Flow on blades of wells turbine for wave power generation

Wells turbine has the cascade whose stagger angle is 90°, namely the blades are perpendicular to the axial velocity. Good performance is required from 0° to 90° angle of attack because the turbine is operated in the oscillating airflow produced with wave energy. Furthermore, very interesting and complex flows are experimentally observed by the oil film method for large angles of attack where the performance is strongly influenced, especially, the self-starting. This paper tries to analyze the mechanism of these three-dimensional flows around the turbine with the flow visualization and the numerical analysis, focusing on the off-design condition.     

基于面元法的水平轴风力机数值模拟

使用基于速度面元法的势流数值模拟方法,以NREL PhaseⅥ为例进行了叶片气动载荷和风轮近尾流场的数值模拟。将势流数值模拟、叶素动量理论和计算流体力学CFD方法的计算结果与实验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明使用速度面元法计算风轮绕流场具有较高的计算精度和求解效率,为大规模风力机群的流场计算和出力预报提供支撑。     

SRNS方程求解叶栅流动的研究

为建立ＳＲＮＳ方程适用的数值计算方法，并使下游信息充分反馈到上游，本文对不可压ＳＲＮＳ方程提出了拟压缩性空间推进法，对压气机叶栅和透平叶栅的典型计算表明，该方法可准确而快速地模拟叶轮机械内部流场。     

Numerical simulation of transient processes in hydroturbines

A method for calculation of unsteady 3D turbulent flows in hydro turbines of power plants developed for simulation of the transient processes is presented herein. The method is based on joint solution to the Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow written for moving mesh, the equation of runner rotation and the system of 1D equations describing propagation of elastic hydraulic shock in the flow domain. The exchange in flow parameters between the penstock and hydro turbine regions is considered in this approach. Results of transient processes simulation are presented for several modes: start-up to the turbine regime, instantaneous load shedding, and output power decrease. Comparison with experimental data is performed.     

Optimizing parameters of GTU cycle and design values of air-gas channel in a gas turbine with cooled nozzle and rotor blades

The authors have formulated the problem of joint optimization of pressure and temperature of combustion products before gas turbine, profiles of nozzle and rotor blades of gas turbine, and cooling air flow rates through nozzle and rotor blades. The article offers an original approach to optimization of profiles of gas turbine blades where the optimized profiles are presented as linear combinations of preliminarily formed basic profiles. The given examples relate to optimization of the gas turbine unit on the criterion of power efficiency at preliminary heat removal from air flows supplied for the air-gas channel cooling and without such removal.     

雷诺数对涡轮叶栅流动的影响

本文利用数值模拟手段模拟了涡轮叶栅内部三维流动,分析了雷诺数对涡轮叶栅内部流动图画的影响。结果表明在低于自模化雷诺数条件下,雷诺数的降低将对涡轮叶栅吸力面边界层的发展产生严重的不利影响。雷诺数降低至一定程度,将导致吸力面出现严重的分离,端部二次流流动相应加剧,使低雷诺数情况下涡轮叶栅性能恶化,在设计中应予充分重视。     

透平级中自发凝结及叶栅中非均质凝结流动的初步研究

湿蒸汽流动问题研究对提高蒸汽透平设计水平具有重要意义。本文对级环境下的自发凝结流动和和叶栅中的非均质凝结流动进行了数值研究。结果表明,透平级环境下的凝结不仅使流动模式发生了变化,也改变了级的反动度;蒸汽中一定量的杂质对叶栅中湿蒸汽凝结流动的流场发生变化,使流动情况得到改善。要使这些影响从工程上具有指导意义,在此基础上还需要进一步的研究。     

Methods for analysis and synthesis of technological schemes of thermal power plants based on solving auxiliary problems of linear programming

The paper describes the developed method for analyzing technological schemes of thermal power plants based on solving problems of auxiliary linear programming. This method involves solving the linear programming problems to evaluate the effect of supply and removal of heat or material flows of various sizes at different points of the technological scheme of a thermal power plant (TPP). The method effectiveness is demonstrated by the example of the coaldust steam turbine unit with nominal electrical output of 660 MW. As a result of its application, the change of the technological scheme of the unit was found to provide reduction in electricity cost by 0.3%.     

水轮机转轮内部的三维固液两相紊流计算

1引言本文利用两相流动的多流体模型和k－。－A。两相索流模型计算水轮机转轮内部的三维固液两相紊流。在索流两相流动的多流体即多连续介质模型中，离散相看成是Euler坐标中处理的拟流体。与小滑移和无泪移模型不同的是，多流体模型可以分别考虑大滑移和离散颗粒扩散，其间无直接联系，并且能够充分考虑离散相质量、动量及能量的湍流扩散山本文利用速度压力校正法之一：SIMPLEC法进行数值计算。该法最早使用在S．VPatankar和D．B．Snalding在1972年提出的SIMPLE算法中间，本文将其推广到具有交错网格的非正交贴体坐标系中计算三维…     

用多块多网格方法数值模拟三维粘性流动

本文给出了一个模拟三维粘性流动的数值方法．该方法来用高分辨率 ＴＶＤ Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆｆ格式求解三维雷诺平均Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，使用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ模型估计湍流粘性系数，用多重网格技术加速收敛，采用多块结构化网格处理复杂的物理域．文中给出了叶轮机械多个叶片排和透平排汽缸内的全三维粘性流动的数值结果．     

叶栅内定常及非定常粘性流动数值模拟

本文给出了一个模拟叶栅内准三维定常和非定常粘性流动的数值方法。对于定常流动,采用ＴＶＤ Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆｆ格式和代数湍流模型求解雷诺平均Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程,使用当地时间步长和多网格技术使计算加速收敛到定常状态;对于非定常流动,使用双时间步长和全隐式离散,采用与求解定常流动相似的多网格方法求解隐式离散方程。文中给出了ＶＫＩ透平叶栅内的定常流结果和１．５级透平叶栅内的非定常数值结果。     

汽轮机调节级静叶片排内流动分析

本文以数值手段研究了汽轮机调节级静叶栅内粘性流动。数值方法采用三维可压缩粘性流动压力校正算法求解Favre平均的N－S方程及湍流动能k方程和湍流动能耗散率。方程。传统汽轮机调节级静叶栅由于展弦比很小，通道二次流强烈，损失较大。本文分析了采用子午流道收缩及叶片弯曲对降低二次流损失的作用。数值计算的结果同实验结果吻合较好。     

多排叶片内部流动以及叶片排与排气系统相互作用研究

本文采用高分辨率格式和多块多网格方法求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟多排叶片内的三维粘性流动;使用数值激盘模拟叶片排的存在,研究叶片排与非轴对称排气部件之间的相互作用以及复杂的内部流动。文中描述了数值方法,给出了NASA透平导叶和单级透平内部流场的数值结果及其与相应实验结果的对比,也给出了多级透平内部流场的数值结果,以及透平与排气部件之间的耦合流场的结果。     

An experimental study on the effects of relative rotation direction on the wake interferences among tandem wind turbines

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of relative rotation direction on the wake interferences among two tandemwind turbines models.While the oncoming flow conditions were kept in constant during the experiments,turbine power outputs,wind loads acting on the turbines,and wake characteristics behind the turbines were compared quantitatively with turbine models in either co-rotating or counter-rotating configuration.The measurement results reveal that the turbines in counter-rotating would harvest more wind energy from the same oncoming wind,compared with the co-rotating case.While the recovery of the streamwise velocity deficits in the wake flows was found to be almost identical with the turbines operated in either co-rotating or counter-rotating,the significant azimuthal velocity generated in the wake flow behind the upstream turbine is believed to be the reason why the counter-rotating turbines would have a better power production performance.Since the azimuthal flow velocity in the wake flow was found to decrease monotonically with the increasing downstream distance,the benefits of the counter-rotating configuration were found to decrease gradually as the spacing between the tandem turbines increases.While the counter-rotating downstream turbine was found to produce up to 20%more power compared with that of co-rotating configuration with the turbine spacing being about 0.7D,the advantage was found to become almost negligible when the turbine spacing becomes greater than 6.5D.It suggests that the counter-rotating configuration design would be more beneficial to turbines in onshore wind farms due to the smaller turbine spacing(i.e.,~3 rotor diameters for onshore wind farms vs.~7 rotor diameters for offshore wind farms in the prevailing wind direction),especially for those turbines sited over complex terrains with the turbine spacing only about 1–2 rotor diameters.     

空冷汽轮机低压缸马刀叶片性能三维数值分析

本文对某空冷汽轮机马刀叶片性能进行了不同工况三维数值分析。计算表明,所计算的低压缸马刀型在设计工况条件下,流动状况良好。在非设计工况,即小流量工况条件下,除第一级静叶以外,其余叶片排都存在大负攻角流动。     

透平叶片中的二次流旋涡结构的研究

当今在透平机械行业中的研究人员常常会被二次流旋涡结构的研究所吸引。本文作者主要用数值计算,部分地也用实验手段,试图研究、分析与讨论叶片通道中马蹄涡、通道涡、角隅涡和间隙涡等二次流旋涡的生成、演绎与发展。对于壁涡由于尺寸很小而不容易发现。现在应用弯扭叶片作为一种手段来降低叶片损失的人多了,从而需要对弯扭叶片对上述旋涡的影响进行研究。因此,本文对周向弯扭叶片的影响以及其对损失影响的机理也进行了讨论。     

Aerodynamic design optimization by using a continuous adjoint method

This paper presents the fundamentals of a continuous adjoint method and the applications of this method to the aerodynamic design optimization of both external and internal flows.General formulation of the continuous adjoint equations and the corresponding boundary conditions are derived.With the adjoint method,the complete gradient information needed in the design optimization can be obtained by solving the governing flow equations and the corresponding adjoint equations only once for each cost function,regardless of the number of design parameters.An inverse design of airfoil is firstly performed to study the accuracy of the adjoint gradient and the effectiveness of the adjoint method as an inverse design method.Then the method is used to perform a series of single and multiple point design optimization problems involving the drag reduction of airfoil,wing,and wing-body configuration,and the aerodynamic performance improvement of turbine and compressor blade rows.The results demonstrate that the continuous adjoint method can efficiently and significantly improve the aerodynamic performance of the design in a shape optimization problem.     

燃气轮机进气道内部复杂三维流动研究

本文采用高分辨率多块多网格方法,数值研究工业燃气轮机非轴对称进气道内部的复杂三维流动。文中描述了所采用的数值方法,给出了进气道内部流场的细节,分析了进气道出口流场的非轴对称情况。     

向心透平级叶轮内三维复杂流动的数值研究

对向心透平叶轮内部复杂流动在级环境下进行了全三维黏性数值模拟,结合拓扑学原理分析了设计工况和非设计工况下其内流动分离及各种涡系发展的演变过程,初步建立了向心透平叶轮内的旋涡模型,阐述了流动损失的形成机理。研究表明:向心透平叶轮内部涡系与轴流式透平存在较大差别,且流动分离及涡系主要集中在吸力面侧;设计工况下向心透平叶轮内的主要旋涡包括马蹄涡、通道涡及泄漏涡,其主要表现为通道涡与泄漏涡相互影响和掺混,是主要损失的形成原因;非设计工况下,主流在叶轮叶片前缘处发生大范围的分离及回流,造成了较大的能量损失,但二次流损失所占比例较小。     

Quantitative visualization of high-speed 3D turbulent flow structures using holographic interferometric tomography

Using holographic interferometry the three-dimensional structure of unsteady and large-scale motions within subsonic and transonic turbulent jet flows has been studied. The instantaneous 3D flow structure is obtained by tomographic reconstruction techniques from quantitative phase maps recorded using a rapid-switching, double reference beam, double pulse laser system. The reconstruction of the jets studied here reveal a three-dimensional nature of the flow. In particular an increasing complexity can be seen in the turbulence as the flow progresses from the jet nozzle. Furthermore, a coherent three-dimensional, possibly rotating, structure can be seen to exist within these jets. The type of flow features illustrated here are not just of fundamental importance for understanding the behavior of free jet flows, but are also common to a number of industrial applications, ranging from the combustion flow within an IC engine to the transonic flow through the stages of a gas turbine.