Phase-dispersion optical tomography

We report on phase-dispersion optical tomography, a new imaging technique based on phase measurements using low-coherence interferometry. The technique simultaneously probes the target with fundamental and second-harmonic light and interferometrically measures the relative phase shift of the backscattered light fields. This phase change can arise either from reflection at an interface within a sample or from bulk refraction. We show that this highly sensitive (~5 degrees ) phase technique can complement optical coherence tomography, which measures electric field amplitude, by revealing otherwise undetectable dispersive variations in the sample.     

类石墨烯复杂晶胞光子晶体中的确定性界面态

拓扑绝缘体是当前凝聚态物理领域研究的热点问题.利用石墨烯材料的特殊能带特性来实现拓扑输运特性在设计下一代电子和能谷电子器件方面具有较广泛的应用前景.基于光子与电子的类比,利用光子拓扑材料实现了确定性界面态;构建了具有C_(6v)。对称性的类似石墨烯结构的的光子晶体复杂晶格;通过多种方式降低晶格对称性来获得具有C_(3v),C_3,C_(2v)和C_2对称的晶体,从而打破能谷简并实现全光子带隙结构;将体拓扑性质不同的两种光子晶体摆放在一起,在此具有反转体能带性质的界面上,实现了具有单向传输特性的拓扑确定性界面态的传输.利用光子晶体结构的容易加工性,可以简便地调控拓扑界面态控制光的传播,可为未来光拓扑绝缘体的研究提供良好的平台.     

Effect of Strong Electron-Phonon Interactions on an Interface Polaron

The present work deals with an electron interacting strongly with both bulk longitudinal optical (LO) phonons and interface (IF) optical phonons in which we adopt and generalize the Tokuda's variational method for studying the interface polaron properties in polar crystals at zero temperature, In our approach, we can reduce the Hamiltollian equation of the system to a pair of integro-differential equations in two variational parameters of the electron wavefunction from which we can calculate various physical properties of an interface polaron including the ground state energy, average numbers of interacting phonons, the average distance from the interface and the anisotropic effective masses of the interface polaron. Numerical results are obtained explicitly for LiF crystal interfaced with NaF crystal as well as other similar systems with varying physical constants, which show the typical trends of variations for the effects of strong electron-phonon interactions on different physical properties of an interface polaron.     

CoPt纳米棒异常红外光学性能研究

采用原位模板结合化学还原法制备了一维CoPt纳米棒,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明CoPt纳米棒平均直径为166.3 nm,长度在1.0~5.0μm之间。以CO为探针分子,在固/气界面研究了CoPt纳米棒的红外光学性质,并同本体Pt电极进行对比分析。原位固/气红外光谱结果表明,吸附态CO(COad)在本体Pt上为正常红外吸收,而CoPt纳米棒在GC基底上表现出异常红外效应(AIREs),当CoPt纳米棒负载到高反射率的金基底上可以得到相同的结论,说明CoPt纳米棒表现出异常红外效应是有材料本身的性质,与反射基底无关。论文从固/气界面进一步验证了一维纳米材料的异常红外效应,有助于加深对低维纳米材料异常红外光学性能的理解。     

Interface polarons in a realistic heterojunction potential

The ground states of interface polarons in a realistic heterojunction potential are investigated by considering the bulk and the interface optical phonon influence. A self-consistent heterojunction potential is used and an LLP-like method is adopted to obtain the polaron effect. The numerical computation has been done for the Zn_1-xCd_xSe/ZnSe system to obtain the polaron ground state energy, self energy and effective mass parallel to the interface. A simplified coherent potential approximation is developed to obtain the parameters of the ternary mixed crystal and the energy band offset of the heterojunction. It is found that at small Cd concentration the bulk longitudinal optical phonons give the main contribution for lower areal electron densities, whereas the interface phonon contribution is dominant for higher areal electron densities. The interface polaron effect is weaker than the effect obtained by the three dimensional bulk phonon and by the two dimensional interface phonon models. Received 17 September 1998     

Chemical stability at noble metal M/YBa2Cu3O6.8 interfaces (M = Pt, Ag, Au)

The chemical compatibility between YBa₂Cu₃O_6.8 (Y123) and Pt, Ag or Au was studied using quasi-infinite diffusion couples which were encapsulated and annealed at 650 to 800°C for 5 to 80 h. The phase formation at the interface was analyzed in cross sections of these couples using optical and scanning electron microscopy together with energy- and wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis. In addition, bulk powder mixtures of Y123 with Pt, Ag or Au were annealed at 800°C for 100 h and phase analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction.

At the Pt/Y123 interface a reaction zone grows slowly but decisively at 800°C. Its microstructure is multiphase with Y---Cu-oxides and a fine-grained dispersion of Y₂BaCuO₅ (Y211) with Ba---Cu-oxides. Additional Ba---Pt oxides and other phases are seen in powder mixtures annealed for longer times. Barium is suspected to diffuse out from the superconductor along grain boundaries from as deep as 1 mm, causing the decomposition of Y123 into Y---Cu-oxides in the depleted regions. Ag and Au form a stable contact at the interface to Y123 with no reaction zone or new phases. Interdiffusion at the Ag/Y123 interface at 800°C was too low to be clearly detected. In contrast, Au diffuses very fast into Y123 and at 800°C the solubility is 4.2 mass% Au. Yttrium and barium diffuse much slower into the (Au) phase, Cu diffusion was not detected. Weak traces of decomposition products, mostly Y211 and Ba---Cu-oxides, were observed in bulk powder mixtures of Y123 with Ag or Au annealed at 800°C for 100 h in closed capsules. These decomposition products are considered to be due to the high oxygen pressure in the closed capsule, exceeding the stability limit of Y123, and not due to the reduction of Y123. Both Ag and Au are virtually non-reactive with Y123.     

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Species on Solid Surfaces

Abstract

Every substance has the “bulk” which occupies almost all its content and the “surface” which is very thin layer enveloping the former. When two or more substances are in contact, the boundary layer constitutes the “interface.” Although the mass of the surface o r interface is negligibly small compared with that of the bulk, the ability of the interface in chemical reactions is far more significant than that of the bulk, because a number of chemical reactions initiate from the interfaces and the reaction rates can be controlled by the use of specifics of the surfaces, especially in catalytic and electrode reactions. Therefore, it is very important to investigate fully the structure and property of the surfaces or interfaces, which must be definitely different from those of the bulk, for elucidation of chemical behavior of materials. The clarification on bulk materials are extensively developed by spectroscopic and diffraction methods. However, as regards the features of the interface, much less knowledge is available at present. It is mainly because that in ordinary experiments, the specimen, consisting of a very small part of surface species and a very large part of bulk materials, even when the adsorbents are porous, cannot represent the characteristic nature of the surface. In other words, the specific character of interface or surface can only be observed in the monoatomic layer o r within the depth of several tens of angstroms from the interface. Besides, the surface species, which play an important role in catalytic o r electrode reactions, are often so unstable that they are detected only in situ measurements.     

磁场中准二维强耦合磁极化子的有效质量

采用改进的线性组合算符和LLP变分法,研究了外磁场对量子阱中电子与界面光学声子强耦合、与体纵光学声子弱耦合磁极化子的有效质量的影响。对AgCl/KI量子阱进行了数值计算,结果表明,磁极化子的有效质量随阱宽的增加而减小,随磁场的增强而增大,但不同支声子与电子和磁场相互作用对磁极化子有效质量的贡献大不相同。     

一种实现冷原子(或冷分子)囚禁的可控制纵向光学双阱

提出了一种新颖的实现冷原子(或冷分子)囚禁的可控制纵向光学双阱方案，它由一个二元π相位板及一会聚透镜所组成，其π相位板由两个面积相等的具有0和π相位的同心圆环组成. 当一平面光波通过此光学系统时将在光轴上透镜焦点两侧形成一个光学双阱，如果调节入射到二元π相位板上光束横截面的半径大小，即可实现从光学双阱到单阱的连续演变，或由单阱到双阱的连续变化. 介绍了本方案产生可控制光学双阱的基本原理，给出了形成光学双阱的最佳几何参数，研究了双阱、单阱及其演化过程的光阱参数、光强分布等与光学系统参数间的关系. 该方案不仅可用于双样品原子(分子)的光学囚禁及其全光型玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的实现，而且可用于研究超冷原子(或分子)物质波的干涉，或构成双层2D光阱列阵，甚至用于制备新颖的双层2D光学晶格. 关键词： 二元π相位板 可控制光学双阱 双样品囚禁 光学晶格     

Magnetic-Electric Metamirror and Polarizing Beam Splitter Composed of Anisotropic Nanoparticles

The emergence of new materials and fabrication techniques provides progress in the development of advanced photonic and communication devices. Transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂) are novel materials possessing unique physical and chemical properties promising for optical applications. In this paper, a metasurface composed of particles made of bulk MoS₂ is proposed and numerically studied considering its operation in the near-infrared range. In the bulk configuration, MoS₂ has a layered structure being a uniaxial anisotropic crystal demonstrating an optical birefringence property. It is supposed that the large-scale and uniform MoS₂ layers are synthesized in a vertical-standing morphology, and then they are patterned into a regular 2D array of disks to form a metasurface. The natural anisotropy of MoS₂ is utilized to realize the splitting of electric and magnetic dipole modes of the disks while optimizing their geometric parameters to bring the desired modes into overlap. At the corresponding resonant frequencies, the metasurface behaves as either an electric or a magnetic mirror, depending on the polarization of incident light. Based on the extraordinary reflection characteristics of the proposed metasurface, it can be considered an alternative to traditional mirrors and optical splitters when designing compact and highly efficient metadevices, which provide polarization and phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves on a subwavelength scale.     

Long-ranged attraction between charged polystyrene spheres at aqueous interfaces

We report an optical and atomic force microscopic study of interactions between charged polystyrene spheres at a water-air interface. Optical observations of bonded particle clusters and formation of circular chainlike structures at the interface demonstrate that the interaction potential is of dipole origin. Atomic force microscope phase images show patchy domains on the colloidal surface, indicating that the surface charge distribution is not uniform as is commonly believed. Such surface heterogeneity introduces in-plane dipoles, leading to an attraction at short interparticle distances.     

Effect of surface roughness on determination of bulk tissue optical parameters

Monte Carlo simulations have been conducted to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the inverse determination of bulk optical parameters. Results show that mus, mua, and g can be overestimated by an order of magnitude for thin slab tissue samples with a moderate index mismatch at the interfaces if typical surface roughness is neglected. Measurements of Intralipid samples between glass windows with smooth and rough surfaces have been carried out and agreement was found between the numerical and the experimental data. This study suggests that the surface roughness should be taken into account for both in vitro and in vivo determination of bulk tissue optical parameters.     

Simulation of blistering for estimating the optical properties of disordered porous media

The material porosity can be calculated by numerically simulating bulk defect formation in a silicon carbide-metal bilayer exposed to an inert gas flow with an ion energy of ～7 keV. The nanopore distributions over sizes and coordinates of a layer ～1 μm thick are important for estimating its optical properties and the level of radiation damage at the 3C-SiC-metal interface on the side of the semiconductor.     

Phase modulation of Bloch surface waves with the use of a diffraction microrelief at the boundary of a one-dimensional photonic crystal

Phase modulation methods for surface electromagnetic waves propagating at the interface between a homogeneous medium and a one-dimensional photonic crystal have been analyzed numerically and theoretically. Modulation is performed by changing the geometrical parameters of the microrelief on the surface of the photonic crystal. The phase modulation methods under consideration can be used to create optical elements for surface waves, in particular, lenses, prisms, and diffraction gratings. A Bragg grating has been calculated as an example. According to the simulation results, the average coefficient of reflection of a surface wave in the band gap is 0.95.     

Surface behaviour and undercooling in the liquid Ga—Bi binary system detected by optical second harmonic generation

We employ an optical second harmonic generation(SHG) technique to investigate the surface behaviours at the liquid(solid)/vapour interface of the Ga-Bi binary metallic system. In a heating and cooling cycle between 280℃ and room temperature, there is no change of the SH-intensity in the heating process, whereas there exists an abrupt and abnormal change of the SH-intensity in the cooling process. It is interesting to find that a macroscopic Bi-rich solid layer is floating on the surface of the Ga-rich liquid phase just below the monotectic temperature (222℃±2℃) in the cooling process, in spite of the Bi-rich phase being heavier than the Ga-rich phase. On the other hand, different undercooling behaviours are observed at the surface and in the bulk. The behaviours of surface solidification and surface melting are different from those in the bulk.     

表面极化子光学声子平均数的磁场和温度依赖性

采用变分法、幺正变换和拉格朗日乘子法,研究了有限温度下纯二维晶体中表面磁极化子的性质.讨论了表面光学声子平均数、磁极化子振动频率λ与磁场B、温度T及Lsgrange乘子u之间的关系.对KCl晶体进行了数值计算,结果表明:磁极化子振动频率、表面光学声子平均数均随磁场B的增强而增加,且随温度T升高而增加.当bgrange乘子u超出慢电子范围时磁极化子振动频率、表面光学声子平均数均随u增加而增大且变化越来越显著.     

Atom probe tomography of size‐controlled phosphorus doped silicon nanocrystals

Doping of silicon nanocrystals is essential to control their electronic and optical properties. The incorporation of an impurity into a silicon nanovolume is a nontrivial task due to the self‐purification effect. Here, a systematic atom probe tomography study of the phosphorus distribution and incorporation in size‐controlled silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon dioxide is presented. Qualitatively, it turns out that the phosphorus distribution in the system follows a universal, nanocrystal‐size independent trend: phosphorus‐enrichment at the interface with a substantial phosphorus‐incorporation in the silicon nanocrystal as small as 2 nm in diameter. This clearly contradicts strict self‐purification. These observations are explained by the bulk‐solubility and ‐segregation behaviour, kinetic effects related to the diffusion lengths, and nanoscale interface strain. The quantitative determination of the amount of phosphorus atoms per quantum dot enables a systematic understanding of phosphorus‐induced effects on optical and electronic properties of silicon nanovolumes.     

SOA-assisted Sagnac switch and investigation of its roadmap from 10 to 40 GHz

Future broadband optical communications networks will rely on all-optical switches to perform a set of processing functions exclusively in the optical domain. Interferometric optical switches using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) nonlinearities can perform efficient optical switching with few tens of fJ control energies and short fiber lengths allowing for monolithic integration. In this paper we present work performed with a three terminal SOA-assisted Sagnac interferometer. We review all-optical Boolean AND and XOR logic results at 10 GHz and 10 Gb/s for full duty cycle and pseudo-random data pattern operation, respectively, achieved with adequate contrast ratios, remarkably low switching energies and low pattern dependence. The ability of the device to be cascaded was proved up to 10 GHz by recirculating stably for hours arbitrary pattern profiles. Finally, and in view of the extension of photonic networks single channel data rates beyond 40 Gb/s, the performance of the switch was simulated in terms of its critical parameters. The obtained results showed that full switching operation at 40 GHz or higher is feasible either by deploying gain recovery reduction techniques in bulk and quantum well SOAs or alternatively other technologically advanced optical devices, such as quantum dot SOAs.     

Cyclotron resonance of a polaron in a realistic heterojunction and its pressure effect

The Larsen perturbation method is adopted to study the influence of magnetic fields on polarons in realistic heterojunctions in a quasi-two-dimension approximation. The interaction between an electron and both the bulk longitudinal optical phonons and the two branches of interface optical phonons is taken into account to show the influence of magnetic fields at different ranges on the polaron cyclotron mass due to the coupling of the electron with each branch of phonon modes. The result indicates that not only do the bulk phonons influence the polaron cyclotron mass, but the interface phonons do as well. The pressure effect on the cyclotron mass is also discussed.     

Chemical and catalytic effects of ion implantation

Energetic particles are used for inducing chemical reactions as well as for modifying the properties of materials with regard to their bulk and surface chemical behavior. The effects are partly caused by radiation damage or phase intermixing, partly by the chemical properties of the individual bombarding particles. In this contribution a survey of relevant applications of these techniques is presented:

1) Chemical reactions of implanted and recoil atoms and their use for syntheses, doping and labeling of compounds.

2) The formation of thin films by decomposing chemical compounds with ion beams.

3) Catalytic effects on substrates treated by sputtering or ion implantation. Recent results with nonmetallic substrates are reviewed. Mainly hydrogenation reactions at a solid/gas interface or redox reactions at an electrified solid/liquid interface are mentioned.

The present status and future prospects of these kinds of investigations will be discussed.