Analysis of the configuration and the location of thermographic equipment for the inspection in photovoltaic systems

The infrared (IR) thermography is a non-destructive technique (NDT) which is used to carry out maintenance quickly and easily in photovoltaic (PV) systems. IR imaging with thermographic cameras under steady state conditions is a usual method for quality control of PV modules and plants in operation. For the proper IR inspection which determines the severity or the importance of the detected findings, it is necessary to consider different aspects of the configuration and the location of the thermographic equipment which allow reducing measuring errors. This paper considers some elements which contribute to the accurate configuration of the thermographic equipment. The influence of the reflected apparent temperature in outdoor IR inspections is analysed and it is proposed a simple method for obtaining it. Besides, the importance of the emissivity in IR thermography is analysed. For that, the value of the emissivity in PV modules of various types both front and rear shape is determined experimentally. It is also studied the proper location of the thermographic equipment in order to minimize reflections of the sun and the sky. For this objective, it is studied the ideal and minimum height of inspection according to the layout of the PV system. In a particular case, it is also analysed the influence of the horizontal angle of thermographic inspection and the reflected radiation.     

光学系统的波面不均匀性与MTF理论值的计算精度

在计算光学系统的ＭＴＦ值时，无论采用什么方法，一般都假设光能在光学系统的出射波面上的分布是均匀的，即假设瞳函数的振幅为常数，但由于实际光学系统存在光阑像差，出射波面上的光能分布是非均匀的，故上述假设给ＭＴＦ的计算带来了误差。本文在计算ＭＴＦ值时，推导出了出射波面的相对能量公式，并通过典型光学系统的实际比较计算，分析了出射波面光能分布的不均匀程度的大小与ＭＴＦ值计算精度的关系。最后得出结论：光学系统的波面不均匀性对ＭＴＦ理论值的计算精度的影响是可观的，当光学系统的ＭＴＦ值计算精度要求较高时，不能近似处理。     

光合细菌的抗氧化作用机理探讨

活性光合细菌1号株的培养离心得到菌体和上清液两个组分。这两种组分在两个重要离体系统中{牛血清蛋白－亚麻油酸 －Fe^2 (Ⅰ系统）和脑组织匀浆－Fe^2 (Ⅱ系统）}具有明显抗指质过氧化作用。止清液作用较弱,在两个系统中其抑制作用为10.2%-13.4%。而在Ⅰ系统中菌体浓度为5mg/L时,抑制率为56.9%,在Ⅱ系统中菌体浓度仅5ug/L时,抑制率就达到74.1%。进一步研究表明：在碱性条件下,连苯三酚会产生超氧队离子,并由它引发连锁反应而发生氧化。自由氧化进程曲线的斜率K值代表了它自氧化速率的大小。在空白对照情况下K1值为1.33,而添加菌体悬液达250mg/L,K5值下降至0.47,说明光合细菌有显著抑制连苯三酚自氧化作用,其原因是光合细菌中有效成分对超氧阴离子有很好的猝灭作用。     

Laying the ghost of the relativistic temperature transformation

Using the Unruh-DeWitt detector, it is shown that a universal and continuous Lorentz transformation of temperature cannot exist for black-body radiation. Since any valid Lorentz transformation of temperature must be able to deal with black-body radiation, it is concluded that a universal and continuous temperature transformation does not exist.     

On the affordances of the MaxEP principle

Optimality principles have long been popular in the natural sciences and enjoyed much successes in various applications. However these principles seem to be disparate, each applied in limited contexts and there are far too many of them causing some consternation among scientists and philosophers of science regarding the ad-hoc nature of the optimality arguments. In this paper, we discuss the Maximum entropy production (MaxEP) as a plausible over-arching principle to understand stable configurations in fluid mechanics and related problems. The MaxEP being based upon sound physical arguments and in the immutable laws of thermodynamics along with the fact that it has been successfully co-opted across disciplines makes it worthy of attention. We discuss various physical and metaphysical aspects of this principle and use it to analyze some model problems regarding patterns in particle sedimentation such as sedimentation of a particle in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and stable deformation of a falling droplet.     

An application of a transcorrelated procedure to the calculation of the energy of the hydrogen molecule

The ground-state energy of the hydrogen molecule is calculated using both the standard variational method and a new transcorrelated method. The value obtained with the new method compares favourably with that obtained by the standard method. If the method used in this paper can be extended to more complicated systems, it is expected that it will enable more accurate energies to be calculated for these systems than is possible using the standard variational method.     

球面参考光波数字全息的一些特点分析及实验

对以球面波作为参考光记录数字全息图的采样和再现分离条件进行了详细的分析。推导出了同时满足采样和再现分离条件时,CCD及物体的横向尺寸、物体及参考光源至CCD的距离之间需要满足的关系式,证明了完全散射物体上复振幅在记录面上的叠加可以等效为一个点光源在记录面上产生的效果,进行了相应的实验研究。结果表明：数字全息术中采用球面参考光波可以比采用平面参考光波更容易满足采样和分离条件,并可以记录到更多的物体信息;在物体至CCD的距离固定的情况下,无透镜傅里叶变换全息术是优化的记录光路结构;散射物体比衍射物体的数字全息图更容易满足采样和分离条件。     

On the crystal geometry influence on the growth of fast-growing surfaces

The external morphology of a given crystal is determined by the growth conditions, growth time and geometry of the crystal. Up to now, it has been believed that the growth conditions which influence the relative growth rates of surfaces play the key role in the formation of the final crystal morphology. In this paper, it is shown that the geometry of a given crystal, expressed by the trigonometric function of appropriate interfacial angles, may influence to a great degree the crystallisation process and the morphology of crystals. For example, it is shown that at particular geometry of a crystal, a given surface may exist in the habit and develop its size although it grows much faster than the neighbouring surfaces.     

On the possibility of observation of the future for movement in the field of black holes of different types

It is shown for a spherically symmetric black hole of general type that it is impossible to observe the infinite future of the Universe external to the hole during the finite proper time interval of the free fall. Quantitative evaluations of the effect of time dilatation for circular orbits around the Kerr black hole are obtained and it is shown that the effect is essential for ultrarelativistic energies of the rotating particle.     

Directed desorption as a probe of the structure of the desorption site

This paper attempts to assess the effects of surface structure on the angular variation of the desorption flux. Quantum calculations are done which show that if the gas-surface interaction potential is sufficiently corrugated in the neighborhood of the desorption site, and the adsorbate molecules desorb without going through a mobile precursor state, then they desorb preferentially in the direction of the surface normal. An activation barrier for adsorption need not be invoked. The predictions of the model agree with recent experiments. More theoretical and experimental verification of the model is needed, but it appears that it should be possible to use a directed desorption experiment to probe the forces on a molecule when it is about to desorb from a surface.     

Application of the RBF meshless method to the solution of the radiative transport equation

In this paper, we introduce a radial basis function collocation method for computing solutions to the time-dependent radiative transfer equation. For these computations, we use finite differences to discretize the time coordinate, a discrete ordinate method to discretize the directional variable, and an expansion in radial basis functions to approximate the spatial dependence of the solution. The main advantages of the RBF method are that it does not require any mesh or grid, achieves spectral accuracy in multi-dimensions for arbitrary node layouts, and it is extremely simple to implement.     

耦合方法在超高速碰撞数值模拟中的应用

 相比于传统的数值方法，无网格光滑粒子法（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics，SPH）更适合模拟超高速碰撞问题，它能够清晰地模拟材料界面，并且能够克服中网格大变形导致的数值不稳定。然而在SPH方法中，为了得到t时刻一个节点上的物理量，需要先找出与它相互作用的临近节点，导致计算速度很慢，计算所需的时间远远大于有限元方法所需的时间。采用SPH与Lagrange法相耦合的方法对3D超高速碰撞过程进行了模拟研究。计算结果表明：SPH与Lagrange法耦合方法的计算结果与SPH计算结果精度接近，并且能够大大地节省计算时间。     

纵波的波形与媒质的运动状态

根据媒质疏密程度来分析纵波传播时媒质的运动状态,并能过媒质间相互作用力与媒质运动状态的关系,证明媒质单位面积相互作用力的功率等于能流密度。     

Ground-state energy of the Hubbard model in the BCS approximation

In the paper it is shown that it is possible to apply the BCS theory to the Hubbard model with positiveU for a half-filled band. A calculation of the ground-state energy of the model is presented.     

Brans-Dicke theory and the duration of the early universe

Though it is widely accepted that the duration of the early universe is about 500,000 years, it is pointed out that in Brans-Dicke theory, with some similar hypotheses to those usually accepted in general relativity models, this duration can be only 6 years.     

Theoretical Study into the Dichroism of the Absorption Bands in the IR Spectra of Oriented Polymers

The IR dichroism of the polarized absorption bands of oriented polymers has been considered. An equation has been obtained that makes it possible to calculate the dichroism of the absorption bands for a different degree of the polymer orientation. This equation has been simplified especially for structurally insensitive absorption bands. In this case it allows one to determine the type of polarization of absorption bands.     

除垢超声波传播影响因素的理论研究

从一维平面波理论入手分析了超声波声压分布特性。依据多普勒频移原理,在声场的运动方程,连续性方程,波动方程的基础上,建立一个超声波在流动的液体中传播的控制方程。根据轴对称模型的实际特点,简化了所得方程,并求出解析解。结果表明流动液体可以产生声波的衰减。液体的黏滞性是产生超声波衰减的重要原因。超声波的频率较高,液体的黏滞性对超声波衰减影响明显。依据黏滞力与速度梯度的关系,建立一个超声波在黏滞液体传播的控制方程,并依据边界条件求出解析解,反映了媒质黏滞性对超声波传播尤其是衰减特性的影响。     

How unique are the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models of the universe

By accepting the validity of certain conjectures in classical general relativity and kinetic theory, it is argued that, in a sense, the spatially homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmological models are unique. This is accomplished in two steps. First, there is reason to believe that kinetic theory requires perfect fluids to be shear-free. Second, it seems that general relativity constrains expanding shear-free fluids to be irrotational. The uniqueness of the FRW models then follows, since it has already been established that they are the only space-times which represent an expanding shear-free irrotational perfect fluid that are physically reasonable on a global scale.This essay received an honorable mention (1986) from the Gravity Research Foundation—Ed.     

Are the quantum rules exact? The case of the imperfect measurements

Should we doubt the exactness of the predictive quantum rules of calculation? Although this question is sometimes raised in connection with the one on how to physically understand quantum mechanics, these two questions should not be mixed up. It is recalled here that even the first one is stil an object of controversy, and it is shown (a) that in one specific case the arguments put forward in support of such doubts are hardly cogent but (b) that, nevertheless, at least in one specific other context, the question is worth attention. This is the problem of repeated imperfect measurements. Relative to it, a theoretical possibility is shown of discriminating between the thesis that the quantum rules are exact and a powerful theory of which it is proved that it cannot be reconciled with the assumption.     

Non-Local Realistic Theories and the Scope of the Bell Theorem

According to a widespread view, the Bell theorem establishes the untenability of so-called ‘local realism’. On the basis of this view, recent proposals by Leggett, Zeilinger and others have been developed according to which it can be proved that even some non-local realistic theories have to be ruled out. As a consequence, within this view the Bell theorem allows one to establish that no reasonable form of realism, be it local or non-local, can be made compatible with the (experimentally tested) predictions of quantum mechanics. In the present paper it is argued that the Bell theorem has demonstrably nothing to do with the ‘realism’ as defined by these authors and that, as a consequence, their conclusions about the foundational significance of the Bell theorem are unjustified.