1-辛烯的Ziegler-Natta聚合动力学(Ⅰ)——稳态动力学规律

过去对C_6—C_(20)α-烯烃的Ziegler-Natta聚合动力学仅有少量研究,未发现与乙烯、丙烯的聚合行为有显著不同。但1-辛烯在烃类溶剂中的聚合是溶液聚合,这是与析出聚合的主要差别。本文发现并研究了1-辛烯以α-TiCl_3-AlEt_3催化在正庚烷中聚合时的特殊动力学行为,对此提出了初步解释。     

用可溶性催化剂合成顺式聚丁二烯的研究——Ⅰ.用CoCl2·4C5H5N-(C2H5)2AlCl作催化剂

本文研究了催化剂的用量、单体的浓度、聚合温度等聚合条件对聚丁二烯的转化率、分子量以及链结构的影响。试验结果表明:这个催化剂的特点是催化剂用量极少,1,4-顺式含量高而且稳定,聚合速度太快,高聚物的分子量过大,因此进一步研究了聚合速度的控制和高聚物分子量的调节。已得到的结果是:(1)在不同溶剂中聚合的速度相差甚大。其快慢的顺序是,苯>甲苯>二甲苯>三甲苯。(2)添加一些如苯基-β-萘胺、N,N′-二苯基对苯二胺等胺类,既可减慢聚合速度,又能降低高聚物的分子量。(3)调节体系中水分的含量,控制高聚物的分子量。(4)利用二种溶剂混合的不同比例,调节高聚物的分子量。(5)加入少量的萘、蒽等稠环芳烃于庚烷溶剂中,则大大提高高聚物的分子量。对上述结果进行了讨论。     

在配位体络合体系中合成窄分布聚苯乙烯

本文报道了在RLi-配位体络合体系中阴离子聚合方法合成窄分布聚苯乙烯的研究结果.在己烷、庚烷、甲苯等溶液中合成分子量范围为10~2～10~3。的窄分布聚苯乙烯(MWD<1.10)时,以鹰爪豆矸、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺为配位体的络合体系,聚合操作简便,效果非常好.在非极性溶剂中加一定比例的THF以后,该体系也能合成分子量范围为10~4～10~5的窄分布聚苯乙烯.     

正庚烷-甲苯-苯酚三元系统氣液平衡计算

应用一种新型的气液平衡器测定了正庚烷-甲苯,正庚烷-苯酚系统的平衡数据。然後以正庚烷-甲苯、正庚烷-苯酚、甲苯-苯酚等三个二元系统数据按van Laar(two suffix)公式推出正庚烷-甲苯-苯酚三元系统的气液平衡。推算结果基本上与实验结果相符合。该三元系统中正庚烷和甲苯间相对挥发度的对数值与苯酚浓度(分子百分数)变化呈直线关系,且不同浓度正庚烷,甲苯的相对挥发度直线均相交於一点,由此获得了从二元系统平衡数据推算该三元系统气液平衡新的简便方法。     

乙烯类单体的负离子聚合研究——第三丁基乙烯基酮的聚合

本文报导了第三丁基乙烯基酮在不同溶剂中应用各种负离子引发剂的聚合研究。以正丁基锂为引发剂,吡啶或四氢呋喃为溶剂时,都是均相聚合,得到无定形聚合物,它们的软化温度为40—180°之间,如果以苯、甲苯、二甲苯或正庚烷为溶剂,则都是非均相聚合,得到结晶性聚合物,有着高达260—280°之间的熔点。上述结晶性与无定形聚第三丁基乙烯基酮的红外光谱有着显著的不同,结晶性聚合物具有特征的吸收峯,以1100厘米~(-1)与1330厘米~(_1)二处最为明显。还研究了不同比例的混合物的红外光谱,当结晶性聚合物含量降至 87％以下时,则 1100厘米~(-1) ,1290厘米~(-1)及 1330厘米~(-1)三处吸收峯逐渐减弱,当减少至13％时则与无定形聚合物的光谱一致。此外金属锂、钠与钾都能引发聚合第三丁基乙烯基酮,也试用了NaH,LiAlH_4,RONa,ROK,RMgX,二苯酮以及二苯酮钠等引发剂进行非均相聚合。     

聚二甲基硅氧烷在混合溶剂中的粘度和光散射

用Elias沉淀点法求取聚二甲基硅氧烷25℃在乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯体系,庚烷-二氧六环体系的θ-溶剂组成。测定了聚二甲基硅氧烷八个级份在甲苯溶液中光散射和两种θ-溶剂中特性粘数,得到 [η]_θ=7.62×10~(-2)(?)_ω~(0.50)乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯体系γ_ω=19.0％ [η]_θ=8.28×10~(-2)(?)_ω~(0.50)庚烷-二氧六环体系γ_ω=77.2％ 聚二甲基硅氧烷分子无扰尺寸存在溶剂介质依赖性。     

碘代丁烷存在下的甲基丙烯酸甲酯自由基聚合反应

研究了碘代丁烷存在下甲基丙烯酸甲酯在６０℃、以下酮或甲苯为溶剂的自由基聚合。结果表明，１－碘丁烷和２－碘丁烷对ＭＭＡ的聚合无明显影响。以甲苯为溶剂时，碘代叔丁烷既是链转移剂又是链终止剂。     

正庚烷在鉻催化劑上的反應動力學

在490°、500°兩個反應溫度下,0.3—1.2空速範圍內,考察了正庚烷以及不同比例的正庚烷-甲苯混合物在K_2O-Cr_2O_3-Al_2O_3催化劑上的芳烴化和炭沉積反應。根據实驗結果,對正庚烷的脱氫環化反應機理以及原料組成、溫度和空間速度等因素對反應的影響作了一般討論。同時,着重探討了芳烴化反應和炭沉積反應的動力學規律以及添加甲苯對於動力學規律的影響;提出了正庚烷芳烴化和炭沉积反應的動力學公式,並認為正庚烷的芳烴化和炭沉積反應是並行反應;也提出了以混合物為原料時芳烴生成率和炭沉積的動力學關係式,發現除正庚烷外,添加的甲苯能通過縮合作用生成一部分炭沉積。根據動力學公式求得了正庚烷芳烴化、炭沉積和甲苯脫氫縮合等反應的速率常數和似活化能。     

二乙烯苯交联大孔聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的合成及其结构性 …

选用反应性单体甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油脂（ＧＭＡ）,以二乙烯苯（ＤＶＢ）作为交联剂。在致孔剂甲苯和正庚烷存在下,用悬浮聚合的方法制得了一系列大孔ＧＤ共聚物。通过测定树脂的孔结构性能及化学组成,讨论了不同交联剂用量和配比对共聚物结构的影响。     

大孔交联甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物的合成及其结构性能研究 …

甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为单体，三烯丙基氰尿酸酯为交联剂，在致孔剂甲苯，正庚烷存在下，用悬浮聚合法制得一系列大孔共聚物。测定了聚物的孔结构性能，讨论了不同交联剂及致孔剂用量和配比对共聚物结构的影响，并初步讨论了特大孔共聚物的形成机理。     

FTIR imaging coupled with multivariate analysis for study of initial diffusion of different solvents in cellulose acetate butyrate films

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging was used to study the initial diffusion of different solvents in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) films containing different amounts of acetyl and butyryl substituents. Different solvents and solvent/non-solvent mixtures were also studied. The FTIR imaging system allowed acquisition of sequential images of the CAB films as solvent penetration proceeded without disturbing the system. The interface between the non-swollen polymer and the initial swelling front could be identified using multivariate data analysis tools. For a series of ketone solvents the initial diffusion coefficients and diffusion rates could be quantified and were found to be related to the polar and hydrogen interaction parameters in the Hansen solubility parameters of the solvents. For the solvent/non-solvent system the initial diffusion rate decreased less than linearly with the weight-percent of non-solvent present in the solution, which probably was due to the swelling characteristic of the non-solvent. For a given solvent, increasing the butyryl content of the CAB increased the initial diffusion rate. Increasing the butyryl content from 17 wt.% butyryl to 37 wt.% butyryl produced a considerably larger increase in initial diffusion rate compared to an increase in butyryl content from 37 wt.% to 50 wt.% butyryl.     

Some theoretical considerations on diffusion-controlled one-chain polymerization in two-dimensional systems

A simple model has been developed to investigate the differences between 2D and 3D diffusion-controlled polymerization kinetics. Besides the different analytical structure of 2D and 3D diffusion equation, the model takes into account the dynamics of the polymer chemically reacting end and the restricted motion of the diffusing monomers in a growing polymer network. These effects are strongly related to the dimensionality of the system and may contribute to modulate the polymerization rate. Theoretical considerations suggest different behavior when 2D polymerization takes place in a poor solvent, whereas minor differences should be present in good solvents and 3D systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Criteria for diffusion limitation in coordination polymerization

The following criteria are proposed to judge whether a coordination polymerization may be diffusion controlled or not: (1) If the number-average molecular weight and polydispersity of the polymer calculated from kinetic rate constants as a function of time agree with the experimental values, the polymerization is not diffusion controlled. (2) The polymerization may be diffusion controlled if the Thiele modulus, the ratio of the characteristic diffusion time to the characteristic reaction time, is much greater than unity; if it is much smaller than unity, the polymerization is reaction controlled. (3) If an initial linear dependence of rate of polymerization on catalyst concentration changes over to a square-root dependence, the polymerization may be diffusion limited. (4) The polymerization is likely to be diffusion limited if the instantaneous rate of polymerization is proportional to the rate of particle growth when the proportionality coefficient is the surface area of the particle. Criterion (1) is a necessary and sufficient condition as stated, as its converse is not true. All the other criteria are merely necessary but not sufficient conditions. The established Ziegler–Natta catalysts have activities too low to cause diffusion limitation; the Phillips catalyst system is likely to be diffusion limited. The polydispersity of polyolefins produced with Ziegler–Natta catalysts are not the consequence of diffusion control but are the characteristics of the catalysts in their kinetics of initiation, propagation, chain transfer, and termination.     

Diffusion phenomena in ternary systems polymer-nonsolvent-solvent

Diffusion in a boundary between a polymer+solvent solution and non-solvent was treated by accounting for the presence of the four diffusion coefficients that describe the isothermal transport process in a three component system. Diffusion equations were integrated assuming a concentration dependence of diffusion coefficients that account for the thermodynamic conditions on the cross diffusion terms of Eq. (1). The presence of non-zero cross terms promotes an incongruent diffusion of polymer whose concentration increases at the boundary between the polymer+solvent solution and the non-solvent. Although our model describes diffusion in the range of homogeneous solution, this incongruent polymer diffusion is a process similar to that promoted by the solvent evaporation from the polymer+solvent film that some authors suggested as an intermediate step before the film immersion into the coagulation bath to obtain good asymmetric membranes.     

Polymerization Kinetics of Propylene with the MgCl_2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts——Active Centers with Different Tacticity and Fragmentation of the Catalyst

The catalytic activity and stereospecificity of olefin polymerization by using heterogeneous TiCl_4/MgCl_2 Ziegler-Natta(Z-N) catalysts are determined by the structure and nature of active centers, which are mysterious and fairly controversial. In this work, the propylene polymerization kinetics under different polymerization temperatures by using Z-N catalysts were investigated through monitoring the concentration of active centers [C*] with different tacticity. SEM was applied to characterize the catalyst morphologies and growing polypropylene(PP) particles. The lamellar thickness and crystallizability of PP obtained under different polymerization conditions were analyzed by DSC and SAXS. The PP fractions and active centers with different tacticity were obtained with solvent extraction fractionation method. The catalytic activity, active centers with different tacticity and propagation rate constant k_p, fragmentation of the catalyst, crystalline structure of PP are correlated with temperature and time for propylene polymerizations. The polymerization temperature and time show complex influences on the propylene polymerization. The higher polymerization temperature(60 ℃) resulted higher activity, k_p and lower [C*], and the isotactic active centers C_i* as the majority ones producing the highest isotactic polypropylene(iPP) components showed much higher k_p when compared with the active centers with lower stereoselectivity. Appropriate polymerization time provided full fragmentation of the catalyst and minimum diffusion limitation. This work aims to elucidate the formation and evolution of active centers with different tacticity under different polymerization temperature and time and its relations with the fragmentation of the PP/catalyst particles, and provide the solutions to the improvement of catalyst activity and isotacticity of PP.     

环氧化物稀土络合催化开环聚合动力学研究

用膨胀计方法研究环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷在稀土络合催化剂 Nd(P_(204))_3-Al(i-Bu)_3-H_2O作用下的聚合反应动力学,表明聚合反应速度对催化剂浓度及单体浓度均呈一级关系。环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷开环聚合反应活化能分别为61.3kJ/mol和48.9kJ/mol。在同样的聚合反应条件下,环氧氯丙烷聚合反应速度大于环氧丙烷聚合反应速度。 研究还发现,催化剂组成摩尔比Al/Nd及H_2O/Al对聚合反应速度均有一定影响;各种稀土元素络合催化剂催化活性顺序为:Nd>La>Dy>Yb>Eu;稀土络合物中配体对活性的影响为:acac>P_(204)>P_(507)>naph;烷基铝的影响为:Al(i-Bu)_3>AlEt_3。     

高强度高电导率聚乙炔的合成——醚类溶剂的结构对性能的影响

通过选用不同醚类结构做溶剂加热回流Ti(OBu)_4-AIEt_3催化剂,并采用非溶剂聚合方法进行乙炔聚合发现,所得HPPA膜的强度和电导率都有了较大提高。其中直链醚制得的PA膜强度(抗张强度大于100MPa)和空气稳定性比用环醚得到的PA膜高得多,但用前者时的乙炔聚合速率远低于后者。两体系得到的HPPA膜的碘掺杂电导率值相近(～10~3S/cm),拉伸后可达10~4S/cm量级。SEM、TEM及IR光谱的结果表明,不同醚制得的PA膜的纤维束直径及顺式含量有较大差别。     

含铅聚合物微凝胶与硫化氢反应前后在良溶剂中的分子扩散行为

用溶液聚合法制备出轻度交联的含铅微凝胶,用光子相关光谱技术测定其在良溶剂中与H2S反应前、后的扩散行为,由外推法得到在浓度无限稀时的分子扩散系数,给出微凝胶的流体力学半径。结果表明:相同量的含铅微凝胶在不同的初始浓度下与H2S反应,生成含PbS纳米微粒的凝胶；但其体积增大不同,这说明H2S与含铅微凝胶的反应既可以在分子内也可以在分子间进行,分子间的反应使含硫化铅微凝胶扩散系数随浓度的变化曲线的线性范围变小。     

Synthesis of PMMA‐b‐PBA block copolymer in homogeneous and miniemulsion systems by DPE controlled radical polymerization

In this research, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(butyl acrylate) (PMMA‐b‐PBA) block copolymers were prepared by 1,1‐diphenylethene (DPE) controlled radical polymerization in homogeneous and miniemulsion systems. First, monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiator 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and a control agent DPE were bulk polymerized to form the DPE‐containing PMMA macroinitiator. Then the DPE‐containing PMMA was heated in the presence of a second monomer BA, the block copolymer was synthesized successfully. The effects of solvent and polymerization methods (homogeneous polymerization or miniemulsion polymerization) on the reaction rate, controlled living character, molecular weight (M_n) and molecular weight distribution (PDI) of polymers throughout the polymerization were studied and discussed. The results showed that, increasing the amounts of solvent reduced the reaction rate and viscosity of the polymerization system. It allowed more activation–deactivation cycles to occur at a given conversion thus better controlled living character and narrower molecular weight distribution of polymers were demonstrated throughout the polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization carried out in miniemulsion system exhibited higher reaction rate and better controlled living character than those in homogeneous system. It was attributed to the compartmentalization of growing radicals and the enhanced deactivation reaction of DPE controlled radical polymerization in miniemulsified droplets. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4435–4445, 2009     

含铅聚合物微凝胶与硫化氢反应前后在良溶剂中的分子扩散行为

用溶液聚合法制备出轻度交联的含铅微凝胶,用光子相关光谱技术测定其在良溶剂中与H₂S反应前、后的扩散行为,由外推法得到在浓度无限稀时的分子扩散系数,给出微凝胶的流体力学半径。结果表明:相同量的含铅微凝胶在不同的初始浓度下与H₂S反应,生成含PbS纳米微粒的凝胶;但其体积增大不同,这说明H₂S与含铅微凝胶的反应既可以在分子内也可以在分子间进行,分子间的反应使含硫化铅微凝胶扩散系数随浓度的变化曲线的线性范围变小。