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1.
Since transition metal phospho olivines gain increasing interest as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries in the last decades lots of publications appeared. Various synthesis methods were in the focus of interest as well as structural investigations of the pure LiMPO4 and mixed Li (MM′)PO4 phases (M, M′ = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Zn, Al) and their structural changes during electrochemical conversion. Lithium insertion and exsertion mechanisms have been studied with the help of e.g. structural, optical and electronic, and electrochemical characterisation methods. Likewise many efforts have been done for material optimisation concerning synthesis procedure or substitution.We tend to give an overview about Li (MM′Mn)PO4 (M, M′ = Mg, Fe, Co) on the basis of our results. For the greater topic of enhancement of performance and energy density of LiMnPO4 we discuss different solution approaches concerning the raise of specific capacity, redox potential and optimisation of material characteristics. Thus we consider effects due to the intrinsic conductivity, structural stability of the charged phase as well as its chemical stability against the electrolyte and the dynamic stability of the interface between charged phase and discharged phase during electrochemical conversion.For this purpose in our experimental part we focus on three different approaches: substitution with an electrochemically active transition metal, substitution with an electrochemically inactive metal in case for the manipulation of unit cell volume alternation and the substitution with electrochemically inactive metals for the purpose of providing a “lithium reservoir”. This generated “lithium reservoir” is expected to be accessible for the utilisation of a new redox step. Phase transition in mixed transition metal phospho olivines Li(MnCo)PO4 has been investigated as example for the effect of substitution with an electrochemically active transition metal. Substitution with an electrochemically inactive metal leading to binary Li(MgMn)PO4 has been structurally and electrochemically investigated. Promising new electrochemical characteristics of binary Li(MgMn)PO4 phospho olivines are introduced for the first time. When charged to high potentials (>4.9 V) the activation of the Mn3+/Mn4+ step is reported.  相似文献   

2.
The structural and thermal stability, electrochemical hydrogenation and corrosion behavior of LaT5−x(M/Li)x (T = Co, Ni and M = Al, Ge) alloys have been investigated using x-ray diffraction, SEM with WDS/EDX, DSC and electrochemical techniques. The prepared ternary and quaternary samples are solid solutions on the base of binary LaCo5 and LaNi5 compounds with hexagonal CaCu5 structure type. By partial substitution of transition metals (Ni and Co) by Al, Ge and Li in the LaT5−x(M/Li)x alloys the discharge capacity increased by 25%. Doping of LaCo5 and LaNi5 binary phases by Al, Ge and Li improves corrosion resistance, thermal stability and absorption capacity during the electrochemical hydrogenation. These alloys passivate effectively in strong alkaline solution.  相似文献   

3.
Synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties of metal telluromolybdates MxM′1?xTeMoO6 (M, M′ = Mn, Co, Cd) have been investigated. Their crystal structures have two-dimensional arrays of M and M′ atoms. From the powder X-ray diffraction measurements, MnxCo1?xTeMoO6 adopt an orthorhombic structure throughout the composition range (x = 0.0–1.0). On the other hand, MnxCd1?xTeMoO6 and CoxCd1?xTeMoO6 adopt two types of structures corresponding to their end members (orthorhombic for Mn- or Co-rich solid solutions; tetragonal for Cd-rich ones). In the intermediate compositions, it was found that two phases coexist with different metal components. Magnetic properties of these solid solutions were investigated. All the MnxCo1?xTeMoO6 exhibits an antiferromagnetic transition at ~23 K. The antiferromagnetic transition was also observed in MnxCd1?xTeMoO6 and CoxCd1?xTeMoO6. However, the Néel temperature rapidly decreases with increasing the concentration of Cd and disappeared below x = 0.6, which is characteristic for two-dimensional magnetic system.  相似文献   

4.
Phosphasilaallene Tip(Ph)Si = C = PMes* (Tip = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) and phosphagermaallene Mes2Ge = C = PMes* (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) have been obtained by dehalogenation of their corresponding dihalophosphametallapropenes > E(X)-C(X′) = P? by tert-butyllithium. They dimerize above ?40 °C by a cycloaddition involving two E = C double bonds or the E = C and the P = C double bonds but can be characterized at low temperature by trapping reactions and by low field shifts in 31P, 29Si and particularly 13C NMR for the sp carbon atom. Owing to a small increase in the steric hindrance, phosphagermaallene Tip(t-Bu)Ge = C = PMes* can be stabilized and isolated. The Ge = C double bond undergoes nearly quantitative [2 + 1] cycloadditions with chalcogens and [2 + 2] cycloadditions with aldehydes or ketones. The surprisingly stable lithiochlorosilane R(Cl2)Si-C(Li) = PMes* (R = 9-methylfluorenyl) behaves as a synthetic equivalent of the phosphasilaallene R(Cl)Si = C = PMes*. With two alkyl groups (t-Bu) on the germanium atom, the phosphagermaallene t-Bu2Ge = C = PMes* is not obtained but its formal dimers 1,3-digermacyclobutanes have been isolated.  相似文献   

5.
New compounds of aspartic acid Cs(ASP) · nH2O (n = 0, 1) have been synthesized and characterized by XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as TG. The structural formula of this new compound was Cs(ASP) · nH2O (n = 0, 1). The enthalpy of solution of Cs(ASP) · nH2O (n = 0, 1) in water were determined. With the incorporation of the standard molar enthalpies of formation of CsOH(aq) and ASP(s), the standard molar enthalpy of formation of −(1202.9 ± 0.2) kJ · mol−1 of Cs(ASP) and −(1490.7 ± 0.2) kJ · mol−1 of Cs(ASP) · H2O were obtained.  相似文献   

6.
In this research two competing phenomena, back bonding and hyperconjugation, have been investigated based on Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analyses for radical AH3?nXn species, where A = Si and Ge, and n = 1, 2 and 3. It is demonstrated in this article that both above phenomena will be occurred significantly, while back bonding is the only event in analogous compounds with carbon and hyperconjugation is rather negligible. It was also found that only one back bonding with the help of keyword $CHOOSE in NBO analysis can be found in this type of compounds with reasonable structure, while it can be sometimes detected in AH3?nXn without using keyword $CHOOSE. It is also shown that there is always an increase in bond length in comparison with reference molecules in mentioned species due to existing hyperconjugation, while if the central atom is carbon, we have always a decrease of bond length due to only having back bonding. Additionally, from AIM point of view, the delocalization indices for α-spin (majority spin) is more than β-spin (minority spin) in radical species for molecules without back bonding, while the situation in our compounds is quite reverse, which can be attributed to the π back bonding in the β-spin electrons.  相似文献   

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The halogenoalkyl complexes [Cp(CO)2M{(CH2)nX}] (n = 3–10, 12, M = Fe; n = 5, 6, M = Ru, X = Br, I) react with Ph3CPF6 in dry CH2Cl2 to give the corresponding carbocation complexes [Cp(CO)2M{η2-(CH2CH(CH2)n?2X}]PF6 in high yields. NMR evidence indicates that the metals form metallacyclopropane type structures with the carbocation ligand. The reactions of some of the cationic complexes with NaI, PPh3, Na[Cp(CO)2Fe] and Et3N are discussed. NaI and Na[Cp(CO)2Fe] displace the halogeno-olefin, while PPh3 adds at the β-CHδ+ giving the unstable phosphonium adducts [Cp(CO)2Fe{CH2CH(PPh3)(CH2)n?2X}]PF6 which decompose to the halogeno-olefins and the cationic PPh3 complex [Cp(CO)2Fe(PPh3)]+. Et3N causes allylic deprotonation forming internal olefin complexes of the type [Cp(CO)2Fe{CH2CHCH(CH2)n?3X}]PF6.  相似文献   

9.
The rate capability of high capacity xLi2MnO3 · (1 ? x)LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries has been significantly enhanced by stabilizing the electrode surface by reaction with a Li–Ni–PO4 solution, followed by a heat-treatment step. Reversible capacities of 250 mAh/g at a C/11 rate, 225 mAh/g at C/2 and 200 mAh/g at C/1 have been obtained from 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiNi0.44Co0.25Mn0.31O2 electrodes between 4.6 and 2.0 V. The data bode well for their implementation in batteries that meet the 40-mile range requirement for plug-in hybrid vehicles.  相似文献   

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The compounds CaCo2Te3O8Cl2, SrCo2Te3O8Cl2 and SrNi2Te3O8Cl2 were synthesized via solid–gas reactions and investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. While the compound CaCo2Te3O8Cl2 formed large enough single crystals to allow for a detailed structural analysis, crystals of the Sr-containing compounds yielded evidence that they are isostructural. CaCo2Te3O8Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, a = 6.537(2) Å, b = 9.088(2) Å, c = 19.500(9) Å, β = 113.36(4)°, Z = 4. It exhibits [CoO5Cl] helical chains along the [010] direction, connected by [CaO8] polyhedra, [TeO3E] tetrahedra and [TeO4E] trigonal bipyramids (the lone pair of electrons on TeIV is designated as E) to form a layer. The layers are held together only by weak van der Waals forces; the shortest interlayer distance is a Te?Cl contact of 3.432(4) Å.  相似文献   

13.
The (solid + liquid) phase equilibria of the ternary systems (CsBr + LnBr3 + H2O) (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm) at T = 298.2 K were studied by the isothermal solubility method. The solid phases formed in the systems were determined by the Schreinemakers wet residues technique, and the corresponding phase diagrams were constructed based on the measured data. Each of the phase diagrams, with two invariant points, three univariant curves, and three crystallization regions corresponding to CsBr, Cs2LnBr5·10H2O and LnBr3·nH2O (n = 6, 7), respectively, belongs to the same category. The new solid phase compounds Cs2LnBr5·10H2O are incongruently soluble in water, and they were characterized by chemical analysis, XRD and TG-DTG techniques. The standard molar enthalpies of solution of Cs2PrBr5·10H2O, Cs2NdBr5·10H2O and Cs2SmBr5·10H2O in water were measured to be (52.49 ± 0.48) kJ · mol−1, (49.64 ± 0.49) kJ · mol−1 and (50.17 ± 0.48) kJ · mol−1 by microcalorimetry under the condition of infinite dilution, respectively, and their standard molar enthalpies of formation were determined as being −(4739.7 ± 1.4) kJ · mol−1, −(4728.4 ± 1.4) kJ · mol−1 and −(4724.4 ± 1.4) kJ · mol−1, respectively. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of Cs2PrBr5·10H2O, Cs2NdBr5·10H2O and Cs2SmBr5·10H2O were measured. The results show that the upconversion spectra of the three new solid phase compounds all exhibit a peak at 524 nm when excited at 785 nm.  相似文献   

14.
In this article, we report the growth of single crystals of the inter-lanthanide series LaLn′O3 (Ln′ = Y, Ho–Lu) using molten hydroxide fluxes. Inter-lanthanide oxides, LnLn′O3 (where Ln and Ln′ = lanthanides) typically crystallize in the A-, B- or C-Ln2O3 or in the ABO3 perovskite structure types, depending on the relative sizes of the lanthanide cations involved. The inter-lanthanide oxides, LaLn′O3 (Ln′ = Y, Ho–Lu), reported herein were determined to crystallize in the orthorhombic (Pnma) perovskite-type structure. A discussion on the effect of cation radii on the resultant crystal structure for LaLn′O3 (Ln′ = Y, Ho–Lu) and other reported inter-lanthanide oxides is presented herein.  相似文献   

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《Solid State Sciences》2012,14(4):488-494
Un-doped and doped ZnO nanoparticles (Zn0.97X0.03O-NPs, X = Mn, Co, and Ni) were synthesized from a metal acetate precursor and acetic acid by a modified sol–gel combustion method. The compounds were synthesized at calcination temperatures of 650 °C for 1 h. The synthesized un-doped/doped ZnO-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and high-magnification transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD results revealed that the sample product was crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite phase. The TEM showed ZnO-NPs nearly spherical shapes and a non-uniform shape for doped ZnO-NPs. The crystalline development in the ZnO-NPs was investigated by X-ray peak broadening. The size–strain plot (SSP) method was used to study the individual contributions of crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the peak broadening of the un-doped and doped ZnO-NPs. Physical parameters such as strain, stress and energy density values were calculated more precisely for all reflection peaks of XRD corresponding to the wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO lying in the range of 20–80° from the SSP results. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also used to study the magnetic behavior of the samples in the ceramic form. The obtained results showed that strain play an important role in peak broadening; moreover, the mean crystalline size of the un-doped and doped ZnO-NPs estimated from the TEM and the SSP method were highly inter-correlated.  相似文献   

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This paper describes a chemical model that calculates (solid + liquid) equilibria in the (m1Rb2SO4 + m2CoSO4)(aq), (m1Rb2SeO4 + m2CoSeO4)(aq), (m1Rb2SO4 + m2NiSO4)(aq), (m1Rb2SO4 + m2ZnSO4)(aq), (m1Rb2SeO4 + m2ZnSeO4)(aq), (m1Cs2SO4 + m2CoSO4)(aq), (m1Cs2SeO4 + m2CoSeO4)(aq), (m1Cs2SO4 + m2NiSO4)(aq), (m1Cs2SeO4 + m2NiSeO4)(aq), (m1Cs2SO4 + m2ZnSO4)(aq), and (m1Cs2SeO4 + m2ZnSeO4)(aq) systems, where m denotes molality at the temperature T=298.15 K. The Pitzer ion-interaction model has been used for thermodynamic analysis of the experimental osmotic and solubility data presented in the literature. The thermodynamic functions needed (binary and ternary parameters of ionic interaction, thermodynamic solubility products) have been calculated and the theoretical solubility isotherm has been plotted. The mixing parameters {θ(MN) and ψ(MNX)} have been chosen on the basis of the compositions of saturated ternary solutions and data on the binary solubility of the sulfate M2SO4. MSO4 · 6H2O double salts in water. To validate the mixing solutions model two different approaches have been used in evaluation of the ternary parameters: (I) preserving the same value of the binary mixing θ(MN) for the corresponding chloride, bromide, sulfate, and selenate systems with the same cations, and (II) with constant θ(MN) value (set equal to −0.05) for the all 11 sulfate and selenate systems. Very good agreement between experimentally determined and model predicted solubilities has been found. Important thermodynamic characteristics (thermodynamic solubility products, standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation) of the solid phases (simple salts, six sulfate – M2SO4 · MSO4 · 6H2O, and five selenate – M2SeO4 · MSeO4 · 6H2O – double salts) crystallizing in the systems under consideration are determined.  相似文献   

20.
The solubilities, densities and refractive indices data for the four ternary systems ethylene glycol + MCl + H2O (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) at different temperatures were measured, with mass fractions of ethylene glycol in the range of 0 to 1.0. In all cases, the presence of ethylene glycol significantly reduces the solubility of the salts in aqueous solution. The experimental data of density, refractive index and solubility of saturated solutions for these systems were correlated using polynomial equations as a function of the mass fraction of ethylene glycol. On the other hand, the refractive index and density of unsaturated solutions was also determined for the four ternary systems with varied unsaturated salt concentrations. Values for both the properties were correlated with the salt concentrations and proportions of ethylene glycol in the solutions.  相似文献   

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