Efficient conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to primary amines

A convenient single-vessel conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to primary amines is reported. Use of this method results in substantially cleaner crude products than similar procedures reported in the literature. A simple work-up also makes this procedure ideal for parallel synthesis.     

Direct conversion of tert-beta-bromo alcohols to ketones with zinc sulfide and DMSO

tert-Beta-bromo alcohols, derived from simple monoterpene hydrocarbons, react with zinc sulfide in dimethyl sulfoxide to afford saturated ketones as the major and hydroxy ketones as the minor products. The reaction involves initial nucleophilic attack by DMSO on the carbon attached to the halogen, which is assisted by electrophilic zinc sulfide. Subsequent Kornblum type oxidation yields the alpha-hydroxy ketone. On the other hand, abstraction of proton beta to the hydroxyl group followed by an attack of the neighboring hydroxyl moiety on the sulfur of the dimethylsulfoxonium intermediate and its subsequent collapse yields an enol, which tautomerizes to a saturated ketone. The latter pathway is predominantly followed.     

Formation of dihydroxyselenides from allylic alcohols and their conversion to β-hydroxy epoxides via substitution of a phenylselenonyl group

Hydroxyselenation of allylic alcohols occurs with high regio- and stereoselectivity to give β,β′-dihydroxyphenylselanyl adducts in high yields. An exception is the reaction of the terminal alcohol, 2-methylprop-2-en-1-ol, which forms only a 1,2-diol product. Generally, the addition is Markovnikov in orientation, but the fact that one anti-Markovnikov addition is observed and that addition to 1,2-disubstituted alkenes shows a strong preference for one regioisomer suggests that an interaction of the allylic alcohol with the selenium atom of the reaction intermediate (which weakens the C_β-Se bond in the intermediate) is also an important factor in determining the preference for addition of the phenylselanyl group to the double bond carbon nearest the allylic alcohol. The hydroxyselenated adducts of allylic alcohols can be readily converted to β-hydroxy epoxides in good yields via oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to a selenone and subsequent treatment with base. Hydroxyselenation of crotyl acetate and 3-acetoxycyclohexene is more regiocatholic than hydroxyselenation of the corresponding allylic alcohols. It appears that the known selectivity of additions of phenylselanyl chloride to these acetates in organic solvents is lost when water or a Lewis acid complexes to the acetate group.     

New reactions in water: metal-free conversion of alcohols and ketones into alpha-iodoketones

Using water as the reaction medium, ketones can be transformed into alpha-iodoketones upon treatment with sodium iodide, hydrogen peroxide and an acid; interestingly, alpha-iodoketones can be also obtained from secondary alcohols through a metal-free tandem oxidation-iodination approach.     

Additive group techniques for calculating the flash point of alcohols, ketones and esters

The possibilities of application of the additive group techniques for calculating the flash point of organic liquids on the example of monohydric alcohols, ketones and esters was considered.     

Electrochemical transcarbonation: Hydroquinoxy carbonyl protecting group for alcohols and amines

An electrochemically labile protecting group for alcohols and amines is reported. It can be removed under acidic or basic conditions and at low temperatures.     

可见光催化醛、酮或亚胺与缺电子芳烃还原偶联构筑芳基取代醇和胺（英文）

通过C=X(X=O,N)双键极性翻转构筑碳-碳键是有机化学反应的重要合成策略.传统C=X(X=O,N)双键的极性翻转往往需要苛刻的反应条件和对水或空气敏感的强还原剂辅助,导致其适用范围受限.近年来,可见光催化反应以其独特高效的单电子转移特性,在室温条件下实现了这一类贫电子官能团向亲核性中间体的高效转化.该策略已经拓展C=X(X=O,N)双键自身或与烷基链的偶联,从而得到烷基取代的醇和胺类化合物.本文利用可见光催化反应使C=X(X=O,N)双键极性翻转与芳香化合物的直接偶联,高效温和地合成芳基取代的醇和胺.反应无需强还原剂,底物适用范围广.该方法是对可见光催化C=X(X=O,N)双键极性翻转的重要补充,具有潜在的应用价值.本文以苯甲醛和1,4-二氰基苯为底物,fac-Ir(ppy)_3为光敏剂,二异丙基乙胺为终端还原剂,DMSO为溶剂,蓝光照射12 h能够以82%的收率实现模板反应.其它光敏剂如[Ru(bpy)3]Cl_2则不能催化该反应.溶剂效应指出,丙酮、乙腈可以得到低于40%的收率,甲醇、二氯甲烷、DMF等溶剂不适用该反应体系.控制实验证实,光敏剂、二异丙基乙胺和光照三个反应组分缺一不可.底物拓展发现,不同取代基的芳基腈类化合物包括烷基取代、砜基和酯基取代甚至杂芳环取代都能很好地适用于该体系,芳基醛、酮以及亚胺作为反应的另一组分亦能高效参与该还原偶联反应.自由基捕获实验证实反应过程中涉及自由基历程.光谱淬灭实验表明,芳香腈是唯一有效淬灭激发态fac-Ir(ppy)_3发光的物种.进一步结合底物的氧化还原电位,证实芳香腈能被激发态的光敏剂fac-Ir(ppy)_3还原,但二异丙基乙胺和芳香醛、酮不能与激发态光敏剂发生作用,催化反应经历光敏剂的氧化淬灭路径.首先,光敏剂受光激发到达激发态,与芳基腈发生单电子转移.随后,二异丙基乙胺促使失去电子的铱配合物还原再生,得到相应氮自由基阳离子.该氮自由基阳离子活化反应体系中的C=X(X=O,N)双键,使其从激发态铱物种得到电子形成苄位自由基,进而与得到电子的芳基氰偶联得到最终产物.     

Concerning the efficient conversion of epoxy alcohols into epoxy ketones using dioxiranes

Representative epoxy alcohols are cleanly converted into the corresponding epoxy ketones in high yield by selective oxidation using dimethyldioxirane (1a) and its trifluoro analogue (1b) under mild conditions. The oxidation is found to take place leaving the configuration at the epoxy functionality unaffected. The direct oxyfunctionalization of simple cyclic epoxides with the powerful dioxirane 1b provides another attractive method to access epoxy ketones regioselectively.     

tert-Butylnitrite as a convenient and easy-removable oxidant for the conversion of benzylic alcohols to ketones and aldehydes

The oxidation of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols was achieved by using tert-butyl nitrite (t-BuONO) as a stoichiometric oxidant. Various substrates were effectively converted into the corresponding ketones or aldehydes in good to excellent yields. The reaction presumably proceeded by a nitrosyl exchange and a subsequent thermal decomposition of benzylic nitrites. This process would realize an oxidation of alcohols with oxygen in theory by combining with a reproduction of alkyl nitrites from NO and alcohols under an O₂ atmosphere. In addition, almost pure oxidized products were readily obtained by simple evaporation of the reaction mixtures since t-BuONO produced only volatile side products.     

A highly efficient azide-based protecting group for amines and alcohols

The azide-based carbamate or carbonate protecting group (Azoc) shown above can be removed in less than 2 min under neutral conditions using trimethyl or tributyl phosphine as well as polymer-bound triphenyl phosphine. It was shown to be orthogonal to Fmoc and Mtt for peptide synthesis and to afford beta-glycoside with a 2-aminoglucosyl donor by virtue of the neighboring group participation.     

2-Arylallyl as a new protecting group for amines, amides and alcohols

Amines, amides and ethers containing 2-arylallyl groups are selectively and easily deprotected with tert-butyllithium. This transformation probably involves a carbolithiation reaction of the styrenyl moiety followed by a beta-elimination process.     

In situ oxidation-imine formation-reduction routes from alcohols to amines

Manganese dioxide is employed as an in situ oxidant for the one-pot conversion of alcohols into imines. In combination with polymer-supported cyanoborohydride (PSCBH), a one-pot oxidation-imine formation-reduction sequence is reported. This procedure enables alcohols to be converted directly into both secondary and tertiary amines.     

Magnesium-oppenauer oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones

Using a magnesium-Oppenauer oxidation aldehydes and ketones are prepared from halomagnesium alkoxides, which in turn are the products of Grignard reactions.     

Rhodium-catalyzed alkylation of ketones and alcohols with alcohols

An efficient method for direct alkylation of ketones and alcohols through the borrowing hydrogen strategy in the presence of rhodium complexes as catalyst was developed. This transformation is tolerant to various functional substrates and is efficient in C–C coupling of primary and secondary alcohols, which provides an alternative method of the synthesis of functional ketones from simple and commercially available materials.