Unified fission model for proton emission

The unified fission model (UFM) combining with the phenomenological assault frequency has been carried out to investigate the proton-radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical values, and newly observed spherical proton emitters have been analyzed. Finally, the effect of angular momentum transfer on half-life of proton emission has been discussed in detail and a formula can be used to describe this relationship.     

Theoretical Analysis and New Formulae for Half-Lives of Proton Emission

The proton radioactivity hMf-lives of spherical proton emitters are calculated by the cluster model with the con- tribution of a centrifugal potential barrier considered separately. The results are compared with the experimental data and other theoretical data, and good agreement is found for most nuclei. In addition, two formulae are pro- posed for the proton decay half-life of spherical proton emitters through the least squares fit to the experimental data available, and could reproduce the experimental half-lives successfully.     

Proton radioactivity within the generalized liquid drop model with various versions of proximity potentials

In the present work, we systematically investigate the proton radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters adopting a generalized liquid drop model(GLDM) with 16 different proximity potentials, of which the proximity potential Prox.77-13 gives the closest results to the experimental data. Combined with the previous conclusion that the GLDM with proximity potential Prox.77-13 can also best describe α decay half-lives, which makes the model more uniform and consistent.Further, we use the proximity potential Prox.77-13 in GLDM to predict the proton radioactivity half-lives of 14 spherical proton emitters that are allowed energetically but not yet observed experimentally or specifically quantified. Finally, we research the Geiger-Nuttall law for proton radioactivity. The results reveal that the Geiger-Nuttall law can also be well used to study the proton radioactivity half-lives of isotopes with the same orbital angular momentum l.     

Empirical formulas for proton decay half-lives:Role of nuclear deformation and Q-value

Two empirical formulas for the proton decay half-lives including nuclear deformation are proposed. The formula with parameter set I gives the logarithm of the proton decay half-lives as an explicit function of the orbital angular momentum with eight adjustable parameters, whereas that with set II represents the logarithm of the reduced half-lives as an implicit function of the angular momentum with seven adjustable parameters. Experimental data for the half-lives of 44 proton emitters in the ground state or isomeric state were used to obtain the parameters. The experimental and calculated Q values were used. Different sets of parameters were obtained for the ground state transition, isomeric state transition, and all transitions for both deformed and spherical nuclei. The best agreement with experimental data was observed for set I for deformed proton emitters with experimental Q values.     

滴线核的质子发射

质子放射性是极端丰质子核的一个重要性质 .球形核的质子发射用 WKB方法可以很好地描述 ,变形核的质子发射则须解耦合道的薛定谔方程 .通过140Ho和141Ho质子发射体的研究可给出非束缚 Nilsson轨道的结构信息.Proton emission is a very important property of the extreme proton rich nuclei. It is introduced that the proton emission from a spherical nucleus can be well described by WKB method, while that from a deformed nucleus must be described by means of solving coupled channel Schrdinger equations. The investigation of the proton emitters 140Ho, 141Ho offered information about the structure of unbound Nilsson orbitals.     

A formula for half-life of proton radioactivity

We present a formula for proton radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters with the inclusion of the spectroscopic factor. The coefficients in the formula are calibrated with the available experimental data. As an input to calculate the half-life, the spectroscopic factor that characterizes the important information on nuclear structure should be obtained with a nuclear many-body approach. This formula is found to work quite well, and in better agreement with experimental measurements than other theoretical models. Therefore, it can be used as a powerful tool in the investigation of proton emission, in particular for experimentalists.     

Theoretical Calculation for Half-Lives of Spherical Proton Emitters

Half-lives of the proton radioactivity for spherical proton emitters are investigated theoretically in the Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin approximation. Microscopic proton-nucleus interaction potentials are obtained by folding the densities of the residual daughter nuclei with renormalized M3Y effective interactions. We also take the spectroscopic factor （Sp） into account in the calculation, which is evaluated in the relativistic mean field approach using the force NL3. The calculated results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Theoretical study on spherical proton emission

The proton radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters are investigated within a generalized liquid drop model(GLDM),including the proximity effects between nuclei in a neck and the mass and charge asymmetry.The penetrability is calculated in the WKB approximation and the assault frequency is estimated by the quantum mechanism method considering the structure of the parent nucleus.The spectroscopic factor is taken into account in half-life calculation,which is obtained by employing the relativisti...     

Excited states in128Ba

A group of proton emitters of Au, Ir, Re, Ta has been identified by means of mass values derived from the experimental data. The proton drip line has been determined. It is shown that on the boundary of the proton stability the values of proton pairing energies increase by about 50% as compared with the isotone nuclei near the betastability line.     

Systematical study of beta delayed proton emission energies

Graphs are given of the maximum proton energies in delayed proton emitters. This quantity, equal to the difference of the electron capture decay energy of the precursor and the separation energy of a proton in the daughter, has been calculated in a least squares adjustment of mass spectroscopic data and nuclear decay and reaction energies. The graphs would lead to expect a 950 keV lower maximum proton energy in⁷³Kr(?p)⁷²Se than has been reported from experiments. They can be used to predict new cases for further studies on this subject.     

New neutron-deficient isotopes of barium and rare-earth elements

This paper deals with an investigation of the short-lived neutron-deficient isotopes of barium and rare-earth elements. By using the BEMS-2 isotope separator with a heavy-ion beam, we succeeded in producing 19 new isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 117 to 138. Five of these (¹¹⁷Ba, ^{129, 131}Nd and^{133, 135}Sm) turned out to be delayed proton emitters. Theβ-decay probabilities for the new isotopes have been analyzed in terms of the β-strength function. An analysis of the proton spectrum shape has been performed using the statistical model for delayed proton     

Proton emission from the drip-line nuclei I-Bi using the WKB approximation with relativistic mean-field densities

crucial application to the existence of exotic nuclei. The effective relativistic meanfield formalism(E-RMF), with NL3, FSUGarnet, G3 and IOPB-I interactions, is adopted for analysis of the ground state properties of proton emitters. Furthermore, in the E-RMF background, the Wentzel-Karmers-Brillouin(WKB)barrier penetration method is used for the calculation of proton emission half-lives. It is found that the calculated halflives are in good agreement with the experimental results for all emitters considered in this study.     

The single-particle characteristics of Pb isotopes near the drip lines calculated within the dispersive optical model

The neutron and proton dispersive optical potential for the ²⁰⁸Pb nucleus has been determined for the energy region from–70 to +60 MeV and used to calculate the differential elastic scattering, the total interaction and reaction cross sections, as well as the single-particle characteristics, the neutron and charge densities, rms radii, and the thickness of the nucleus skin. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The proton dispersive optical model potential for the spherical and close to spherical Pb isotopes within the neutron and proton drip lines has been obtained by a similar method. The calculation predicts a trend towards the growth of the proton particle-hole gap, which corresponds to Z = 82 shell closure as Z approaches the proton drip line.     

Experimental study for the production cross sections of positron emitters induced from 12C and 16O nuclei by low-energy proton beams

In proton therapy, positron emitters are induced from ¹²C and ¹⁶O nuclei by protons on the beam path in the patient. Many studies for monitoring positron emitters with beam-induced PET technique have been performed by various groups to verify the proton beam range and the dose in the patient for quality assurance (QA). The QA methods proposed by some groups require accurate production cross sections of the positron emitters produced by protons, especially in the low-energy region. The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the production cross sections of positron emitters using standard equipment for proton therapy, and to measure the cross sections of positron emitters produced by low-energy protons and verify them in comparison with data of previous experiments. An 80-MeV proton beam was produced by a synchrotron, and the energy was degraded by polyethylene blocks to obtain various beam energies. The number of protons was estimated from the charge induced in a parallel-plate ionization chamber by protons. Low-energy protons of 14–70 MeV were used to bombard ¹²C-rich and ¹⁶O-rich target materials: namely, polyethylene and gelatinous water. The time-activity curve was then measured by a high-sensitivity PET scanner to extract the number of positron emitters produced in the target. The production cross sections for four reaction channels: ¹⁶O(p, pn)¹⁵O, ¹⁶O(p, 3p3n)¹¹C, ¹⁶O(p, 2p2n)¹³N, and ¹²C(p, pn)¹¹C were then measured. The cross sections for the ¹⁶O(p, pn)¹⁵O reaction channel were consistent with data of previous experiments within the uncertainties, while those of ¹²C(p, pn)¹¹C were generally lower than data of previous experiments. These results suggested that further measurements of the production cross sections will be necessary.     

D3He爆推靶质子源优化模拟研究

为了在百kJ高功率激光装置上建立D3He质子照相平台,采用一维辐射流体程序Helios-CR对D3He爆推靶质子产生进行了模拟,综合考虑多种因素给出在百千焦高功率激光装置上开展质子照相所需要的激光和靶球建议参数。结合激光装置现有条件,分析了在1015 W/cm2左右激光强度下D3He质子产额随靶球半径、激光强度、充气压力和SiO₂球壳厚度等参数的变化规律,给出了靶球半径300 μm,内充D3He气体压强1.8 MPa,SiO₂球壳厚度3.5 μm左右等优化参数,预计此条件下D3He质子产额可达109～1010。通过模拟得到的质子产额变化规律,为质子照相平台的正式建立和实验参数选取提供了参考。     

Proton radioactivity with analytically solvable potential

The phenomenon of proton emission is treated as a process of asymmetric fission through a one-dimensional potential barrier developed due to combined effects of the Coulomb potential, centrifugal potential and various renormalization processes. The barrier is simulated to an asymmetric, smooth and analytically solvable potential with adjustable depth, shape and range. The half-lives of proton emitters in the mass range A = 105–171 have been calculated using exact expression for the transmission coefficients. Good agreement with the experimental data is obtained by the adjustment of just one parameter in all the cases.      

Systematics of proton emission

A very simple formula is presented that relates the logarithm of the half-life, corrected by the centrifugal barrier, with the Coulomb parameter in proton decay processes. The corresponding experimental data lie on two straight lines which appear as a result of a sudden change in the nuclear shape marking two regions of deformation independently of the angular momentum of the outgoing proton. This feature provides a powerful tool to assign experimentally quantum numbers in proton emitters.