisions — nuclear matter at high density and temperature

Nuclear collisions at E_LAB > 50 MeV/n are studied using the nuclear fluid dynamical and the cascade model. Evidence for the predicted compression effects has been found in recent experimental data: The preferential sidewards emission of light fragments as well as the azimuthal p-p correlations indicate the presence of collective flow phenomena. The analysis of future 4π exclusive experiments in terms of the kinetic flow tensor can yield information about the equation of state of the compressed nuclear matter. We also discuss the role of pions and strange particles as probes for the properties of nuclear matter at high excitation energy.     

Resonance states in 16O+16O, 12C+16O, α+16O and α+12C with modified Morse potentials

The resonance states in ¹⁶O+¹⁶O, ¹²C+¹⁶O, α+¹⁶O and α+¹²C are described using modified Morse potential proposed earlier whose success has already been demonstrated in the case of ¹²C+¹²C system. The general validity of such a potential with long range, shallow depth and repulsive soft core determined from the resonance data itself is being examined through the present study of the resonances in the above four systems. In each system, the experimental data of a large number of states have been successfully described with a modified Morse potential. The success points out a common mechanism of the origin of these states, and reaffirms authentically the diatomic-like rotational and vibrational picture of the nuclear molecular resonances proposed previously. The close resemblance between the physics of diatomic molecules and nuclear molecular resonances extending to the level of potential which is Morse type in both the cases — although belong to two different areas of physics — is further strengthened through the present study.