Syntheses and characterization of Sr(OH)2 and SrCO3 nanostructures by ultrasonic method

The Sr(OH)₂ and SrCO₃ nanostructures were synthesized by reaction of strontium(II) acetate and sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) via ultrasonic method. Reaction conditions, such as the concentration of the Sr²⁺ ion, aging time, power of the ultrasonic device and alkali salts show important roles in the size, morphology and growth process of the final products. The pure crystalline SrCO₃ were obtained by heating of product at 400 °C. The Sr(OH)₂ and SrCO₃ nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric (TG), differential thermal analyses (DTA) and the infrared spectroscopy (IR).     

Syntheses of BaCO3 nanostructures by ultrasonic method

BaCO₃ nanostructures were synthesized by the reaction of Ba(CH₃COO)₂ and sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) by a sonochemical method. Reaction conditions, such as the concentration of the Ba²⁺ ion, aging time and power of the ultrasonic device played important roles in the size, morphology and growth process of the final products. The BaCO₃ nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and the Infrared spectroscopy (IR).     

Syntheses and characterization of AgI nano-structures by ultrasonic method: Different morphologies under different conditions

Nano-structures of AgI have been prepared by reaction between AgNO₃ and KI under ultrasound irradiation. Some of parameters such as effect of stirring, temperature, sonicating time in growth and morphology of the nano-structures have been studied. The sizes distributions depend slighter on reaction conditions. But, morphology of nano-structure depends strongly on reaction parameters. With change of solvent concentration and sonicating time, nanoparticles structures changed to nanowires. An increasing of temperature results in an increasing of solubility. As a result, nuclei with small sizes become unstable and dissolve back into the solution. Attendance or non-attendance of stirring is another parameter that effects on morphology of nano-structures. In some conditions, non-attendance of stirring led to nanowires structure and in the other conditions, nanoparticles structures were prepared. The samples were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Growth and characterization of Mg(OH)2 film on magnesium alloy AZ31

Magnesium-based biomaterials have been proposed as potential candidates for biodegradable implant materials, such as bone screws, bone plates, intraluminal stents and so on. However, the poor corrosion resistance inhibits their applications in surgery. They collapse before the injured tissues are healed. In this paper, Mg(OH)₂ nonstructural film was synthesized on the substrate of AZ31 magnesium alloy by hydrothermal method with NaOH solution as mineralizer to reduce the corrosion rate of magnesium-based materials. The obtained films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS. The results showed that a Mg(OH)₂ film with nanostructure surface can be synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was observed that the thickness of film increased with the holding time. Corrosion rates of the films were studied by immersing the samples in Hank's solution (37 °C). Surface deposits of samples with films soaked in Hank's solution for 31 days were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, and FTIR. It verified that the corrosion rate of the magnesium alloy with grown film was slowed down in the Hank's solution and the behavior of corrosion was inhibited effectively. Amorphous calcium apatite precursor was observed to deposit on the surface of the film during corrosion experiments in Hank's solution. And the tape test revealed a strong adhesion between the film and the substrate.     

Investigation of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent

Our experimental results of using Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent are reported in this study. The antibacterial behavior of Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles in liquid culture and in paper sheets was investigated. The colony forming units (CFU) counting and the headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) measurement were used to determine the cell viability. Results indicate that Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles are effective antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Burkholderia phytofirmans, and the OH^? and Mg²⁺ ions in Mg(OH)₂ water suspension were found not to be the reason for killing the bacteria. Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles could be added directly to wood pulp to make paper sheets, whose antibacterial efficiency increased with the increase of the nanoparticle amount. The possible mechanism of antibacterial effect of Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles is discussed.     

Enhanced boron adsorption onto synthesized MgO nanosheets by ultrasonic method

MgO nanosheets with high adsorption performance were fabricated by an ultrasonic method. It was revealed that, nest-like MgO was formed from the magnesium salt solution precipitation and further calcination. Then the nest-like MgO was exfoliated by ultrasonic waves to obtain MgO nanosheets with approximately a lateral of 200–600 nm and a thickness of 10 nm. Adjusting the ultrasonic time and power, the specific surface areas of MgO nanosheets could be tuned in a range of 79–168 m²/g. The synthesized MgO nanosheets were used as adsorbents to remove boron from aqueous solution, and the maximum boron adsorption capacity of these MgO nanosheets reached 87 mg g⁻¹. The high uptake capability of the MgO nanosheets makes it potentially adsorbent for the removal of boron from wastewaters.     

Hydrothermal growth and characterization of La(OH)3 nanorods and nanocables with Ni(OH)2 coating

La(OH)₃/Ni(OH)₂ nanocables and La(OH)₃ nanorods were synthesized by the reaction of KOH with La(NO₃)₃ and Ni(NO₃)₂ at 180 °C under a hydrothermal conditions. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermal analyses indicated that the nanocable consists of La(OH)₃ core and Ni(OH)₂ outer shell. The diameters of the La(OH)₃ nanorods range from 20 to 30 nm and the lengths range from 150 to 1000 nm. The thickness of the Ni(OH)₂ coating ranges from 10 to 20 nm. The formation mechanism of the nanocables is discussed.     

The polarized infra-red and Raman spectra of Mg(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2

The complete polarized infra-red and Raman spectra of single crystals of calcium and magnesium hydroxide are presented. The results are largely in disagreement with those of previous workers both with regard to frequencies and to symmetry assignments. The assignments have been confirmed by study of the spectra of the deuterated counterparts of the crystals. The implications of the results for previous calculations of the dispersion curves are stressed. It is shown that there is little mixing of rotatory and translatory character among the external modes of vibration and a discussion of the origin of the Davydov splitting of the internal modes is given. The complex combination bands observed in the infra-red absorption spectrum are discussed and compared with neutron diffraction spectra.     

Structural characterization of MgO(100) surfaces

The structure, the microtopography and the cleanliness of MgO(100) surfaces have been investigated by a combination of thermal helium scattering, surface decoration and Auger spectroscopy. The microstructure and cleanliness are strongly dependent on the preparation of the surface. MgO surfaces obtained by cleavage under UHV are clean and present a high coefficient for coherent He reflection. MgO surfaces prepared by cleavage in air are contaminated and irreversibly damaged by water vapour. Such surfaces can be cleaned by vacuum annealing but the coefficient of coherent He reflection remains low because of the presence of a high number of defects.     

Synthesis and characterization of Gd(OH)3 nanobundles

Gd(OH)₃ nanobundles, which consisted of bundle-like nanorods, have been prepared through a simple and facile hydrothermal method. The crystal, purity, morphology and structural features of Gd(OH)₃ nanobundles are investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). A possible formation mechanism of Gd(OH)₃ nanobundles is briefly discussed.     

Raman microscopy of haidingerite Ca(AsO3OH)·H2O and brassite Mg(AsO3OH)·4H2O

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the arsenate minerals haidingerite Ca(AsO₃OH)·H₂O and brassite Mg(AsO₃OH)·4H₂O. Intense Raman bands in the haidingerite spectrum observed at 745 and 855 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the (AsO₃OH)²⁻ν₃ antisymmetric stretching and ν₁ symmetric stretching vibrational modes. For brassite, two similarly assigned intense bands are found at 809 and 862 cm⁻¹. The observation of multiple Raman bands in the (AsO₃OH)²⁻ stretching and bending regions suggests that the arsenate tetrahedrons in the crystal structures of both minerals studied are strongly distorted. Broad Raman bands observed at 2842 cm⁻¹ for haidingerite and 3035 cm⁻¹ for brassite indicate strong hydrogen bonding of water molecules in the structure of these minerals. OH···O hydrogen‐bond lengths were calculated from the Raman spectra based on empirical relations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X-ray diffraction analysis for isothermal annealed powder Mg(OH)2

In this paper, we use an XRD-based 100% approach method to quantify the activity evolution of phase transformation from annealed powder Mg(OH)₂ to MgO. The sample is chemically synthesized. The isothermal phase transformation is carried out between 300 and 310 °C. The ratio of reacted magnesium hydroxide is applied and compared with different existing models. The Avrami model A_n appears to be the most close-fitting. An order of reaction between 1.5 and 2 is observed that it could be considered as a complex combination of different phenomenon, for which we test different models.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-sized Zn(OH)2 and Zn(OH)2/PVA Nano-composite

Nano-sized Zn(OH)₂ was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Further, the structure and properties were tested with FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD and TGA as analytical tools. The structural morphology and size of the Zn(OH)₂ synthesized by the co-precipitation method were determined by using FESEM and HRTEM techniques. The effect of the synthesized nano-sized Zn(OH)₂ on the structural and thermal properties of PVA matrix was tested and discussed.     

氧化镁纳米分级结构的合成及生长机理分析

采用气相合成技术合成了MgO三维纳米分级结构.该结构由纳米线、纳米棒、纳米丝3部分组成.高分辨电镜照片显示第一级纳米线的生长方向为[100],纳米棒与纳米丝呈四次对称分布在纳米线的侧面,其生长方向为[110].沉积区的高温和适当的反应物对三维分级纳米结构的形成起了决定性作用,气固生长模式和气液固生长模式共同主导了三维分级纳米结构形成.     

Syntheses and structural characterization of two new nanostructured Bi(III) supramolecular polymers via sonochemical method

Two new bismuth(III) coordination supramolecular polymers, {[Bi₂(Hbpp)(bpp)(μ-I)₂I₆](Hbpp)·MeOH}_n (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br₄)] (2), (bpp = 1,3-di(pyridin-4-yl)propane) were prepared and were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Single crystalline one-dimensional materials were prepared using a heat gradient applied a solution of the reagents using the branched tube method. The structural determination by single crystal X-ray crystallography shows that compounds 1 and 2 form monoclinic polymers with symmetry space group P2₁ in the solid state. These new nanostructured Bi(III) supramolecular compounds, {[Bi₂(Hbpp)(bpp)(μ-I)₂I₆](Hbpp)·MeOH} (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br₄)] (2), were also synthesized by sonochemical method. The nanostructures were characterized by Field Emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and IR spectroscopy.     

Phase Stability and Hydroxyl Vibration of Brucite Mg(OH)_2 at High Pressure and High Temperature

Brucite Mg(OH)_2 is an archetypal hydrous mineral and it has attracted a great deal of attention.However,little is known about the evolution of hydroxyl groups in brucite with respect to subduction fluids.We carried out Raman measurements up to 15.4 GPa and 874 K via an externally heated diamond anvil cell,investigating the stability of brucite under the conditions relevant to subducting slabs.The hydroxyl vibration mode A_(1_g)(I) of brucite is weakened under simultaneous high pressure-temperature conditions.Meanwhile,the presence of carbonated solution can destabilize the hydroxyl groups of brucite at low pressure.Our results suggest that brucite releases water when reacting with hydrogen carbonate ion to form magnesite MgCO_3 in subduction zones.This implies that the global water cycle is largely coupled with the deep carbon cycle in Earth's interior.     

Solvent-tuned ultrasonic synthesis of 2D coordination polymer nanostructures and flakes

Herein, a new 2-dimensional coordination polymer based on copper (II), {Cu₂(L)(DMF)₂}_n, where L stands for 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate (complex 1) is synthesized. Interestingly, we demonstrate that both solvent and sonication are relevant in the top-down fabrication of nanostructures. Water molecules are intercalated in suspended crystals of complex 1 modifying not only the coordination sphere of Cu(II) ions but also the final chemical formula and crystalline structure obtaining {[Cu(L)(H₂O)₃]·H₂O}_n (complex 2). On the other hand, ultrasound is required to induce the nanostructuration. Remarkably, different morphologies are obtained using different solvents and interconversion from one morphology to another seems to occur upon solvent exchange. Both complexes 1 and 2, as well as the corresponding nanostructures, have been fully characterized by different means such as infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and microscopy.     

Effect of Particle Size on the Thermal Stability and Flammability of Mg(OH)2/EVA Nanocomposites

The effect of the Mg(OH)₂ particle size on the thermal degradation and flammability of a model nanocomposite is presented. In order to investigate the effect of particle size on the flammability and thermal stability of materials intended for cable coatings, the ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was filled with two types of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) with the average particle size 20 nm and 2000 nm. The thermogravimetric experiments performed under nitrogen and air atmosphere did not reveal any substantial effect of particle size on the mechanisms and kinetics of Mg(OH)₂ decomposition. Both types of Mg(OH)₂, at temperatures above 350°C, decomposed endothermally to MgO and H₂O. At the same filler volume fraction, composites with the larger Mg(OH)₂ particles exhibited greater value of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) compared to Mg(OH)₂ nanocomposites. It is proposed that the reduction of Mg(OH)₂ particle size below 200 nm results in the catalytic effect of Mg²⁺ to become more prominent compared to coarser particles. In the case of nano-sized Mg(OH)₂, a large portion of polymer matrix is in direct contact with filler surface due to the high specific surface area of the filler used. Large filler–matrix contact area most probably resulted in the surface-induced catalytic effects of the Mg²⁺ ion on degradation of polyolefins, already described in the literature, accelerating thermal degradation of EVA matrix. This process acts against the flame retarding effect of the Mg(OH)₂ thermal decomposition. Furthermore, larger filler surface of nano-filler led to the indispensable change of the deformation response of EVA compared to the micro-filled composite.