Hydrostatic pressure and temperature calibration based on phase diagram of bismuth

Under high-temperature and high pressure (HTHP) experiments, materials of small elastic modulus deform easily, and the length of the sample can be hardly predicted which lead to failure of ultrasonic velocity measurement. In this paper, a hydrostatic assembly of the sample for ultrasonic measurements is designed under HPHT, which can prevent plastic deformation. According to the abrupt change of travel time of the sample across the different phase boundaries of bismuth, the correspondent relation of sample pressure and oil pressure of multi-anvil apparatus can be calibrated, and the relation of sample temperature and temperature measured by thermocouple can also be determined. Sample pressure under high temperature is also determined by ultrasonic results. It is believed that the new sample assembly of hydrostatic pressure is valid and feasible for ultrasonic experiments under HTHP.     

Localization of plastic deformation in calcium fluoride crystals at elevated temperatures

The strain distribution was experimentally studied in CaF₂ crystals subjected to compression tests along [110] and [112] at a constant strain rate at temperatures T = 373–1253 K. At T > 845 K, the plastic deformation in deformed samples is found to be strongly localized in narrow bands, where the shear strain reaches several hundred percent. The physical deformation conditions are determined under which the plastic flow loses its stability and, as a result, the deformation is localized. The temperature dependence of the critical stress of the transition to a localized flow is found. A scenario is proposed for the nucleation and development of large localized shears during high-temperature deformation of single crystals.     

纳米单晶与多晶铜薄膜力学行为的数值模拟研究

通过对不同温度下单晶薄膜的拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟，从微观角度揭示了温度效应对材料性能的影响. 结果表明温度效应对材料的变形机理影响很大.0K温度下由于缺乏热激活软化的影响, 粒子运动所受到的阻碍较大, 薄膜的强度较高, 塑性变形主要来自于粒子的短程滑移.温度升高，粒子的热运动加剧，屈服强度降低, 塑性变形将主要来自于大范围的位错长程扩展.多晶薄膜的模拟结果表明, 虽然其晶粒形状较为特殊, 但是它仍然遵循反Hall-Petch关系.在模拟过程中，侧向应力最大值比拉伸方向应力的最大值滞后出现.位错只会从晶界产生并向晶粒内部传播，晶粒间界滑移是多晶薄膜塑性变形的主要来源. 关键词： 纳米薄膜 变形机理 温度效应 分子动力学     

Dislocations in Fe-3% Si alloy single crystals deformed at a higher rate

The method of etching dislocations is used to study the distribution of dislocations and twins in Fe-3% Si alloy single crystals prepared from the melt after plastic deformation with higher speed. The crystals are deformed by twinning in the 〈111〉 directions along the {112} planes and by slip in the 〈111〉 directions along the {110} planes. The results prove that the dislocations causing plastic deformation move in the {110} planes during both fast and slow deformation. The difference in the slip surfaces during fast and slow deformation is explained by the different number of cross slips per unit dislocation path.     

Mechanoluminescence induced by elastic and plastic deformation of coloured alkali halide crystals at fixed strain rates

Mechanoluminescence (ML) emission from coloured alkali halide crystals takes place during their elastic and plastic deformation. The ML emission during the elastic deformation occurs due to the mechanical interaction between dislocation segments and F-centres, and the ML emission during the plastic deformation takes place due to the mechanical interaction between the moving dislocations and F-centres. In the elastic region, the ML intensity increases linearly with the strain or deformation time, and in this case, the saturation region could not be observed because of the beginning of the plastic deformation before the start of the saturation in the ML intensity. In the plastic region, initially the ML intensity also increases linearly with the strain or deformation time, and later on, it attains a saturation value for large deformation. When the deformation is stopped, initially the ML intensity decreases at a fast rate; later on, it decreases at a slow rate. The decay time for the fast decrease of the ML intensity gives the relaxation time of dislocation segments or pinning time of the dislocations, and the decay time of the slow decrease of the ML intensity gives the diffusion time of holes in the crystals. The saturation value of the ML intensity increases linearly with the strain rate and also with the density of F-centres in the crystals. Initially, the saturation value of the ML intensity increases with increasing temperature, and for higher temperatures the ML intensity decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, the ML intensity is optimum for a particular temperature of the crystals. From the ML measurements, the relaxation time of dislocation segments, pinning time of dislocations, diffusion time of holes and the energy gap between the bottom of the acceptor dislocation band and interacting F-centre level can be determined. Expressions derived for the ML induced by elastic and plastic deformation of coloured alkali halide crystals at fixed strain rates indicates that the ML intensity depends on the strain, strain rate, density of colour centres, size of crystals, temperature, luminescence efficiency, etc. A good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results.     

Conditions under which a thermal instability arises in friction

We investigate the one-dimensional, stationary problem of the temperature distribution and rate of plastic deformation in a uniform material under the influence of friction on the surface. The temperature distribution in the material is found by numerically solving the nonlinear heat conduction equation taking into account heat released both at the surface and in the sample interior. We modeled the rate of plastic deformation as a power-law function of temperature. We observed a phenomenon in the solution that might be called a thermal instability wherein stable solution exist only for loads lighter than some critical load. The temperature and plastic deformation distribution have a macroscopic character, and cannot be explained by the formation of a thin, highly deformed surface layer that is usually observed experimentally.Institute of Strength and Materials Research Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 23–27, February, 1994.     

Strain-rate-induced bcc-to-hcp phase transformation of Fe nanowires

Using molecular dynamics simulation method, the plastic deformation mechanism of Fe nanowires is studied by applying uniaxial tension along the [110] direction. The simulation result shows that the bcc-to-hcp martensitic phase transformation mechanism controls the plastic deformation of the nanowires at high strain rate or low temperature; however,the plastic deformation mechanism will transform into a dislocation nucleation mechanism at low strain rate and higher temperature. Furthermore, the underlying cause of why the bcc-to-hcp martensitic phase transition mechanism is related to high strain rate and low temperature is also carefully studied. Based on the present study, a strain rate-temperature plastic deformation map for Fe nanowires has been proposed.     

单轴应变驱动铁bcc—hcp相转变的微观模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了沿〈001〉晶向应变加载和卸载情况下单晶铁中体心立方(bcc)与六方密排(hcp)结构的相互转变,分析了相变的可逆性和微结构演化特征.微观应力的变化显示样品具有超弹性性质,而温度变化表明在相变和逆相变过程中均出现放热现象.相变起始于爆发式均匀形核,晶核由块状颗粒迅速生长为沿{011}晶面的片状分层结构; 而卸载逆相变则从形核开始就呈现片状形态,且相界面晶面指数与加载相变完全一致,表现出形态记忆效应.在两hcp晶核生长的交界面易形成面心立方(fcc)堆垛层错. fcc通过在hcp晶粒内     

Zr-4合金压缩形变行为的研究

密排六方结构的Zr呈现弹塑性各向异性,轧制工艺会使材料内部产生晶间应力.准确地评估Zr合金内部的晶间应力分布并明确其微观形变机制,对其服役能力和使用寿命的准确评判具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.利用中子原位衍射技术结合弹塑性自洽(EPSC)模拟分析了Zr-4合金的压缩形变行为,加载方式为沿轧板厚度方向压缩.研究中辅以非原位的背散射电子衍射测试进行织构演化分析及透射电镜(TEM)测试分析缺陷形态.EPSC模拟可以定量地给出不同形变量下的形变机制,并且计算结果可由TEM实验佐证.研究表明:当形变量较小(0.55%)时,柱面{10ˉ10}?11ˉ20?(?a?型)滑移起主导作用;随着塑性形变量的增加,锥面滑移的作用增强,且锥面{10ˉ11}?11ˉ23?(?c+a?型)滑移的作用大于柱面{10ˉ10}?11ˉ20?(?a?型)滑移,少量的锥面{10ˉ11}?11ˉ20?(?a?型)和{10ˉ12}?11ˉ20?(?a?型)滑移也存在.     

Modelling of grain boundary impurity segregation during high temperature plastic deformation

A modified theoretical model is proposed to predict the grain boundary segregation of impurity atoms during high temperature plastic deformation. The model is based on the supersaturated vacancy-impurity complex created by plastic deformation and involves quasi-thermodynamics and kinetics. Model predictions are made for phosphorus grain boundary segregation during plastic deformation in ferrite steel. The results reveal that phosphorus segregates at grain boundaries during plastic deformation. At a given te...     

Effect of void size and Mg contents on plastic deformation behaviors of Al-Mg alloy with pre-existing void: Molecular dynamics study

The plastic deformation properties of cylindrical pre-void aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg) alloy under uniaxial tension are explored using molecular dynamics simulations with embedded atom method (EAM) potential. The factors of Mg content, void size, and temperature are considered. The results show that the void fraction decreases with increasing Mg in the plastic deformation, and it is almost independent of Mg content when Mg is beyond 5%. Both Mg contents and stacking faults around the void affect the void growth. These phenomena are explained by the dislocation density of the sample and stacking faults distribution around the void. The variation trends of yield stress caused by void size are in good agreement with the Lubarda model. Moreover, temperature effects are explored, the yield stress and Young's modulus obviously decrease with temperature. Our results may enrich and facilitate the understanding of the plastic mechanism of Al-Mg with defects or other alloys.     

Effects of texture,temperature and strain on the deformation modes of zirconium

Clock-rolled, high-purity, textured polycrystalline zirconium exhibits significant plastic anisotropy for compression along the through-thickness and in-plane directions and strong temperature dependence of flow stress for both orientations. Orientation imaging microscopy in a scanning electron microscope and defect analysis via transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the defect microstructures as a function of initial texture, deformation temperature and plastic strain. The observed deformation mechanisms are correlated with the measured mechanical response.     

Possibilities of controlling an X-ray beam with a crystal subjected to long-wave ultrasonic vibrations

X-ray diffraction is experimentally studied in the Laue geometry in a germanium crystal carrying a long-wave ultrasonic wave that creates an alternating lattice deformation along the sample surface. Stroboscopic equipment is used to separate different phases and, correspondingly, different profiles of a spatial deformation distribution from the periodic deformation. A uniform deformation is shown to change the angular position of the X-ray beam, and a nonuniform deformation broadens the angular region of reflection and decreases the peak intensity. Ultrasound can be used to compensate for the static deformation at the place where the single-crystal sample and the resonator are glued together. Apart from the fundamental long-wave harmonic, the crystal contains a parasitic deformation with a shorter wavelength. A simple theoretical model is developed, and it rather accurately describes the experimental results.     

Self-blocking of shear bands and the delocalization of plastic flows in amorphous alloys upon megaplastic deformation

Features of the formation of shear bands and nanocrystalline phases upon the megaplastic deformation of amorphous alloys based on iron, nickel, and titanium at room temperature in a Bridgman chamber are analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the transition from strongly localized to quasi-homogeneous plastic deformation occurs at a definite stage of the inhomogeneous plastic flow. Mechanisms based on the self-blocking of propagating shear bands by particles of the nanocrystalline phase that emerge due to a dissipative increase in the temperature along the front of shear bands are proposed for the delocalization of plastic flow.     

Structural micromechanics of oriented polymers

To clarify whether the interfibrillar slippage occurs on plastic deformation of oriented polymers, flow creep of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) samples with various connectedness of microfibrils has been studied in a dead load mode at room temperature. The flow creep rate of melt-crystallized and gel-cast UHMW PE films drawn to various draw ratios, as well as of modified gel-crystallized samples (cross-linked/grafted or washed free of low molecular weight fraction) has been measured with the help of a unique laser interferometric technique (Doppler creep rate meter). The technique allows one to measure creep rates for deformation increments as small as 0.3 μ within an accuracy 1%. The interferometric technique enabled us to observe an extremely high variability of flow creep rate. It was recognized that the creep process accelerates or slows from time to time. A length of a loaded sample increased by multiple consecutive deformation jumps (or steps). The size distribution of the steps appeared to be controlled by the structure of interfibrillar regions. The influence of the latter on the variability of creep rate confirms a hypothesis that suggests a contribution of interfibrillar slippage to plastic deformation of oriented polymers. The observed phenomenon has been attributed to stick-slip motion of microfibrils and their aggregates sliding on each other under the action of applied stress. It was found that the creep rate decreases with increasing interfibrillar interaction.     

温度和应变速率耦合作用下纳米晶Ni压缩行为研究

本文利用低温力学测试系统研究了电化学沉积纳米晶Ni在不同温度和宽应变速率条件下的压缩行为. 借助应变速率敏感指数、激活体积、扫描电子显微镜及高分辨透射电子显微镜方法, 对纳米晶Ni的压缩塑性变形机理进行了表征. 研究表明, 在较低温度条件下, 纳米晶Ni的塑性变形主要是由晶界位错协调变形主导, 晶界本征位错引出后无阻碍的在晶粒内无位错区运动, 直至在相对晶界发生类似切割林位错行为. 并且, 在协调塑性变形时引出位错的残留位错能够增加应变相容性和减小应力集中; 在室温条件下, 纳米晶Ni的塑性变形机理主要是晶界-位错协调变形与晶粒滑移/旋转共同主导. 利用晶界位错协调变形机理和残留位错运动与温度及缺陷的相关性揭示了纳米晶Ni在不同温度、不同应变速率条件下力学压缩性能差异的内在原因.     

Crystallographic variant selection of martensite during fatigue deformation

Metastable austenitic stainless steels are prone to form deformation-induced martensite under the influence of externally applied stress. Crystallographic variant selection during martensitic transformation of metastable austenite has been investigated thoroughly with respect to the interaction between the applied uniaxial cyclic stress and the resulting accumulated plastic strain during cyclic plastic deformation. The orientation of all the Kurdjomov–Sachs (K-S) variants has been evaluated extensively and compared with the measured orientation of martensite with their corresponding interaction energies by applying the elegant transformation texture model recently developed by Kundu and Bhadeshia. Encouraging correlation between model prediction and experimental data generation for martensite pole figures at many deformed austenite grains has been observed. It has been found that both the applied uniaxial cyclic stress and the accumulated plastic strain are having strong influence on crystallographic variant selection during cyclic plastic deformation. Patel and Cohen’s classical theory can be utilized to predict the crystallographic variant selection, if it is correctly used along with the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography.     

Structural transformations in the Al<Subscript>85</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>6.1</Subscript>Co<Subscript>2</Subscript>Gd<Subscript>6</Subscript>Si<Subscript>0.9</Subscript> amorphous alloy during multiple rolling

The effect of multiple rolling at room temperature on the structure and crystallization of the Al₈₅Ni_6.1Co₂Gd₆Si_0.9 amorphous alloy has been studied using transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The total plastic strain is 33%. It has been shown that the deformation results in the formation of aluminum nanocrystals with the average size that does not exceed 10–15 nm. The nanocrystals are formed in regions of localization of plastic deformation. The deformation decreases the thermal effect of nanocrystallization (∼15%) as compared to the heat release at the first stage of crystallization of the unstrained sample. The morphology, structure, and distribution of precipitates have been investigated. Possible mechanisms of the formation of nanocrystals during the deformation have been discussed.     

爆炸载荷下纳米晶铜晶粒度分布及影响因素研究

 采用爆炸动态加载使粗晶铜发生高应变率塑性大变形的方法制备了纳米晶铜。利用X射线衍射法对其晶粒度进行了检测,借助于LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序对试样变形过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上对应变和应变率进行了统计,分析了宏、细观应变对晶粒细化程度的影响。结果表明：采用爆炸加载法可制备出纳米晶铜,平均晶粒度范围可有效控制在100 nm以内;爆炸加载过程中应变率高达10⁴ s^-1,应变的提高有利于晶粒细化;在爆炸加载方向晶粒度成不均匀分布。     

Nanocrystallization of an amorphous Fe<Subscript>80</Subscript>B<Subscript>20</Subscript> alloy during severe plastic deformation

The structural evolution of an amorphous Fe₈₀B₂₀ alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation at room temperature or at 200°C was studied. Deformation leads to the formation of α-Fe nanocrystals in an amorphous phase. After room-temperature deformation, nanocrystals are localized in shear bands. After deformation at 200°C, the nanocrystal distribution over the alloy is more uniform. Possible causes of the crystallization of the amorphous phase during severe plastic deformation are discussed.