柠檬酸对MoO3/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

将柠檬酸（CA）作为络合剂添加至CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体中,并考察了CA对MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。活性评价结果显示,催化剂活性随柠檬酸添加量的增大而增大,当n（CA）/n（Ce）为3时,CO转化率可达60%。催化剂BET、XRD、H₂-TPR及XPS等表征结果表明,在CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体中加入CA,可以增大载体及催化剂的比表面积,使Mo物种分散性提高。同时,CA对Ce物种起络合作用,致使催化剂表面Ce元素含量明显增加,进而减弱了活性组分Mo物种与载体间相互作用力,并最终导致了催化剂活性的提升。     

·CO3–在基于太阳光驱动的TiO2-贝壳粉降解盐酸四环素中的作用:降解机理和转化路径(英文)

抗生素的滥用和不当排放对水陆生生态系统造成了严重威胁,在世界各地水环境污染物调研中普遍检测到盐酸四环素的存在.如何解决水体中高稳定、难降解的盐酸四环素污染问题是当前环境领域重点研究的课题之一.在各种去除方法中,利用光化学反应生成活性氧物种如·CO₃^–,·OH,·O₂^–,·SO4–和1O₂等实现对有机污染物的降解在众多研究方法中脱颖而出.·CO₃^–在水体中具有较高的稳态浓度且其对有机物降解具有高选择性.CO₃^2–或HCO₃^–与活性物种如·OH, h+,·O₂^–,·SO4–等反应可以生成·CO₃^–.传统的半导体光催化剂TiO₂在光照下会产生·OH,·O₂^–及h⁺等活性物种,能有效...     

Al2O3助剂对Co/SiC催化剂F-T反应性能的影响

分别采用沉淀法、尿素水解法制备Al₂O₃/SiC复合载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Co/Al₂O₃-SiC催化剂。结合N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征手段,研究Al₂O₃助剂对钴基催化剂物相结构、还原行为以及F-T合成性能等的影响。结果表明,氧化铝加入后增强了载体与钴物种之间的相互作用,提高了钴物种的分散度,降低了钴物种的还原度。尿素水解法引入Al₂O₃后,载体与钴物种具有适中的相互作用,表现出较高的反应活性。沉淀法制备的载体负载钴物种后由于较强的金属-载体相互作用,表现出较优的稳定性。     

焙烧温度对Pt-FeOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化甲醛氧化性能的影响

采用胶体沉积法制备了Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,通过XRD、TEM、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR和FT-IR等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了焙烧温度对Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面结构及其催化甲醛氧化性能的影响。结果表明,焙烧温度对Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的氧化还原性能、Pt物种的化学状态以及表面羟基的数量有较大的影响。在室温下,所有Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂均表现出催化氧化活性,其中,200℃焙烧的Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最好的催化性能,可以将甲醛100%转化为CO₂和H₂O。较低温度焙烧的Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面Pt物种具有较好的价态分布以及更多的界面活性位,如Pt-O-Fe物种,因而在温和条件下对甲醛的催化氧化活性较高。     

铜离子的引入对甲烷无氧芳构化催化剂Mo/CuH-ZSM-5中Mo物种化学状态的影响

对比考察了Mo/CuH-ZSM-5和Mo/H-ZSM-5催化剂的甲烷无氧芳构化性能,并用XRD,XPS,ESR等多种测试手段对反应前后催化剂上的Mo物种及铜助剂的价态变化进行了详细研究,发现Cu(Ⅱ)部分取代H-ZSM-5交换位上的H⁺后,抑制了活性组分MoO₃的还原,而Cu物种自身被还原,进而将这种价态变化与催化剂的活性进行了关联.     

络合浸渍法制备Ag/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂及其催化燃烧丙烷性能

研究了制备过程中不同络合剂乙醇胺（ETA）、二乙醇胺（DTA）、三乙醇胺（TEA）及柠檬酸（CA）等对Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂理化性质的影响,并考察了其催化丙烷燃烧的活性。结果表明,络合浸渍法能够显著提高催化剂催化活性,其活性顺序依次为：Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂(IM,传统浸渍法) < Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂(TEA) < Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂(DTA) < Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂(ETA) < Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂(CA),表明CA作为络合剂效果最好。当CA与Ag的物质的量比为1:1时,催化剂的催化活性最佳。与Ag/Al-Ti(IM)催化剂相比,Ag/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂的T₉₀（丙烷转化率为90%的反应温度）下降了81 ℃。由催化剂的结构分析发现,络合浸渍法制备的催化剂银物种的粒径明显变小、银的分散度提高、表面Ag⁰物种和表面吸附氧的含量增加,进而促进了丙烷催化燃烧性能的提升。      

{110}晶面取向Ag3PO4多面体的水热制备及可见光催化活性

采用简易水热法在聚乙二醇-6000 (PEG-6000)辅助下合成了Ag₃PO₄多面体.系统考察了水热反应温度、时间及PEG-6000用量对产物形貌和结构的影响.通过X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和荧光(PL)光谱等测试手段对光催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,适宜的水热温度及PEG-6000用量是制备具有{110}活性晶面取向Ag₃PO₄多面体的必要条件,该多面体通过纳米颗粒的Ostwald熟化效应生长而成.可见光催化降解罗丹明B (RhB)的实验表明,该Ag₃PO₄多面体活性明显优于其它水热条件下所制备的非{110}取向晶面样品和离子交换法所得纳米颗粒,其降解反应速率常数(k)为离子交换法所得Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒的8.3倍.总有机碳含量(TOC)及循环实验证明,该Ag₃PO₄多面体可以有效地矿化RhB并保持较好的循环稳定性.活性自由基捕获实验表明,空穴(h⁺)和羟基自由基(·OH)是光催化氧化的主要活性物种.结合活性物种的氧化还原电位以及Ag₃PO₄的能带结构分析,提出了催化反应界面光生电子-空穴(e^--h⁺)对的分离及转移机制.     

Pr掺杂对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂NH3-SCR反应活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同Pr掺杂量的Pr₆O₁₁-TiO₂载体, 并以浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-MoO₃/Pr₆O₁₁-TiO₂催化剂. 活性评价结果表明, 该催化剂在220~400 ℃范围内具有良好的脱硝效率和N₂选择性以及较强的抗SO₂和H₂O性能. 表征结果表明, 掺杂Pr可以提高V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂的比表面积、 表面化学吸附氧物种浓度、 桥式硝酸盐物种和Brönsted酸位数量, 从而提高了催化剂上NO_x的选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)活性.     

通过"双离子键"固载于季鏻盐聚合物的[Rh(CO)I3]2–物种在多相乙醇羰基化中的应用

贵金属物种(Rh或Ir络合物)在均相羰基化和氢甲酰化催化过程得到了广泛的应用,但始终存在分离繁琐等问题,其均相多相化可很大程度上简化分离操作,故一直广受重视.单位点催化剂因其具有可与均相相比拟的较高金属利用率和选择性而成为均相多相化的重要研究方向之一.研究发现,在碘物种存在的情况下用于固载金属物种的配位键容易断裂,进而导致金属物种的流失,而通过离子键固载的[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–物种更加稳定,比如著名的甲醇羰基化“Acetica^TM”工艺中,[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–负一价阴离子物种是以离子键的方式固定在带有阳离子骨架的甲基化聚乙烯吡啶树脂上.与甲醇羰基化过程类似的乙醇羰基化过程是生产重要化工中间体丙酸的主要途径之一,但该过程的均相多相化始终存在着稳定性差这一关键问题.为了解决这一问题,基于之前将固载于季鏻盐聚合物的[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–应用于甲醇羰基化的工作,我们将类似的季鏻盐聚合物固载Rh基催化剂Rh-TPISP用于多相乙醇羰基化过程,通过多种表征进一步证明了Rh物种和P物种结构,并提出了“双离子键”模型.P的K边XANES证明了聚合物TPISP的季鏻化阳离子骨架特征.HAADF-STEM测试表明Rh-TPISP中的Rh呈现单位点分散的状态.Rh的XPS和XANES结果证明了Rh-TPISP中Rh物种的价态介于0~+1.通过EXAFS的拟合解析给出了[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–活性中心结构.由于[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–为经典的羰基化活性中心,为了进一步证明该结构的正确性,我们将Rh-TPISP的EXAFS和IR谱图与标样[PPh3Et]⁺[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–对比发现:在EXAFS谱图中,Rh-TPISP中的Rh-C峰高低于[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–的Rh-C峰高,而Rh-TPISP中的Rh-I峰高高于[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–的Rh-I峰高,这就说明Rh-TPISP中Rh物种的Rh-C配位数小于2,而Rh-I配位数大于2;在IR谱图中,标样[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–中有两个羰基振动峰,与该物种的两个Rh-C配位键相符,而Rh-TPISP中的只有一个羰基振动峰,说明Rh-C配位数为1.因此,Rh-TPISP催化剂的季鏻盐骨架中的每个P物种带有一个正电荷,每个带有两个负电荷的[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–通过与两个[P]⁺的静电作用进行固载,形成“双离子键”结构.该催化剂在固定床乙醇羰基化过程中表现出优异的羰基化活性、选择性和稳定性.在3.5 MPa、195 oC反应近1000 h后,Rh-TPISP催化剂TOF保持在约350 h–1,丙酰基选择性为95%以上,高出所有文献报道的均相和多相乙醇羰基化活性.其较高的活性主要是因为[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–比传统Rh活性相[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–具有更强的富电子性,而较高的稳定性主要是由于“双离子键”这种强静电作用比“AceticaTM”工艺中“单离子键”更有利于Rh物种的固载.故Rh-TPISP催化剂中的“双离子键”对其优异的催化性能具有极其重要的作用,对后续多相乙醇羰基化的发展具有重要意义.     

BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结无H2O2光-自芬顿高效催化降解RhB

通过焙烧-超声混合法成功地制备了BiOBr/g-C₃N₄S型异质结复合光催化剂。采用多种表征手段对样品物理属性进行了表征,包括X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)。研究了所制备样品有/无Fe³⁺的光-自芬顿催化/光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)性能。通过捕获实验确定了光催化反应中的主要活性物种,提出了光-自芬顿反应的降解机理。研究结果表明,BiOBr/g-C₃N₄S型异质结能原位生成H₂O₂,添加Fe³⁺后,H₂O₂被原位活化成活性物种且光生电流和载流子分离效率获得显著提高。该光-自芬顿过程能高效降解RhB,其反应速率常数为0.208 min^-1,约为无Fe³⁺光催化反应速率常数的5.3倍,在光-自芬顿循环使用过程中表现出良好的稳定性。Fe...     

原位负载稀土三元催化剂催化环氧丙烷和二氧化碳的共聚合研究

采用2种方法制备了原位负载稀土三元催化剂,即先将均相的Y(CCl3OO)3-Glycerin体系负载在载体上,后逐滴加入ZnEt2(标记为Y(CCl3OO)3-Glycerin/γ-Al2O3/ZnEt2);或先将ZnEt2与载体反应,再与均相的Y(CCl3OO)3-Glycerin体系反应(标记为ZnEt2/γ-Al2O3/Y(CCl3OO)3-Glycerin).研究发现原位负载催化剂催化环氧丙烷和二氧化碳共聚合反应的活性比未负载前低24%～36%,通过分析催化剂制备过程中所生成的乙烷量的变化,证明原位负载时催化剂组分如Y(CCl3OO)3、Glycerin或ZnEt2发生了向载体孔隙内的扩散渗透,使得催化剂各组分配比与未负载催化剂相比发生了偏差,从而降低了催化活性;另一方面,表面羟基与ZnEt2反应形成了低效率的活性种,也是原位负载催化剂活性不高的原因之一.提出了影响原位负载稀土三元催化剂活性的2个主要因素,即活性种的反应活性和活性种的数量.通过调节催化剂组分配比、负载化阶段的振荡研磨时间、原位负载时的活性种状态、载体的表面状态等,可使负载催化剂的活性比未负载的稀土三元催化剂提高3.5%.     

RuCl3/PPh3催化顺酐加氢为琥珀酸酐的反应机理研究

利用原位^31P NMR,IR技术跟踪了RuCl3/PPh3催化顺酐加氢过程，并考察了酸碱的添加对反应的影响。根据实验结果，提出了在RuCl3/PPh3催化剂体系作用下，顺酐均相加氢生成琥珀酐的反应历程：RuCl3/PPh3在反应体系中生成活性物种RuHCl(PPh3)，顺酐以C＝C双键与Ru-H活性物种配位生成配合物，此配合物分子内氢转移，形成金属烷基化物，该化合物再与氢进行氧化加成，还原脱出产物琥珀酸酐和Ru-H活性物种，完成整个催化循环。     

States of Carbon Nanotube Supported Mo-Based HDS Catalysts

The dispersion of the active phase and loading capacity of the Mo species on carbon nanotube (CNT) was studied by the XRD technique. The reducibility properties of Co-Mo catalysts in the oxide state over CNTs were investigated by TPR, while the sulfided Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were characterized by means of the XRD and LRS techniques. The activity and selectivity with respect to the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) performances on carbon nanotube supported Co-Mo catalysts were evaluated. It was found that the main active molybdenum species in the oxide state MoO3/CNT catalysts were MoO2, but not MoO3, as generally expected. The maximum loading before the formation of the bulk phase was lower than 6% (percent by mass, based on MoO3). TPR studies revealed that the active species in the oxide state Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were reduced more easily at relatively lower temperatures in comparison to those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, indicating that the CNT support promoted or favored the reduction of the active species. The active species of a Co-Mo-0.7/CNT catalyst were more easily reduced than those of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts with Co/Mo atomic ratios of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5, respectively, suggesting that the Co/Mo atomic ratio has a great effect on the reducibility of the active species. It was found that the incorporation of cobalt improved the dispersion of the molybdenum species on the support, and a phenomenon of mobilization and re-dispersion had occurred during the sulfurization process, resulting in low valence state Mo3S4 and Co-MoS2.17 active phases. HDS measurements showed that the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were more active than the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 ones for the desulfurization of DBT, and the hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation selectivity of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts was also much higher than those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3. The Co-Mo/CNT catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.7 showed the highest activity, whereas the catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.35 had the highest selectivity.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen over highly dispersed titanium, vanadium, and chromium oxides on silica

Photocatalytic oxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen at room temperature was investigated over various silica-supported metal oxides with low loading. The photocatalytic active site is assumed to be the isolated tetrahedrally coordinated metal oxides in the ligand-to-metal charge-transferred state, such as (Mdelta- -OLdelta+). Photocatalytic epoxidation of propylene into propylene oxide was promoted over silica-supported V and Ti oxides at steady state. Over silica-supported Cr oxide, the propylene oxide formation rate was remarkably decreased with the time course in the reaction. The oxidation state and the coordination environment of the supported Ti, V, and Cr oxide species were determined by diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy (DRS) and electron spin resonance (ESR). During the photocatalytic oxidation, the oxidation state of the Ti4+ species was not varied. On the other hand, the V5+ species was partially reduced to V4+ and the Cr6+ species was successively reduced to Cr5+ and Cr3+. An isotopic tracer study of the C3H6-18O2 reaction suggests the difference of the active oxygen species between TiO2/SiO2 and V2O5/SiO2. The active oxygen species on TiO2/SiO2 is derived from molecular oxygen. On the other hand, the photogenerated products on V2O5/SiO2 incorporate the lattice oxygen of the surface metal oxide species. It is suggested that the kinds of terminal ligand (hydroxyl or oxo) of the tetrahedrally coordinated metal oxides on silica decide the active oxygen species in the photocatalytic oxidation. A photoinduced hole center on the monohydroxyl (SiO)3Ti-OH species activates molecular oxygen that reacts with propylene. In the case of the monooxo (SiO)3V=O and dioxo (SiO)2Cr=O2 species, the photoactivated lattice oxygen (OL-) directly reacts with propylene.     

Cationic polymerization of dienes VII. New electron donors in the polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene initiated by aluminum trichloride in non-polar solvent

The aim of this research was to investigate new bulky electron donors (EDs) generating hindered active species in the cationic polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene initiated by AlCl₃ in pentane, in order to avoid or strongly reduce the reaction between the active species and the double bonds of the polymer which are responsible for side reactions. At room temperature, the polymerization in the presence of new ED, such as OPh₂, N(PhBr)₃, NPh₃ and SPh₂, allowed to obtain higher conversions and lower insoluble fractions than without electron donor. The formation of a complex ED/AlCl₃ was shown for each electron donor. However, in the case of NPh₃ and SPh₂, variations of the polymer microstructure demonstrated an interaction between active species and these EDs. Similar results were obtained at lower temperature (−10 °C). The beneficial effect of the presence of electron donors such as NPh₃ and SPh₂ demonstrated the validity of the concept of sterically hindered active species, but the polymerization was still uncontrolled.     

Oxygen species on NiO/Al2O3 and their reactivities

Oxygen species on fresh and treated NiO/Al₂O₃ and their activities for oxidation of ethane and ethylene were investigated using catalytic property measurements, ethane and ethylene pulse experiments and O₂–TPD–MS experiments. The results revealed that there are two kinds of active oxygen species (the more active one and the less active one) on fresh NiO/Al₂O₃ catalyst, but there is only one active oxygen species, the less active one, on treated NiO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The more active oxygen species can convert ethane or ethylene to carbon dioxide by one step while the less active one can only convert ethane to ethylene, but cannot convert ethane and/or ethylene to carbon dioxide. The more active oxygen species can be removed from the catalyst by heating from 350 to 850 °C. The amounts of desorption oxygen on the catalysts are proportional to their selectivity to carbon dioxide.     

Kinetics of Iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution

The decomposition of alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions at 20°C has been studied in the presence of both supported iron catalysts and in systems with iron initially in solution. Studies with an iron-alumina supported catalyst showed the decomposition reaction was first order with respect to total peroxide concentration, while studies with alkaline Fe³⁺ produced more complex behavior. This has been attributed to the presence of at least two distinct catalytically active iron species. The first species is highly active and gives rise to high initial rates of reaction. A decrease in concentration of this species is observed together with an increase in concentration of a second, less active, iron species. The catalytic behavior of this “aged” iron species was found to be very similar to that of the supported iron catalyst.     

Improvement of low-temperature catalytic activity over hierarchical Fe-Beta catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

Hierarchical Fe-Beta exhibited higher low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity than conventional Fe-Beta, due to more active sites and better dispersion of Fe species.     

生物柴油合成反应中KNO3/Al2O3催化剂的活性物种与失活研究

制备了KNO₃/Al₂O₃负载型固体碱催化剂，通过XRD、DRIFT、低温氮吸附、ICP和碱度滴定等手段对催化剂表面性质进行了表征，研究了其对大豆油与甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油的催化性能，剖析了在反应过程中该催化剂的催化本质以及失活原因。结果表明，高温焙烧后Al₂O₃表面KNO₃完全分解，形成了大量偏铝酸钾分散在载体表面；在酯交换反应时Al₂O₃表面的偏铝酸盐等活性组分不断溶出并参与反应，这是该催化剂表现出高活性的主要原因。在反应过程中生成的产物生物柴油和甘油对催化剂的活性有很大影响，其中，生物柴油与活性物种发生的皂化反应是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

N2O活化的Fe/ZSM-5表面活性氧的表征(英)

Temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) was employed to quantitatively characterize the active oxygen species generated from a high Fe-loading Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst exposed to N₂O at 250 ℃. [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ dimer was determined as the active iron complex for N₂O decomposition to produce the active oxygen. Reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by H₂ in the dimer and removal of OH^- groups from Fe²⁺ dimer by heating Fe/ZSM-5 to 700 ℃ were the prerequisites for the formation of this active Fe complex. A linear correlation with a slope of 1.0 between the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ and that of active oxygen species was observed. Maximum amount of active oxygen species can be generated by reducing Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst with H₂ at the temperatures over 500 ℃ and then heating the resulting product in Ar to 700 ℃, followed by N₂O exposure at 250 ℃. The ratio of the total number of oxygen atoms (Ode) deposited by interaction of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ with N₂O to the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ was 2. However, not all the deposited oxygen atoms were active oxygen (O_a); the ratio of O_a and O_de was 0.5. The iron dimer complex composing active oxygen is a five-atom ion [Fe₂O₃]²⁺; the most probable structure is as follows: