The Lake Baikal neutrino experiment

We review the present status of the Baikal neutrino experiment. The structure and parameters of the neutrino telescope NT-200, which was put into operation in April 1998, are described. Selected methodological results are presented. Physics results cover separating up-going muons from atmospheric neutrinos, searches for neutrino events from WIMP annihilation, searches for magnetic monopoles, and high-energy neutrinos. From Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2003, pp. 530–535. Original English Text Copyright ? 2003 by Balkanov, Belolaptikov, Bezrukov, Budnev, Chensky, Danilchenko, Dzhilkibaev, Domogatsky, Fialkovsky, Gaponenko, O. Gress, T. Gress, Il'yasov, Klabukov, Klimov, Klimushin, Koshechkin, Konischev, Kulepov, Kuzmichev, Kuznetsov, Lubsandorzhiev, Micheev, Milenin, Mirgazov, Moseiko, Osipova, Panfilov, Pan'kov Parfenov, Pavlov, Pliskovsky, Pokhil, Poleshuk, Popova, Prosin, Rosanov, Rubzov, Semenei, Spiering, Streicher, Tarashansky, Vasiliev, Wischnewski, Yashin, Zhukov. This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Vacuum arc ion charge-state distributions

Vacuum arc ion charge-state spectra have been measured for a wide range of metallic cathode materials. The charge-state distributions were measured using a time-of-flight diagnostic to monitor the energetic ion beam produced by a metal vapor vacuum arc ion source. Data were obtained for 48 metallic cathode elements: Li, C, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Ir, Pt, Au Pb, Bi, Th, and U. The arc was operated in a pulsed mode with pulse length 0.25 ms: arc current was 100 A throughout. The measured distributions are cataloged and compared with earlier results. Some observations about the performance of the various elements as suitable vacuum arc cathode materials are also presented     

A Rapid Method for the Determination of Trace Element Impurities in Silicons Oils by ICP-MS After Microwave-Assisted Digestion

Abstract

A microwave-assisted digestion procedure has been developed for the treatment of silicone oil samples. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration level of 40 trace element impurities, like Li, Na, Mg, Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Rb, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, W, Au, Pb, Hg, Th, Bi and U in these samples, having obtained average relative standard deviation values of 9.6%. The methodology developed has been tested by recovery studies on different natural samples spiked with known amounts of Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb at concentration levels of 10, 0.5, 5, 5, 10 and 1 μg g^?1 and recovery percentage values varies from 97 to 105 %.     

Multielement Analysis of Higherian Major Stimulants Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of Na, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Sb, Cs, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Dy, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Pa, and U in bitter cola (Garcinia cola), Tatassai (Capsicum spp), sweet pepper (Capsicum annum), chillies (Capsicum spp.), alligator pepper (Aframomum melagueta) and onions (Allium caps) which are the major Nigerian stimulants.     

Using elemental profiles and stable isotopes to trace the origin of green coffee beans on the global market

A broad elemental profile incorporating 54 elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi and U) in combination with δ(2) H, δ(13) C, δ(15) N and δ(18) O was used to characterise the composition of 62 green arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee beans grown in South and Central America, Africa and Asia, the four most internationally renowned areas of production. The δ(2) H, Mg, Fe, Co and Ni content made it possible to correctly assign 95% of green coffee beans to the appropriate variety. Canonical discriminant analysis, performed using δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(18) O, Li, Mg, P, K, Mn, Co, Cu, Se, Y, Mo, Cd, La and Ce correctly traced the origin of 98% of coffee beans. Copyright ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NESTOR experiment in 2003

NESTOR is a submarine high-energy muon and neutrino telescope, now under construction for deployment in the Mediterranean close to Greek shores. The first floor of NESTOR with 12 optical modules was deployed successfully in March 2003 together with the electronics system. All systems and the associated environmental monitoring units are operating properly and data are being recorded. The status of the NESTOR project is presented. We outline briefly the construction of the deepwater neutrino telescope, properties of the NESTOR site, infrastructure of the project, the deployment of the first floor, and its current operation. The first data are presented and plans for the next steps are summarized. From Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 67, No. 11, 2004, pp. 2075–2078. Original English Text Copyright ? 2004 by Zhukov, Aloupis, Anassontzis, Arvanitis, Babalis, Ball, Bezrukov, Bourlis, Butkevich, Chinowsky, Christopoulos, Darsaklis, Dedenko, Elstrup, Fahrun, Gialas, Goudis, Grammatikakis, Green, Grieder, Karaevsky, Katrivanos, Keussen, Kiskiras, Knutz, Korostylev, Komlev, Kontakxis, Koske, Learned, Ledenev, Leisos, Limberopoulos, Ludvig, Makris, Manousakis-Katsikakis, Makropoulos, Matsuno, Mielke, Mihos, Minkowski, Mironovich, Mitiguy, Nounos, Nygren, Papageorgiou, Passera, Politis, Preve, Prybylsky, Rathley, Resvanis, Rosen, N. Schmidt, Th. Schmidt, Siotis, Shnyrev, Sopher, Staveris, Stavrakakis, Stokstad, Surin, Tsagli, Tsirigotis, Tsirmpas, Tzamarias, Vasiliev, Vaskin, Voigt, Vougioukas, Voulgaris, Zakharov, Ziabko. The authors represent the NESTOR Collaboration This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锁阳中15种金属元素含量

采用浓硝酸-高氯酸(φ∶4∶1)常压微沸条件下消解锁阳样品,应用火焰原子吸收法测定了锁阳中的金属元素Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Au, Ag含量,研究了测定不同元素的仪器最佳工作条件、方法的准确性和精密度。结果表明,锁阳中Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn,Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Ag含量分别为13 572.0, 14 260.0, 358.3, 168.3, 238.5, 19.4, 5.9, 3.4, 2.6, 1.3, 0.4 μg·g-1, Co, Cr, Cd, Au未检出。方法的加标回收率为97.8%～104.5%, 相对标准偏差(n=9)为0.2%～5.0%。测定方法简单易行,方便快捷,结果令人满意。     

ORLaND: A proposed neutrino facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA, ORLaND is a collaboration proposing a major neutrino physics facility at the Spallation Neutrino Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. An underground bunker is proposed adjacent to the first target station of the SNS. The bunker is designed to house one large detector (2000 t) and a number of smaller (200 t) detectors. A comprehensive program of neutrino experiments is being developed that could span the lifetime of the Spallation Source. From Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1082–1086. Original English Text Copyright ? 2000 by Avignone III, Anderso, Awes, Berridge, Bilpuch, Britton, Bryan, Bugg, Burman, Busenitz, Carter, Chatterjee, Cianciolo, Cochran, Cohn, Danilov, De-Brackeleer, Degtiarenko, Efremenko, Elaasar, Fazely, Frank, Gabriel, Gould, Gudkov, Gunasingha, Handler, Hart, Imlay, Jagadish, Kamyshkov, Khosrovi, Koetke, Lane, Manweiler, Metcalf, Mezzacappa, Mo, Nosik, Nummaker, Nussinov, Piepke, Plasil, Reidy, Rosenfeld, Smith, Stancu, Stanislaus, Steinberg, Svoboda, Tashakkori, Tornow, Van Dalen, Walker, Watson, Wintenberg, Wolf, Wright, Zel’dovich, Zhang. This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Pigment study by Raman microscopy of 23 paintings by the Portuguese artist Henrique Pousão (1859–1884)

Twenty‐three paintings by Henrique Pousão—a 19th century Portuguese painter—belonging to the collection of Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis, Porto, Portugal, were analysed by Raman microscopy. The fine focus of a 100× objective allowed the visualisation and individual identification of small grains. As a result, thirty‐seven compounds, namely, anatase, barium white, basic lead sulfate, brochantite, cadmium red, cadmium yellow, calcium carbonate, carbon‐based black, celadonite, chrome green, chrome orange, chrome yellow, cobalt blue, cochineal lake, copper sulfide, emerald green, iron(III) oxyhydroxide, iron(III) oxide, kaolinite, lead antimonate yellow, lead carbonate, lead white, lead sulfate, madder lake, malachite, Prussian blue, quartz, realgar/pararealgar, red lead, rutile, Scheele's green, strontium yellow, ultramarine blue, vermilion, viridian, zinc white and zinc yellow, were identified. Not all these compounds are pigments; some are extenders, others trace components and others probably products of reactions between pigments. Special attention was given to the Raman characterisation of celadonite, chrome orange, basic lead sulfate and lead antimonate yellow. Complementary techniques were used to confirm the identities of certain pigments and to characterise reference samples. Pousão, whose work has not previously been studied spectroscopically, was found to have used a remarkably wide range of pigments over his painting periods, without showing significant preference for any particular set of pigments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.     

内蒙古兴和县育龄妇女头发中矿质元素分布及影响因素研究

使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分别对内蒙古自治区兴和县180名农村育龄妇女头发中21种矿物元素(铝,硼,钡,钙,镉,钴,铬,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)的含量及年龄、生育史及饮食习惯等对其产生的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大多数矿物元素(硼,镉,铬,钴,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)含量从青年组(18～29岁)到老年组(40～45岁)依次减少,而中年组(30～39岁)的钙,镁,锰、铅的含量最低。生育二胎的妇女钙,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,锡,锶和锌含量最低,这可能与生育次数的增加有关,相关性分析证实钙,铅和锡与生育史有显著性相关。此外,饮食习惯也会影响头发中矿物质元素的含量。经常食用酸菜会导致锌,铁,铜,锰,锶含量水平较低,但钼,铅和硒含量水平较高。而且,锌和硒含量随肉类摄入频率增加而增加。规律性摄入蔬菜会增加硅的含量。同时,经常食用水果会增加锰,镍和钛的含量水平。因此,该研究为解决不均衡饮食习惯盛行的农村地区生育和妇女健康提供基础数据和有用的信息。     

ICP-MS在城市道路尘土中非常规监测微量元素污染评价中的应用

采集了石河子城区32个站点的道路尘土样本,测定了样品中10种非常规监测微量元素(B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl,V)的含量。并采用地积累指数法、元素相关性分析和主成分分析法对尘土中的微量元素污染程度和来源进行了分析。结果表明：道路尘土中微量B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl和V的平均含量分别为41.11,1.68,0.52,13.58,36.26,24.91,3.37,3.64,0.42,72.66 mg·kg-1。其中,Co,Li和Tl的平均含量均低于新疆土壤元素背景值,B,Be和V的平均含量和新疆土壤元素背景值相似,Bi,Ga,Sb和Sn的平均含量高于新疆和世界土壤元素背景值。地积累指数计算结果表明：B,Be,Co,Ga,Li,Tl和V污染级数为0,说明无污染,而Sb,Bi和Sn污染较为严重(污染等级分别为2,1,1)。元素相关性分析和主成分分析多元统计方法计算结果表明,Bi,Co,Sb和Tl主要是人为来源,B,Be,Li和V主要是自然来源,而Ga和Sn可能受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。     

Short-pulse Calorimetric Load for High Power Millimeter-wave Beams

A spherical compact matched load, for high vacuum operation suited for short pulses (2 MW, 0.1 s) precise measurement has been designed to test high power gyrotrons Bruschi, Gandini, Muzzini, Spinicchia, Cirant, Gittini, Granucci, Mellera, Nardone, Simonetto, and Sozzi (Fusion Eng. Des. 56–57:649–654, 2001); Bruschi, Cirant, Gandini, Granucci, Mellera, Muzzini, Nardone, Simonetto, Sozzi, and Spinicchia (Nucl. Fusion 43:1513–1519, 2003); Bruschi, Cirant, Gandini, Gittini, Granucci, Mellera, Muzzini, Nardone, Simonetto, Sozzi, Spinicchia, Angella, and Signorelli (Development of CW and short-pulse calorimetric loads for high power millimeter-wave Beams, 23rd Symposium on Fusion Technology, September 20–24, 2004, Venice, Italy). In order to enhance the power handling capability of the load and to reduce the operation problems that may arise from an excessive reflection from the load, a ray tracing code has been written to model the power distribution on the inner surface and the pattern of the reflected radiation. The outcome of this code has been used to select a more convenient profile for the spreading mirror of the load and to optimize a pre-load specially conceived to minimize the power reflected fraction.     

Studying of hypernuclei with nuclotron beams

A spectrometer is created to study relativistic hypernuclei produced with beams of accelerated nuclei from the Nuclotron facility (Dubna, JINR). Test runs have been carried out and the conclusion is drawn that the properties of the facility meet the requirements of the task of searching for unknown and studying poorly known neutron-rich hypernuclei. Original Russian Text ? A.V. Averyanov, S.A. Avramenko, V.D. Aksinenko, M.Kh. Anikina, S.N. Bazylev, V.P. Balandin, Yu.A. Batusov, Yu.A. Belikov, Yu.T. Borzunov, O.V. Borodina, A.I. Golokhvastov, L.B. Golovanov, C. Granja, A.B. Ivanov, Yu.L. Ivanov, A.Yu. Isupov, Z. Kohout, A.M. Korotkova, A.G. Litvinenko, J. Lukstiņš, A.I. Malakhov, L. Majling, O. Majlingova, P.K. Manyakov, V.T. Matyushin, I.I. Migulina, G.P. Nikolaevsky, O.B. Okhrimenko, A.N. Parfenov, N.G. Parfenova, V.F. Peresedov, S.N. Plyashkevich, S. Pospišil, P.A. Rukoyatkin, I.S. Saitov, R.A. Salmin, V.M. Slepnev, I.V. Slepnev, M. Solar, B. Sopko, V. Sopko, E.A. Strokovsky, V.V. Tereshchenko, A.A. Feshchenko, T. Horazdovsky, D. Chren, Yu.A. Chencov, I.P. Yudin, 2008, published in Yadernaya Fizika, 2008, Vol. 71, No. 12, pp. 2137–2145.     

Intranuclear cascade in the interactions of neutrinos with neon nuclei

A method is developed for separating νN interactions from interactions involving an intranuclear cascade in νNe scattering at a mean neutrino energy of 145 GeV. The fraction of events featuring a cascade is evaluated by using a sample of νNe charged-current interactions. It is found that the multiplicity of charged particles in the forward direction takes the same value for events with and without a cascade for 4<W ²<550 GeV². In the backward direction, cascade events have the charge multiplicity higher than the multiplicity for cascade-free events by 2.36 units. It is found that particles with momenta less than 2 GeV/c make a dominant contribution to the rescattering process. A depletion of the fastest particles for W ²<50 GeV² is observed, in accord with the formation-time concept. From Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 63, No. 9, 2000, pp. 1660–1669. Original English Text Copyright ? 2000 by Vataga, Murzin, Aderholz, Ammosov, Asratian, Barth, Bingham, Brucker, Burnstein, Chatterjee, Clayton, Ermolov, Erofeeva, Faulkner, Gapienko, Guy, Hanlon, Harigel, Ivanilov, Jain, G. Jones, M. Jones, Kafka, Kaftanov, Kalelkar, Kohli, Korablev, Kubantsev, Lauko, Lukina, Lys, Lyutov, Marage, Milburn, Mittra, Morrison, Moskalev, Myatt, Naon, Passmore, Peters, Rubin, Sacton, Schneps, J. Singh, S. Singh, Smart, Smirnova, Stamer, Varvell, Venus, Willocq. This article was submitted by the authors in English. Deceased. The author represents the E632 Collaboration     

土壤重金属沿山地森林海拔梯度的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,研究了14种重金属(Fe,Al,Ti,Cu,Cr,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd,As)沿山地森林海拔梯度的分布特征.结果表明海拔梯度对14种重金属中的6种重金属浓度(Fe,A1,Ti,V,Pb与As)有显著的影响,对其他八种重金属浓度(Cu,Cr,M...     

Recent Advances in the Study of Phosphorene and its Nanostructures

Phosphorene, a single layer of black phosphorus, has attracted considerable attention recently due to its intriguing structures and fascinating electronic properties. In particular, its remarkable properties, such as high charge carrier mobility, direct band-gap semiconducting characteristics, and strong anisotropies in electro-optical and thermo-mechanical properties, etc., are opening up brand-new opportunities for its applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, sensors, energy conversion, and advanced engineering materials, etc. In this article, we present recent advances in the study of phosphorene and its derivatives (nanoribbons, nanotubes, fullerenes, and heterostructures) with special emphasis on structures, morphologies, properties (electronic, optical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical), and applications (transistors, phonon detectors, digital circuits, sensors, thermoelectric materials, Li-ion batteries). In addition, routes for modifying these properties by physical and chemical functionalization, defect engineering, strain engineering, and electric fields are discussed. Our intent is to present a state-of-the-art view in this fast-evolving field, with a balanced theoretical and experimental perspective.     

Impurity doping into Mg2Sn: A first-principles study

We studied the formation energy and atomic structure of impurities in Mg₂Sn using first-principles plane-wave total energy calculations. Twenty elements, namely H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Sc, Y, La, Cu, Ag, Au, B, Al, Ga, In, N, P, As, Sb, and Bi, were selected as the impurity species. We considered structural relaxation of the atoms within the second nearest neighbors of the impurity atom in the 48-atom supercell. The results of the formation energy calculations suggested that Sc, Y, La, P, As, Sb, and Bi are good n-type dopants whereas Li and Na are good p-type dopants. The electrical properties of Li-, Na-, and Ga-doped Mg₂Sn and La-doped Mg₂(Si, Sn) composites reported previously can be explained by the low formation energies of Li, Na, Ga, and La in Mg₂Sn.     

Measurement of the cross section for the process e+e? → K

The cross section for the process e ⁺ e ⁻ → K _L ⁰ K _S ⁰ is measured by using approximately 1000 events recorded by the CMD-2 detector at the VEPP-2M collider in the energy range from 1.05 to 1.38 GeV. __________ Translated from Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 65, No. 7, 2002, pp. 1255–1260. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2002 by Anashkin, Aulchenko, Akhmetshin, Banzarov, Barkov, Baru, Bashtovoy, Bondarev, Bondar, Bragin, Gabyshev, Gorbachev, Grebeniuk, Grigoriev, Dhawan, Zverev, Ignatov, Kazanin, Karpov, Koop, Krokovny, Kuzmin, Kurdadze, Logashenko, Lukin, Lysenko, Mikhailov, Nesterenko, Okhapkin, Polunin, Popov, Roberts, Root, Ruban, Ryskulov, Sibidanov, Sidorov, Skrinsky, Smakhtin, Snopkov, Solodov, Stepanov, Sukhanov, Thompson, Fedotovich, Khazin, Hughes, Chernyak, Shamov, Shatunov, Shwartz, Eidelman, Yudin. Dedicated to Isai Isidorovich Gurevich—Teacher and marvelous man     

金（山）银花药材中15种金属元素的测定

为比较金银花、山银花中金属元素的含量是否存在差异,用王水对金银花、山银花进行消解,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了它们中Na、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、Mn、Sn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Ag、Au等金属元素的含量.发现金银花、山银花中Na、Ca、Fe、Ni、Mn元素含量差异较大,他们所含的重金属元素超标.