电迁移对Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu无铅焊点剪切强度的影响

通过热风回流焊制备了Cu/Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu对接互连焊点,测试了未通电及6.5 A直流电下通电36 h和48 h后焊点的剪切强度.结果表明,电迁移显著地降低了焊点的剪切强度,电迁移36 h使剪切抗力降低约30%,电迁移48 h降低约50%.SEM观察断口和界面形貌表明,界面金属间化合物增厚使断裂由韧性向脆性...     

无铅焊点在电迁移与高低温冲击下的失效机理

研究了Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu焊点接头在电迁移与高低温冲击双重耦合作用下的失效机理。结果表明,在高低温冲击条件下,由于铜柱、钎料合金及镶样用环氧树脂的热膨胀系数不匹配,因此,焊点接头在高低温冲击过程中无法自由伸缩,在热疲劳的作用下,焊接接头易于在界面处形成裂纹,且随着时间的延长裂纹会发生扩展,造成焊点接头的有效横截面积减小,使得焊点接头的电阻增大、焦耳热增加,进而导致焊点接头发生熔化而失效。     

SnAgCu无铅焊点的电迁移行为研究

电迁移引发的焊点失效已经成为当今高集成度电子封装中的最严重的可靠性问题之一。应用SnAgCu无铅焊膏焊接微米级铜线,进行电迁移实验。结果表明:焊点形貌从原来的光滑平整变得凹凸不平,阴极处出现了裂纹和孔洞,并且在铜基板和Cu6Sn5金属间化合物(IMC)之间出现薄薄的一层Cu3Sn金属间化合物,由ImageJ软件测量其平均厚度约为2.11μm;而在阳极附近没有明显的Cu3Sn金属间化合物形成。     

电迁移对Ni/Sn63Pb37/Cu焊点界面反应的影响

研究了在125℃,1×103 A/cm2条件下电迁移对Ni/Sn63Pb37/Cu BGA焊点界面反应的影响.回流后,在焊料/Ni界面处形成Ni3Sn4、在焊料/Cu界面处形成Cu6Sn5的金属间化合物.随着电迁移时间增加,芯片侧金属间化合物转变为(Cu,Ni)6Sn5类型化合物,印制板侧Cu6Sn5金属间化合物类型保...     

Sb掺杂对SnAgCu无铅焊点电迁移可靠性的影响

向Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅焊膏中添加质量分数为1%的Sb金属粉末,研究了其焊点在电流密度为0.34×104A/cm2、环境温度150℃下的电迁移行为。通电245h后,阴极处钎料基体与Cu6Sn5IMC之间出现一条平均宽度为16.9μm的裂纹,阳极界面出现凸起带,钎料基体内部也产生了裂纹。结果表明:1%Sb的添加使焊点形成了SnSb脆性相,在高电流密度和高温环境下产生裂纹,缩短了焊点寿命,降低了电迁移可靠性。     

SnAgCu无铅焊点原位电迁移IMC演变

在28℃.3.25A直流电下,对Cu/Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu对接无铅焊点进行原位电迁移实验,观察了通电120,168,384和504 h后焊点横截面的微观组织形貌.结果表明,电迁移初期,Cu<,6>Sn<,5>化合物遍布整个焊点截面,随时间延长,不断从阴极向阳极迁移聚集;当通电504 h后,焊点内已看不到金属间...     

典型Sn基焊料凸点互连结构电迁移异同性

研究了Sn37Pb,Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn0.7Cu三种焊料BGA焊点在电迁移作用下界面的微观组织结构.在60℃,1×103 A/cm2电流密度条件下通电187h后,Sn37 Pb焊点阴极界面已经出现了空洞,同时在阳极有Pb的富集带;Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊点的阴极界面Cu基体大量溶解,阳极金属间化合物层明显比阴极厚;对于Sn0.7Cu焊料,仅发现阳极金属间化合物层厚度比阴极厚,阴极Cu基体的溶解不如SnAgCu明显,电迁移破坏明显滞后.     

典型Sn基焊料凸点互连结构电迁移异同性

研究了Sn37Pb,Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn0.7Cu三种焊料BGA焊点在电迁移作用下界面的微观组织结构.在60℃,1×103 A/cm2电流密度条件下通电187h后,Sn37 Pb焊点阴极界面已经出现了空洞,同时在阳极有Pb的富集带;Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊点的阴极界面Cu基体大量溶解,阳极金属间化合物层明显比阴极厚;对于Sn0.7Cu焊料,仅发现阳极金属间化合物层厚度比阴极厚,阴极Cu基体的溶解不如SnAgCu明显,电迁移破坏明显滞后.     

无铅焊点失效模式及可靠性影响因素研究

传统的铅锡焊料中,铅及其化合物会给人类健康及环境带来严重危害,因此无铅焊料的研究与应用成为近年来的热点问题。由于焊料从有铅向无铅的转变,同时工艺参数随之调整,给焊点的可靠性带来了不可忽视的影响。本文从无铅焊点的可靠性出发,分析了焊点的几种主要失效模式,并从设计、焊料的选择以及工艺参数等方面分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素,将无铅焊点所存在的新的可靠新问题进行了归纳与讨论。     

无铅焊点在热疲劳和电迁移作用下的组织演变

研究了Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu焊点接头在室温和55℃下通电过程中阴极和阳极界面处微观组织的演变,电流密度均采用104A/cm2。结果表明,室温条件下通电达到25 d,Bi原子由阴极向阳极发生了扩散迁移,在阳极界面处形成了厚度约22.4μm的均匀Bi层,而阴极出现了Sn的聚集。加载55℃通电2 d后,焊点发生了熔融,阴极界面处形成了厚度为34.3μm的扇贝状IMC,而阳极界面IMC的厚度仅为9.7μm。在IMC层和钎料基体之间形成了厚度约7.5μm的Bi层,它的形成阻碍了Sn原子向阳极界面的扩散迁移,进而阻碍了阳极界面IMC的生长,导致了异常极化效应的出现。     

Ti对Sn0.7Cu无铅钎料润湿性和界面的影响

研究了Ti的加入对Sn0.7Cu无铅钎料润湿性能以及钎料/Cu界面微观组织的影响.结果表明:在Sn0.7Cu中添加微量Ti,提高了钎料的润湿性能,可使铺展面积提高5％左右,当钎焊时间为3s时,界面金属间化合物(IMC)形貌由原来的扇贝状变为锯齿状;随着钎焊时间延长,Sn0.7Cu/Cu和Sn0.7Cu0.008Ti/C...     

回流次数对Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu-xNi/Ni焊点的影响

研究了复合无铅焊料Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu-xNi(x=0.5,1.0,2.0)与Au/Ni/Cu焊盘在不同回流次数下形成的焊点的性能.结果表明,Ni颗粒增强的复合焊料具有良好的润湿性能,熔点小于222℃;X为0.5的焊料界面IMC由针状(CuNi)6Sn5演化为双层IMC,即多面体状化合物(CuNi)6Sn5和回飞棒...     

内生无铅复合钎料在不同工艺条件下的制备及性能研究

通过采用不同工艺的内生法在Sn-3.5Ag共晶钎料基体中引入弥散分布的Cu6Sn5颗粒,制得了内生无铅复合钎料。研究了不同工艺条件对该钎料力学性能及电迁移行为的影响。结果表明,在冷却速度(0.1℃/s)较慢时制备的钎料,其内生Cu6Sn5颗粒细小,分布最均匀,且团聚程度较轻,另外,其钎焊接头力学性能最好;通5 A电流384 h后,其正负极金属间化合物层厚度的差异保持在约1.2μm,说明Cu6Sn5颗粒的引入提高了钎料的抗电迁移性能。     

Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu和Sn37Pb焊点界面显微结构研究

利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu（Sn37Pb）/Cu焊点在时效过程中的界面金属间化合物（IMC）形貌和成份。结果表明：150℃高温时效50、100、200、500h后,Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu（Sn37Pb）/Cu焊点界面IMC尺寸和厚度增加明显,IMC颗粒间的沟槽越来越小。50h时效后界面出现双层IMC结构,靠近焊料的上层为Cu6Sn5,邻近基板的下层为Cu3Sn。之后利用透射电镜观察了Sn37Pb/Ni和Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu/Ni样品焊点界面,结果显示,焊点界面清晰,IMC晶粒明显。     

Maximum entropy fracture model and its use for predicting cyclic hysteresis in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and Sn3.0Ag0.5 solder alloys

Appropriate constitutive, damage accumulation and fracture models are critical to accurate life predictions. In this study, we utilize the maximum entropy fracture model (MEFM) to predict and validate cyclic hysteresis in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and Sn3.0Ag0.5 solder alloys through a damage enhanced Anand viscoplasticity model. MEFM is a single-parameter, information theory inspired model that aims to provide the best estimate for accumulated damage at a material point in ductile solids in the absence of detailed microstructural information. Using the developed model, we predict the load drop during cyclic fatigue testing of the two chosen alloys. A custom-built microscale mechanical tester was utilized to carryout isothermal cyclic fatigue tests on specially designed assemblies. The resultant relationship between load drop and accumulated inelastic dissipation was used to extract the geometry and temperature-independent damage accumulation parameter of the maximum entropy fracture model for each alloy. The damage accumulation relationship is input into the Anand viscoplastic constitutive model, allowing prediction of the stress–strain hysteresis and cyclic load drop. The damage accumulation model is validated by comparing predicted and measured load drops after 55 and 85 cycles respectively for Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and Sn3.0Ag0.5 solder alloys. The predictions agreed to within 10% and 20% of the experimental observations respectively for the two alloys. The damage enhanced Anand model developed in this study will enable the tracking of crack fronts during finite element simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in complex solder joint geometries.     

Sn基无铅钎料与Cu基板间化合物Cu_6Sn_5的研究进展

主要介绍了Sn基无铅钎料和Cu基板在界面处反应生成的金属间化合物Cu6Sn5与焊接点可靠性的关系。综述了近年来Cu6Sn5的研究进展,内容包括:Sn基无铅钎料在Cu基板上形成的Cu6Sn5的生长形态、晶体取向、生长动力学以及纳米颗粒对界面Cu6Sn5尺寸及形貌的影响。     

Electromigration studies of flip chip Sn95/Sb5 solder bumps on Cr/Cr-Cu/Cu under-bump metallization

The electromigration-induced failure of Sn95/Sb5 flip chip solder bumps was investigated. The failure of the joints was found at the cathode/chip side after current stressing with a density of 1×10⁴ A/cm² at 150°C for 13 sec. The growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) was observed at the anode side after current stressing. Voids were found near the current crowding area in the cathode/chip side, and the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC at the cathode/chip end was transformed into the Sn phase. The failure mechanism for Sn95/Sb5 flip chip solder joint is proposed in this paper.     

Cyclic softening of the Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu lead-free solder alloy with equiaxed grain structure

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of the Sn-Ag-Cu ternary-eutectic alloy was investigated under a fully reversed loading condition. The solder alloy exhibited cyclic softening early in the fatigue life and continued to soften as the number of fatigue cycles increased. Following cyclic loading, numerous microcracks were found in the microstructure. Most of the microcracks were located along the grain boundaries in the areas with finer grains. The areal density of the microcracks increased with both strain amplitude and cycle number. By combining percolation theory with microcracking analysis, the cycle-dependent softening behavior was shown to result from accumulation of microcrack density with fatigue cycles.     

Mechanical and corrosion resistances of a Sn–0.7 wt.%Cu lead-free solder alloy

Sn–Cu alloys are interesting lead-free solder alternatives, with particular interest in the eutectic/near-eutectic compositions. However, little is known about the corrosion responses of these solders while subjected to corrosive environments. The present study examines the Sn–0.7 wt.%Cu solder alloy and the experimental results include a range of cooling rates and growth rates during solidification, metallography with comprehensive characterization of the distinct dendritic and cellular regions and the resulting corrosion and tensile mechanical parameters (potential, corrosion rate, polarization resistance, tensile strength). A β-Sn phase having a dendritic morphology is shown to characterize regions that are associated with higher cooling rates during solidification, while for lower cooling rates (<0.9 K/s) the prevalence of eutectic cells is observed. It was found that lower corrosion resistance and higher mechanical strength are associated with a microstructure formed by an arrangement of very fine dendritic branches and Cu₆Sn₅ fibrous intermetallic compound (IMC).     

Sn42Bi57Ag1无铅焊膏用活性剂的优化设计

针对Sn42Bi57Ag1无铅焊料开发出一种低温无铅焊锡膏,着重研究助焊剂中活性剂对焊锡膏润湿性能的影响。以铺展性能作为主要评价指标,通过回流焊接实验,对用于助焊剂的7种有机酸进行了筛选。最终选取了性能较好的甲基丁二酸、己二酸、水杨酸与丁二酸四种有机酸进行正交试验,通过量化分析选取正交试验水平,根据方差分析确定助焊剂中活性剂的最佳组合。结果表明:有机酸的复配能显著改善焊点铺展情况,当甲基丁二酸、己二酸、水杨酸与丁二酸质量比为2∶3∶5∶2时,Sn42Bi57Ag1无铅焊膏的润湿性能优异,焊点铺展率达86.52%。