过渡金属离子与烷烃反应机理的理论研究──镍离子(2D)与丙烷反应中氢分子的还原消除机理

以Ni⁺与C₃H₈反应作为过渡金属离子与烷烃反应的范例体系,用B₃LYP密度泛函方法计算了[Ni,C₃,H₈]⁺基态势能面上各驻点的构型、频率和能量,结果表明,该反应的H₂分子消除需经历两个基元步骤,即Ni⁺首先插入一级或二级C-H键,然后经H转移过渡态异构化为较稳定的中间体,继而解离产生H₂分子.计算的反应热为142.28kJ/mol,与相应的实验值(127.85kJ/mol)符合较好.     

Ti^＋离子和C2H4分子自旋禁阻反应中C—H键活化机理的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP方法,研究了二重态和四重态势能面自旋禁阻反应Ti^＋（^4F,3d^24s^1）＋C2H4→TiC2H2^＋（^2A2）＋H2的微观机理．通过自旋．轨道耦合的计算讨论了势能面交叉点和可能的自旋翻转过程．中间体IM1-^4B2处,四重态和二重态间的旋-轨耦合值为59．3cm^-1．自旋多重度必将发生变化,从四重态系间穿越到二重态势能面形成共价型复合物IM1-^2A1,同时导致四重态势能面的势垒明显降低．到插入中间体IM2后,二重态势能面上有两条不同的反应路径,即分步和协同路径,后者在二重态势能面上得到放热产物TiC2H2^＋（^2A2）＋H2具有较低的活化势垒,4．52kcal／mol,其主反应路径为：Ti^＋＋C2H4→^4IC→IM1—^4B2→4.2ISC→IM1—^2A1→[^2TSins]→IM2-^2A”→[^2TSMCTS]→IM5→TiC2H2^＋（^2A2）＋H2．     

气相VO（∑＋）与CH3OH（1^A′）分子自旋禁阻反应C—H，O—H键活化机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP与cCsD方法研究了二重态和四重态势能面自旋禁阻反应VO（∑’）活化cH30H（1^A′）分子c—H,0—H键的微观机理．通过自旋一轨道耦合的计算讨论了势能面交叉点和可能的自旋翻转过程．在MEcP处,四重态和二重态问的旋轨耦合常数为131．14cm^-1．自旋多重度发生改变,从四重态系间穿越到二重态势能面形成中间体2^IM1,导致反应势能面的势垒明显降低．     

La+活化NH3的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的UB3LYP方法,计算研究了气相中La+活化NH3的两态反应机理。为了理解由La+活化NH3过程中自旋翻转行为,对自旋态分别为单重态和三重态两个反应势能面进行了计算研究,其结果表明,La+活化NH3的过程是通过自旋态势能面交叉产生的自旋禁阻反应,单、三重态势能面最低能量交叉点(MECP)附近的系间窜越导致H向La+转移和脱H2反应能垒的降低。此外,运用自然键轨道(NBO)布居分析,研究了反应中各个物种的成键特性。所确定的最低能量反应路径为:3La++NH3→3IM1→MECP→1TS12→1IM2→1TS23→1IM3→1LaNH++H2。     

HCNO分子裂解机理的理论研究

实验提示应用248 nm UV波长对HCNO分子进行直接光解, 该分子可能发生裂解, 得到某些产物. 为了揭示HCNO分子的裂解机理, 选择HCNO分子的一组相对能级作为理论研究的起始点, 即¹A' (0.00 kJ/mol), ³A' (255.01 kJ/mol), ³A" (282.37 kJ/mol)和¹A" (341.59 kJ/mol), 进而找到了合理的反应路径, 阐明了相应的裂解机理, 得到的主要产物为H＋NCO, HCN＋O和NH＋CO, 与实验提示的结果相符合.     

丙三醇脱水反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

为了理解纤维素热解初期的脱水反应机理, 采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函理论UB3LYP/6-31＋＋G(d,p) 方法, 对模型化合物丙三醇脱水反应机理进行了量子化学理论研究. 设计了6种可能的脱水反应途径, 对各种反应的反应物、产物和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化, 计算了不同温度下各反应途径的标准热力学和动力学参数. 计算结果表明: 除了形成中间体IM_a和IM_b的反应外, 其它反应均为吸热反应; 温度高于400 K时, 丙三醇开始发生脱水反应; 与1-2-脱水反应相比, 1-3-脱水反应的反应势垒更低, 其活化能为233.75 kJ/mol; 当反应加入金属离子Li^＋时, 有利于脱水反应的发生, 这时1-2-脱水反应的活化能为201.95 kJ/mol, 1-3-脱水反应的活化能为202.14 kJ/mol.     

钯催化氧化N—H键羰基化反应合成1,3,4⁃噁二唑⁃2(3H)⁃酮杂环化合物机理的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了钯催化氧化N—H键羰基化反应合成1,3,4-噁二唑-2(3H)-酮杂环化合物的反应机理. 计算结果表明, 这一反应的催化循环包含N1—H活化、 羰基插入、 N2—H活化和还原消除4个阶段. 反应首先通过协同金属化/去质子化机理活化N1—H键, 然后羰基插入Pd—N1键生成稳定的六元金属环中间体, 随后通过一步反应直接发生N2—H键活化, 最后还原消除. 其中, 羰基插入是整个催化循环的决速步骤, 能垒为102.0 kJ/mol. 研究了配体效应和取代基效应, 其结果与已有的实验结果一致.     

H2分子在Mg3N2表面吸附的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理方法,通过计算表面能确定Mg₃N₂（011）为最稳定的吸附表面,分别研究了H₂分子在Mg₃N₂（011）三种终止表面的吸附性质.研究发现H₂分子平行表面放置更有利于吸附,表面能最低的终止表面Model Ⅱ上吸附H₂分子最稳定,主要存在三种化学吸附方式：第一种吸附方式,H₂分子解离成2个H原子分别吸附在N原子上形成双NH基,这是最佳吸附方式;此时H₂分子与Mg₃N₂表面间主要是H原子的1s轨道和N原子的2s、2p轨道发生作用,N-H之间为典型的共价键.第二种吸附方式中H₂分子部分解离,两个H原子吸附在同一个N原子上形成NH₂基.第三种吸附方式中H₂分子解离成两个H原子,一个H原子和表面N原子作用形成NH基,另一个H原子和表面Mg原子作用形成MgH结构.三种吸附方式不存在竞争关系,形成双NH基的吸附方式反应能垒最低,最容易发生.除此之外H₂还能以分子的形式吸附在晶体表面,形成物理吸附.     

氟氯酰与丙烷反应的密度泛函理论研究

应用密度泛函理论(DFT), 对氟氯酰(ClF₃O)引发丙烷(C₃H₈)反应生成C₃H₇自由基或丙醇等产物的机理进行了研究. 在B3PW91/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平上优化了9个不同反应通道上各驻点物(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型, 并计算了它们的振动频率和零点振动能. 通过零点能校正计算了各反应路径的活化能, 并应用过渡态理论计算了各反应路径常温下的速率常数k. 计算结果表明: ClF₃O与C₃H₈反应可经过不同路径生成HF, C₃H₇自由基和C1F₂O自由基或C₃H₇OH和ClF₃. 其中, 最可几反应路径为ClF₃O分子的中间位F原子进攻丙烷β位H原子的反应, 活化能仅为7.54 kJ/mol, 速率常数为0.153×10⁶ mol^－1•dm³•s^－1.     

铁铈复合氧化物催化剂SCR脱硝反应动力学研究

利用共沉淀法制备了铁铈复合氧化物催化剂,在积分实验系统上考察了NO初始浓度、NH₃/NO比及O₂浓度对其SCR脱硝活性的影响;并借助微分系统探讨了其SCR脱硝的催化反应动力学,构建了铁铈复合氧化物催化剂的催化脱硝反应动力学模型.实验结果表明,NO初始浓度越高,每克催化剂的NO转化率越高;随着NH₃/NO比的增加,NO转化率先迅速增加后趋势减缓,最终趋于稳定;O₂在NH₃-SCR反应中起着重要的作用;在175~225 ℃下,Fe_0.95Ce_0.05O_z催化剂的NO和NH₃反应级数分别为1级和0级,O₂的反应级数接近0.5级,该反应的表观活化能为42.6 kJ/mol.     

Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面催化糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究糠醛在最稳定Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上的吸附构型和糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理。结果表明,当糠醛初始吸附于O_3-Pd-top、O_7-Cu-hcp位时,吸附构型最稳定,其吸附能为73.4 kJ/mol。糠醛在Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上更易发生脱碳反应。对于糠醛脱碳反应,所需活化能较低,各个基元反应均为放热反应,糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成(C_4H_3O)CO,然后中间体脱碳加氢得到呋喃,其中,C_4H_3O加氢生成呋喃所需活化能(72.6 kJ/mol)最高,是反应的控速步骤。对于加氢反应,糠醛与首个氢原子的反应需要最大的活化能(290.4 kJ/mol),是反应的限速步骤。     

Theoretical studies of the geometries of H2GeNaF and its insertion reaction with R?H (RF,OH, NH2, CH3)

The geometries and insertion reactions of germylene H₂GeNaF with R? H (R?F, OH, NH₂, CH₃) have been investigated at the B3LYP/6‐311+G level of theory. The potential barriers of the four reactions are ～52, 120, 184, and 257 kJ/mol, including the ZPVE corrections, respectively. Here, all the mechanisms of the four reactions are identical to each other; i.e., an intermediate has been located during the insertion reaction. The intermediate could dissociate into substituted germylane and NaF with the barrier corresponding to the dissociation energy. Correspondingly, the reaction energies for the four reactions are ?43, ?4, 21, and 51 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

Ab initio study on the mechanism of reaction HNCO+NH2

Ab initio UMP2 and UQCISD(T) calculations, with 6-311G** basis sets, were performed for the titled reactions. The results show that the reactions have two product channels: NH₂+ HNCO?NH₃+NCO (1) and NH₂+HNCO?N₂H₃+CO (2), where reaction (1) is a hydrogen abstraction reaction via an H-bonded complex (HBC), lowering the energy by 32.48 kJ/mol relative to reactants. The calculated QCISD(T)//MP2(full) energy barrier is 29.04 kJ/mol, which is in excellent accordance with the experimental value of 29.09 kJ/mol. In the range of reaction temperature 2300–2700 K, transition theory rate constant for reaction (1) is 1.68×10¹¹–3.29×10¹¹ mL·mol^-1·s^-1, which is close to the experimental one of 5.0×10¹¹mL·mol^-1·s^-1or less. However, reaction (2) is a stepwise reaction proceeding via two orientation modes,cis andtrans, and the energy barriers for the rate-control step at our best calculations are 92.79 kJ/mol (forcis-mode) and 147.43 kJ/mol (fortrans-mode), respectively, which is much higher than reaction (1). So reaction (1) is the main channel for the titled reaction.     

丁二酸脱水制备丁二酸酐的微观反应机理研究

丁二酸脱水法是工业生产丁二酸酐的方法之一. 用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)对该反应的微观机理进行了详细研究, 得到了该反应的微观过程. 根据计算和分析可知: 丁二酸脱水制备丁二酸酐的微观反应途径为IM1→TS1→IM2→TS2→IM3→TS3→P＋H₂O, 在反应过程中IM3为氢键复合物, 整个反应的速控步为IM3→TS3→P＋H₂O, 其所需活化能为167.17 kJ/mol.     

Adsorption and Decomposition of NH3 on Ni/Pt(111) and Ni/WC(001) Surfaces: A First-Principles Study

Density functional theory was used to study the NH₃ behavior on Ni monolayer covered Pt(111) and WC(001). The electronic structure of the surfaces, and the adsorption and decomposition of NH₃ were calculated and compared. Ni atoms in the monolayer behave different from that in Ni(111). More dz2 electrons of Ni in monolayer covered systems were shifted to other regions compared to Ni(111), charge density depletion on this orbital is crucial to NH₃ adsorption. NH₃ binds more stable on Ni/Pt(111) and Ni/WC(001) than on Ni(111), the energy barriers of the first N-H bond scission were evidently lower on Ni/Pt(111) and Ni/WC(001) than on Ni(111), these are significant to NH₃ decomposition. N recombination is the rate-limiting step, high reaction barrier implies that N₂ is produced only at high temperatures. Although WC has similar properties to Pt, differences of the electronic structure and catalytic activities are observed for Ni/Pt(111) and Ni/WC(001), the energy barrier for the rate-determined step increases on Ni/WC(001) instead of decreasing on Ni/Pt(111) when compared to Ni(111). To design cheaper and better catalysts, reducing the N recombination barrier by modifying Ni/WC(001) is a critical question to be solved.     

Thermal stability of ammonium chlorocobaltates(II)

The thermal destruction of ammonium penta-, tetra-, and trichlorocobaltates(II) was studied. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data was used to calculate the thermal destruction activation energy, which was 8.6 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₃CoCl₅, 14.8 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₂CoCl₄, and 117.4 kJ/mol for NH₄CoCl₃. The decomposition enthalpy of 35.9 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₃CoCl₅, 12.1 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₂CoCl₄, and 166.3 kJ/mol for NH₄CoCl₃ was determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data.     

DFT studies of the phosphinidene derivative HPNaF and its insertion reaction with R–H(R=F,OH, NH<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>)

The formations of the phosphinidene derivative HPNaF and its insertion reactions with R–H (R=F, OH, NH₂, CH₃) have been systematically investigated employing the density functional theory (DFT), such as the B3LYP and MPW1PW91 methods. A comparison with the results of MP2 calculations shows that MPW1PW91 underestimates the barrier heights for the four reactions considered. Similarly, the same is also true for the B3LYP method depending on the selected reactions, but by much less than MPW1PW91, where the barrier heights of the four reactions are 25.2, 85.7, 119.0, and 142.4 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory, respectively. All the mechanisms of the four reactions are identical to each other, i.e., an intermediate has been located during the insertion reaction. Then, the intermediate could dissociate to substituted phosphinidane(H₂RP) and NaF with a barrier corresponding to their respective dissociation energies. Correspondingly, the reaction energies for the four reactions are −92.2, −68.1, −57.2, and −44.3 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory, respectively, where both the B3LYP and MPW1PW91 methods underestimate the reaction energies compared with the MP2 results. The linear correlations between the calculated barrier heights and the reaction energies have also been observed. As a result, the relative reactivity among the four insertion reactions should be as follows: H–F > H–OH > H–NH₂ > H–CH₃.     

Probing the imine silylenoid HN=SiNaF and its insertions reaction with R–H (R=F,OH, NH<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>) using DFT

The geometries and isomerization of the imine silylenoid HN=SiNaF as well as its insertion reactions with some R–H molecules have been systematically investigated theoretically, where R=F, OH, NH₂, and CH₃, respectively. The barrier heights for the four insertion reactions are 67.7, 115.6, 153.5, and 271.5 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory, respectively. Here, all the mechanisms of the four reactions are identical to each other, i.e., a stable intermediate has been formed during the insertion reaction. Then, the intermediate could dissociate into the substituted silylene (HN=SiHR) and NaF with a barrier corresponding to their respective dissociation energies. Correspondingly, the reaction energies for the four reactions are 71.8, 95.5, 123.3, and 207.6 kJ/mol, respectively, which are linearly correlated with the calculated barrier heights. Furthermore, the effects of halogen substitutions (F, Cl, and Br) on the reaction activity have also been discussed. As a result, the relative reactivity among the four insertion reactions should be as follows: H–F > H–OH > H–NH₂ > H–CH₃.     

水溶液中亚硝基甲烷与甲醛肟之间互变异构反应的理论研究

采用超分子-连续介质(PCM)模型,在密度泛函B3LYP/6-311++G^**水平上对水溶液中亚硝基甲烷异构化反应的机理进行了理论研究.结果表明,在水溶液中亚硝基甲烷可以通过两条反应途径(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)经质子迁移得到更稳定的重排产物--反式甲醛肟,但优势反应途径与在气相反应不同.在水溶液中亚硝基甲烷异构化反应最有可能的途径Ⅰ是通过氢迁移先生成顺式甲醛肟,然后绕N-O键旋转生成更稳定的反式甲醛肟.并且由于水分子的催化作用使得反应活化能从气相中240.6和196.2 kJ/mol分别降低至水溶液中的61.7和92.1 kJ/mol.     

双分子水和氨气催化CF3OH分子裂解的理论研究

The G3 and CBS-QB3 theoretical methods are employed to study the decomposition of CF₃OH into FCFO and HF by water, water dimmer, and ammonia. The decomposition of CF₃OH into FCFO and HF is unlikely to occur in the atmosphere due to the high activated energy of 88.7 kJ/mol at the G3 level of theory. However, the computed results predict that the barrier for unimolecular decomposition of CF₃OH is decreased to 25.1 kJ/mol from 188.7 kJ/mol with the aid of NH₃ at the G3 level of theory, which shows that the ammonia play a strong catalytic effect on the split of CF₃OH. In addition, the calculated rate constants show that the decomposition of CF₃OH by NH₃ is faster than those of H₂O and the water dimmer by 109 and 105 times respectively. The rate constants combined with the corresponding concentrations of these species demonstrate that the reaction CF₃OH with NH₃ via TS4 is of great importance for the decomposition of CF₃OH in the atmosphere.