基于变换热力学的任意形状热集中器研究与设计

如何灵活地控制和操纵热流是目前研究的热点.本文根据变换热力学方法,导出了具有任意横截面形状热集中器的材料参数表达式,并在此基础上设计了具有圆形、椭圆形、正五边形等规则横截面形状的热集中器和具有共形、非共形任意横截面形状的热集中器.全波仿真结果表明,这些热集中器使等温线和热通量向其压缩区弯曲,靠近热源的一侧热扩散加快而相反的一侧热扩散减慢,在很小的区域内表现出对热量的集中作用,这一特点在热能工程中有潜在应用.此外,研究了圆柱形热集中器的层化实现方法.结果显示,热集中器可通过将同性材料沿角向分层交替填充来实现.这项工作对热集中器的设计及制备具有指导意义.     

狭缝式环形超声聚能器的径向振动特性

对一种狭缝式环形超声聚能器的径向振动特性进行了研究。基于机电类比原理,通过引入面积比系数,推出了聚能器的径向振动机电等效电路及频率方程;得出了其径向位移振幅放大系数表达式。通过数值计算,探讨了聚能器第1、2阶径向共振频率及振幅放大系数与其半径比的关系;分析了狭缝长度、角度及数目对聚能器振幅放大系数及共振频率的影响,并进行了有限元仿真。研究表明,聚能器的振幅放大系数随其半径比的变化存在极大值,并随狭缝数量、长度及宽度增加而增大;而其径向共振频率则随三者的增加而减小,理论与有限元仿真及实验结果符合较好。      

Radial vibration of a slit-type annular ultrasonic concentrator

The radial vibration characteristic of an annular ultrasonic concentrator with multislits is studied.Based on the electro-mechanical analogy and by introducing an area ratio coefficient,the radial vibrational equivalent circuit and the frequency equation of the concentrator are derived.The radial displacement amplitude magnification factor of it is obtained.By numerical calculating,the relationship between the radial displacement amplitude magnification factor,the resonance frequency of the concentrator at the first and second resonance and its radius ratio are investigated.Also,the relationship between the radial displacement amplitude magnification factor,the resonance frequency of the concentrator and the length,the angle and the number of the silts are analyzed.It is illustrated that a maximum of displacement amplitude magnification factor of the concentrator appears with the increase of the radius ratio,and the amplitude magnification factor increase as the length,the angle and the number of the silts increase,while the radial resonance frequency of the concentrator decreases as the length,the angle and the number of the silts increase.The theoretical resonance frequencies are in good agreement with that of the FEM simulations and measurement.     

可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器的聚光性能

针对可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器具有自重低、功率高、比冲高、推力适中的特点,利用ANSYS和ZEMAX软件对功率为100 kW的可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器在太空环境中的聚光性能进行模拟分析。在太阳风及衬底薄膜表面张力的影响下,伞面最大应力为1.66 MPa,远小于Kevlar材料及Ti-6Al-4V龙骨材料的阈值强度,伞面最大形变仅为0.941 mm,焦斑半径为6.37 cm,几何聚光比可达5 917,比标准抛物面仅减小了1.25%。结果表明:将材质轻、抗拉伸强度高的伞状龙骨结构引入可折叠展开式聚光器的设计方案,在很大程度上抵消了衬底薄膜材料表面张力及太阳风对聚光器工作形态的影响,可消除褶皱,提高可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器的结构稳定性及可展开度,同时证明了伞状龙骨结构及Kevlar材料的选择是合理的。     

用于太阳能推进的可折叠展开式伞状龙骨聚光器

为有效提高空间太阳能聚光器的聚光效率,提出了一种用于太阳能热推进器的具有伞状龙骨结构的可折叠展开式抛物面太阳能聚光器设计方案,该方案可以克服充气展开式抛物面聚光器和刚性固定抛物面聚光器具有的技术难题。设计了一个聚光功率100 kW,开口圆半径4.9 m的可折叠展开式伞状龙骨结构正焦抛物面聚光器,利用Fluent软件,对太阳能热推进器进行了模拟和性能预示,以氢气为工质气体,得到系统的推力和比冲可以分别到达10.23 N和701.4 s。结果表明:这种推进器具有比冲高、推力适中的特点,可以用于微小卫星、纳卫星的轨道转换及姿态控制。     

High concentration and homogenized Fresnel lens without secondary optics element

In this paper, we design a single concentrator to homogenize and concentrate the solar energy. The proposed concentrator only consisted of an array of refraction prisms. In order to homogenize the irradiance, all pitches of the Fresnel concentrator focus on the different position of the receiver. Finally, the Fresnel lens that achieves the uniformity of U is 14.6. An acceptance angle of 0.305° is achieved without using additional secondary optics. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of illumination distribution is 1.4 mm.     

Study on the step-type circular ring ultrasonic concentrator in radial vibration

In this paper, the plane radial vibration of an isotropic metal thin circular rings is studied and its equivalent circuit model is obtained. Based on the equivalent circuit model, the step-type circular ring concentrator consisting of two metal thin circular rings in radial vibration is analyzed. Its compound equivalent circuit is derived and the resonance frequency equation is obtained. The relationship between the resonance frequency, the radial displacement amplitude magnification and the geometrical dimensions is analyzed. The resonance frequency of the step-type radial concentrator is calculated based on the resonance frequency equation. For comparison, the resonance frequency of the step-type radial concentrator is also obtained by using numerical method. It is illustrated that the resonance frequencies from these two methods are in a good agreement with each other.     

Design of an off-axis XR photovoltaic concentrator with SMS method

We present a novel off-axis XR concentrator design that enables a high efficiency energy collection while avoiding the shadowing problem encountered in the designs of symmetry XR type concentrator. Combining with a 1 cm² multi-junction solar cell, the off-axis XR concentrator is able to achieve high optical efficiency of the photovoltaic system. The concentrator design is performed based on the non-imaging optic principle, with one reflective mirror (X) and one refractive lens (R). Both surfaces of the reflective and refractive element are of freeform shapes and fitted as freeform expression in the design analysis. The concentrator has concentration ratio greater than 500× and acceptance angle greater than 2°. A square homogenizing irradiance distribution on the cell is achieved with the help of a suitable rob. The tolerance of the system is analyzed. The results show that the high concentration ratio and greater acceptance angle relax all optical and mechanical tolerances reduce the production and operation cost.     

复合抛物面聚光器作为可见光通信光学天线的设计研究与性能分析

针对室内可见光通信的特点, 选择复合抛物面聚光器作为可见光通信系统光学天线, 介绍了复合抛物面聚光器的几何结构和光学特性, 利用光学仿真软件 TracePro对复合抛物面聚光器进行了设计、建模与仿真. 通过对不同光源条件下复合抛物面聚光器聚光特性的仿真发现: 在光源为朗伯辐射模型时复合抛物面聚光器的聚光性能更好, 且视场角越小增益越高; 但接收端与光源的相对位置对小视场复合抛物面聚光器的实际增益有明显影响, 在仿真条件下, 视场角为10°的复合抛物面聚光器实际增益为22.88, 比理论值降低了31%. 在此基础上, 在一个5 m×5 m×3 m的房间中对采用复合抛物面聚光器为光学天线的室内可见光通信系统进行了建模, 分别得到了直射链路和非直射链路下房间内各个位置的光功率分布. 仿真结果表明, 采用一个视场角为60°的复合抛物面聚光器为光学天线, 两种链路下平均接收功率分别提高了4.29 dBm和4.77 dBm, 非直射链路比直射链路的平均接收功率提高了11.2%.     

Design of a solar concentrator combining paraboloidal and hyperbolic mirrors using ray tracing method

A solar concentrator combining primary paraboloidal and secondary hyperboloidal mirrors is numerically designed by using the ray tracing method to obtain higher concentration ratio when the concentrator tracing error exists. It is found that, when the concentrator tracing errors are 0.5° or 1°, the concentration ratios are about 2027 or 1220 without the detector in the radial-direction, and the concentration ratios are about 5447 or 4701 with the detector in the radial-direction. It is shown that such method can increase the concentration solar flux by two folds when the concentrator tracing error exists. Obviously, it is an effective method to reduce the effect of concentrator tracing error even when the angle of concentrator tracing error is considered. In addition, when the angle of concentrator tracing error is small than 1°, a set of mirror shapes is suggested where the primary mirror has a f-number of 0.22 and the secondary mirror has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.61.     

菲涅尔透镜热变形对CPV聚光系统性能影响的数值研究

由硅胶-玻璃材料组成的SOG(silicone on glass)型菲涅尔透镜在温度变化时会产生热变形,影响CPV(concentrating photovoltaic)聚光系统的性能。为研究透镜热变形对聚光系统光效率的影响,优化设计两类聚光系统,并采用数值计算的方法模拟透镜的热变形,再将热变形导入光学模型中,使用蒙特卡罗方法计算变形前后的聚光效率。结果表明:对于单级聚光系统,采用单色光均匀性优化方法设计的透镜受翘曲变形和齿面自由变形影响较大,光效率在变形前后相差10%左右,改进型补偿色散方法设计的菲涅尔透镜受翘曲变形和齿面自由变形影响较小。另外,双级聚光系统可以有效抵抗热变形的影响。     

漫射光宽视场光学天线的设计

利用光线追迹的方法分析了半球光学天线及另外两种截取角小于90°的欠半球和大于90°的超半球光学天线的光学增益和接收视场,提出了选择合适截取角的原则,并确认半球形光学天线是一种很合适的漫射光宽视场光学天线;同时分析了均匀能量环境下半球光学天线圆截面上接收到光功率的分布,并提出了设计半球形光学天线基本参量的原则;用光学理论推导出了采用半球形光学天线时能够到达光敏面的光线所应满足的条件,分析了它对光学滤波设计的意义.     

平板型玻璃镜反射太阳能聚光光伏系统的实验研究

提出了一种平板型玻璃镜反射太阳能聚光器,用于太阳能聚光光伏/光热利用.其结构主要由平面框架上倾斜放置粘贴或镶嵌在平直型材上的多块条形玻璃镜构成,聚光接受体为平板光伏电池或集热管.条形玻璃镜的宽度和倾斜角度随自身所处位置、聚光接受体形状尺寸和安放角度,是否考虑太阳入射光立体角影响等因素由所给公式确定.利用CCD 法测量了...     

圆柱形热集中器理论、仿真和实现

作为一种高效的热能收集与俘获技术,热集中器最近引起了研究者的关注.本文从热传导方程和坐标变换关系出发,导出了圆柱形热集中器温度分布的解析表达式,并通过与COMSOL数值仿真结果比较证实了表达式的正确性.分析了热集中器性能与材料各向异性和器件几何结构二者之间的联系,结果表明,包层热超材料的各向异性越大,集中器的热集中性能越好;包层与内核的半径比越大,集中器的热聚焦能力越强.利用包层与背景媒质之间的温度关系,进一步研究了用常规材料实现热集中器的方法,通过将两种常见的天然材料沿角向按周期交替排列并调整各自面积的大小,可观察到不同程度热集中现象.     

Realizable planar gradient-index solar lenses

The design of single element planar hemispherical gradient-index solar lenses that can accommodate the constraints of realistic materials and fabrication techniques are presented, and simulated with an extended and polychromatic solar source for concentrator photovoltaics at flux concentration values exceeding 1000 suns. The planar hemispherical far-field lens is created from a near-field unit magnification spherical gradient-index design, and illustrated with an f/1.40 square solar lens that allows lossless packing within a concentrator module.     

用于射频超导量子干涉器的新型单CSRR磁通聚焦器和谐振器

文提出了一种新型磁通聚焦器和谐振器. 磁通聚焦器引入了单互补开环谐振器结构 (单CSRR); 谐振器则采用环绕着绕磁通聚焦器的发夹型3阶阶梯阻抗谐振器 (SIR). 采用ANSYS HFSSv.11高频结构仿真软件对提出的磁通聚焦器和谐振器进行了仿真, 并对单CSRR进行了理论分析. 仿真和理论分析表明: 单CSRR的引入, 提高了磁通聚焦器的聚磁效果, 改善了磁通聚焦器与RF SQUID垫圈的耦合(耦合系数k_sc为引入单CSRR前的2倍), 并且有效面积增大到1.227 mm².     

Experimental demonstration of a three-dimensional omnidirectional and broadband acoustic concentrator using an anisotropic metamaterial

We report the theoretical design and experimental demonstration of a three-dimensional(3D)omnidirectional and broadband metamaterial-based concentrator for airborne sound.The proposed mechanism uses a homogeneous anisotropic acoustic metamaterial with an ellipsoidal equifrequency contour to efficiently redirect the acoustic energy impinging on its outer surface into the central region,regardless of the incident direction.A design of the metamaterial unit cell is proposed as a practical implementation of our strategy,which is simply realized by perforating a solid spherical shell with a linearly shrinking cross section in the radial direction.We analytically and numerically prove that the non-resonant anisotropic effective acoustic parameters required for building the concentrator are produced with such a design.Good agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements.An effective concentration of the incident acoustic energy is observed within a broadband that ranges 1000-1600 Hz.The experimental realization of this 3D acoustic concentrator with a simple design,low energy loss,replaceable constituent material,and omnidirectional and broadband functionality offers new possibilities for acoustic manipulations and may have important applications in a plethora of scenarios ranging from energy harvesting to noise mitigation.     

弱光探测器中复合抛物面聚光镜(CPC)的优化设计

基于非成像光学的原理,设计并研制了一种新的复合抛物面聚光镜(Compound parabolic concentrator,CPC)。提出基于遗传算法的聚光镜优化设计方法,将透过率作为遗传进化的目标函数,通过控制遗传算法的遗传进化方向,对CPC的结构进行优化调整。仿真实验结果表明,优化后的聚光镜入射孔径100mm,聚光比2.5:1,轴向长度84mm。当入射角为30°时,透过率达到75%以上。将此聚光镜应用于弱光探测器中,可以较好地满足器件的需要。     

聚光器聚焦光斑能流密度分布的测量与分析

采用基于CCD相机和朗伯靶的间接测量方法,对旋转抛物面聚光器焦平面和多个离焦面的能流密度分布进行了测量。研究了系统的标定方法,并对每个面内的光斑特性进行分析。结果表明：通过对各个接收面光斑特性的比较,可以判断聚光器真实焦点的位置;随着接收面离焦量的增大,光斑直径变大,能流密度峰值减小,形状越来越不规则。这项研究为聚光系统的热利用和接收器的设计提供了依据。     

光漏斗聚光定向传光中央接收太阳能集热系统

提出了一种新型中央接收式太阳能高温集热系统,介绍了系统的运行原理,分析了系统的热效率影响因素。这个新型的太阳能高温集热系统具有如下特点:可将多个光漏斗和偏光器组成一个太阳能聚光器阵列,每个聚光器都能将低能流密度的太阳光束会聚成高能流密度的平行光束,并由偏光器传送到中央接收器,于是中央接收器可获得很高的太阳光照射能流,转化为热能后将产生很高的温度,从而实现太阳光高温聚能。本系统的中央接收器无需建在高塔上,节省了建设费用,而且所有光漏斗跟踪太阳的方式相同,控制策略简单,定向偏光器的出光方向设定后可以固定不变,因而使整个系统结构简单,技术上易于实现。