Determination of 1-Hydroxy Pyrene in Fish Bile by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrometry

Environmental pollution with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has being concerned. PAHs are mainly bound to sediment particles in the aquatic environment, but may still be biologically available to marine organisms^[1]. So PAHs could be harmful to human beings by food chain transportation and accumulation. Routine monitoring of PAHs levels in the aquatic environment usually involves the determination of parent PAHs in sediment samples. Additional information on the actual uptake of these compounds by aquatic organisms can be obtained by a biomonitoring approach. However, the biotransformation rates of PAHs in fish are relatively high, and the analysis of parent PAHs in liver and muscle tissue is difficulty. Therefore, the biomonitoring of PAHs uptake should be concerned on the determination of PAHs metabolites in excreta. In this study, a simple, fast and easy operation synchronous fluorimetry has been established for this purpose.     

Determination of trace elements in macrozoobenthos samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis

The paper describes the analysis of a set of metals in macrozoobenthos samples from a river in Western Austria by using total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF). Metal concentrations in aquatic insect larvae from an industrially contaminated site are significantly higher than in larvae from a reference site. Furthermore, species-specific differences in metal accumulation were found. TXRF allows multi-element analysis of very low metal concentrations in very small sample masses (e.g. single aquatic insect larvae with a dry weight of only a few milligrams). Due to its multi-element capability and high sensitivity total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis is a valuable tool for biomonitoring studies of metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems.     

蓝藻水华衍生的微囊藻毒素污染及其对水生生物的生态毒理学研究

富营养化导致的蓝藻水华频发,引发各种衍生物污染,严重时造成重大生态灾害事件,甚至危及人类健康。其中微囊藻毒素以其毒性大、分布广和结构稳定的特点,成为水环境中常见的潜在危害物质,它主要由微囊藻产生,是一类具有多种异构体的环状七肽物质。本文根据微囊藻毒素污染现状及其水生生态毒理学研究的最新研究进展,介绍了微囊藻毒素的理化性质及其产生、迁移和转化,在我国天然水体、水库源水和饮用水中的污染现状以及部分水产品中的微囊藻毒素累积情况,较全面地评述了微囊藻毒素的分子致毒机理以及对水生生态系统的重要组成成分--常见水生植物和鱼类的生态毒理学效应,并提出了该领域未来研究的主要方向。     

Solid-phase extraction for toxicity reduction evaluations of industrial wastewater effluents

The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of industrial and municipal wastewater effluents in the United States are limited in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. Toxicity reduction evaluations (TREs) involving fractionation of wastewater effluents, biomonitoring for aquatic toxicity and determinations of specific chemicals are conducted when adverse effects on water quality are detected during routine biomonitoring as required by the NPDES permit. However, certain fractionation techniques are incompatible with subsequent testing for aquatic toxicity. The effect of various schemes for fractionation of wastewater effluent on biomonitoring with freshwater Cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia or Ceriodaphnia reticulata) is reviewed. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is discussed as a chromatographic technique used for the selective fractionation of wastewater effluents during toxicity reduction evaluation.     

水体重金属污染的生态效应与防治对策

水体重金属污染已成为全球性的环境问题，本文主要介绍了水体重金属污染对水生植物、水生动物的致毒作用和人体健康的危害，同时，就水体重金属污染的防治对策作了探讨。水体重金属污染的防治途径主要包括两方面，即：源头控制和工程治理。工程治理的方法主要有物理处理法、化学处理法和生物处理法．其中生物处理法具有较好的应用前景。     

Activities of idol immersion leads to heavy metal contamination in river Hooghly in and around the city of Kolkata

West Bengal is a rich cultural state for a number of religious festivals. One of the most important festival is Kali Puja and Diwali. Idol is supposed to be the image of God which is used for worship. After worshiping immersion of idols took place in the various Ghats of the river. Several accessories of worship such as flowers, food offerings, plastic sheets, polythene bags etc. are also poured in water. Materials of idols consist of clay, plaster of Paris, varnish, oil paint etc. These paints are highly pigmented and consist of white lead, lithopone, chrome yellow, cadmium sulphide, barium chromate, vermillion, red lead etc. heavy metal salts. This study is an attempt to assess the change in water quality before and after the immersion of idols giving emphasis on heavy metal. The above investigation were carried out by collecting the water samples from six immersion ghats of the river Hooghly before & after immersion of Kali idols of the year 2019 followed by the analysis of the different parameters of water. Investigation reveals a significant changes in heavy metal concentration between pre and post immersion of the idols. A pollution due to the idols immersion into the water bodies cause adverse effect to the aquatic life or entire ecosystem.Use of natural dyes for idols obtained from flowers, leaves roots of plants, wood, seeds may reduce this pollution to a significant level. Moreover, awareness among the people of the society may have a significant responsibility in controlling this pollution satisfactorily.     

重金属蓄积对渔业水环境的胁迫

通过分析与讨论水环境中重金属的污染特征、在水生动植物体内的蓄积和对水生动植物的毒害作用,阐述了重金属污染水体对水生生物生长、发育和繁衍等生命活动的危害和影响。     

纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的应用

本文介绍了近年来纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的研究现状,分析了这些修饰电极的特点,重点阐述了纳米材料在重金属离子检测中的重要作用,列举了一些纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的应用,最后对纳米材料修饰电极用于重金属离子的检测研究进行了简要评述和展望。     

The Application of Active Biomonitoring with the Use of Mosses to Identify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Atmospheric Aerosol

The use of biological indicators of environmental quality is an alternative method of monitoring ecosystem pollution. Various groups of contaminants, including organic ones, can be measured in environmental samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have not yet been determined by the moss bag technique. This technique uses several moss species simultaneously in urban areas to select the best biomonitoring of these compounds, which are dangerous to humans and the environment. In this research, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the determination of selected PAHs in three species of mosses: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum (active biomonitoring) and for comparison using an air filter reference method for atmospheric aerosol monitoring. The chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) was also measured to assess changes in moss viability during the study. As a result of the study, the selective accumulation of selected PAHs by mosses was found, with Pleurozium schreberi being the best bioindicator—9 out of 13 PAHs compounds were determined in this species. The photosynthetic yield of photosystem (II) decreased by 81% during the exposure time. The relationship between PAHs concentrations in mosses and the total suspended particles (TSP) on the filter indicated the possibility of using this bioindicator to trace PAHs in urban areas and to apply the moss bag technique as a method supporting classical instrumental air monitoring.     

Element determination in natural biofilms of mine drainage water by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Human impacts like mining activities lead to higher element concentration in surface waters. For different pollution levels, the consequences for aquatic organisms are not yet investigated in detail. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to determine the influence of mining affected surface waters on biofilms.Elements like heavy metals can be absorbed on cell walls and on polymeric substances or enter the cytoplasm of the cells. Thus, they are important for the optimization of industrial biotechnological processes and the environmental biotechnology. Beyond this, biofilms can also play an important role in wastewater treatment processes and serve as bioindicators in the aquatic environment.The presented total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic investigation was performed to compare the element accumulation behavior of biofilms grown on natural or on artificial materials of drainage water affected by former copper mining activities. A high salt and heavy metal pollution is characteristic for the drainage water. For an assessment of these results, samples from stream Schlenze upstream the confluence with the drainage water, a small tributary of the Saale River in central Germany, were analyzed, too.     

水环境中胞内外抗生素抗性基因分析的DNA提取方法及污染现状研究进展

新型污染物抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)对公共健康产生了严重威胁,其在水环境中的长期存在和传播引起了广泛重视。胞内与胞外ARGs在水环境中的分布规律和环境行为差异明显,对其污染状况进行研究有助于全面了解水环境中ARGs的传播特性。该文总结了5种常见水样微生物DNA提取方法及其在胞内和胞外ARGs检测研究中的应用状况,比较了污水系统、淡水系统及海水系统等典型水环境中胞内和胞外ARGs的污染状况和迁移传播特性。为进一步探究水环境中ARGs的分布特征与传播机制提供了技术手段及污染现状等基础信息,对控制ARGs在水环境中的传播扩散具有重要意义。     

Is there a future for biomonitoring of elemental air pollution? A review focused on a larger-scaled health-related (epidemiological) context

The present paper focuses on biomonitoring of elemental atmospheric pollution, which is reviewed in terms of larger-scaled biomonitoring surveys in an epidemiological context. Based on the literature information, today’s availability of solar-powered small air filter samplers and fibrous ion exchange materials is regarded as adequate or an even better alternative for biomonitor transplant materials used in small-scaled set-ups, but biomonitors remain valuable in larger-scaled set-ups and in unforeseen releases and accidental situations. In the latter case, in-situ biomonitoring is seen as the only option for a retrospective study: biomoniors are there before one even knows that they are needed. For biomonitoring, nuclear analytical techniques are discussed as key techniques, especially because of the necessary multi-element assessments in both source recognition and single-element interpretation. To live up to the demands in an epidemiological context, larger-scaled in-situ biomonitoring asks for large numbers of samples, and consequently, for large total sample masses, this all to ensure representation of both local situations and survey area characteristics. Possibly, this point should direct studies into new “easy-to-sample” biomonitor organisms, of which high masses and numbers may be obtained in field work, rather than continue with biomonitors such as lichens. This also means that both sample handling and processing are of key importance in these studies. To avoid problems in comparability of analytical general procedures in milling, homogenization and digestion of samples of large masses, the paper proposes to involve only few but high-quality laboratories in the total element assessment routines. In this respect, facilities that can handle large sample masses in the assessment of element concentrations are to be preferred. This all highlights the involvement of large-sample-volume nuclear facilities, which, however, should be upgraded and automated in their operation to ensure the necessary sample throughput in larger-scaled biomonitoring.     

流动注射分析在环境水质重金属检测中的应用进展

重金属具有毒性大、不易被代谢、易被生物富集并有生物放大效应等特点,不但污染水环境,也严重威胁人类和水生生物的存在。近年来各类水环境中重金属污染日趋加剧,重金属的检测及处理方法有多种,而流动注射分析技术以其自动化程度高、分析速度快、精密度高、分析成本低等优点在水环境监测方面占有重要地位。介绍了流动注射在重金属检测方面的应用。     

Tributyltin biomonitoring using prosobranchs as sentinel organisms

Tributyltin (TBT) compounds, some of the most toxic xenobiotics, produce a variety of pathological reactions in animals. A reliable biomonitoring method to assess the degree of environmental TBT pollution has been described based on investigations of virilization phenomena in prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Examples are the imposex phenomenon in marine and freshwater species, the intersex reaction in littorinids and the reduction of female sexual glands and offspring numbers in further species resulting mainly in a sterilization of females. The degree of imposex or intersex in populations is determined by different biomonitoring indices which allow to assess the TBT pollution of the environment at low costs with high precision. The effectiveness of TBT legislations is analysed by extensive surveys in France and Ireland indicating that there is still a continuing threat to sensitive marine organisms. TBT disturbs the biosynthesis of steroid hormones on the level of estrogen biosynthesis. The observed virilization phenomena seem due to an inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent aromatase by this organotin compound.     

Correction to: Active biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution in the Western Cape (South Africa) using INAA and ICP‑MS

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - The article “Active biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution in the Western Cape (South Africa) using INAA and ICP?MS”.     

Determination of Trace Metal Species in the Suspended Matter of Riverine and Estuarine Waters

A sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical species of six metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) in suspended matter of the Kaoping and Tsengwen river basins. The samples were taken to cover the fresh and marine characteristics. The precision of the species determination was estimated by the relative difference between the concentration of total metal and the sum concentation of the five species. The accuracy for the measurement of total metal was examined from the recovery of metal spiking. The accuracy of the total determination is better than 94% and the precision of speciation is greater than 90%. Most of the studied metals were found in the Fe-Mn oxides and residual fractions except that Cd, Zn and Cu have significant amounts in the exchangeable, carbonate, and organic matter phases, respectively. Species other than residual fraction are generally considered as potentially available for biota in aquatic systems, and in most cases, metal pollution could be reflected from the variation of fraction distributions.     

Active biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution in the Western Cape (South Africa) using INAA and ICP-MS

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - For the first time, active biomonitoring was used to assess elemental content of atmospheric pollution in selected areas of the Western Cape...     

Tributyltin biomonitoring using prosobranchs as sentinel organisms

Tributyltin (TBT) compounds, some of the most toxic xenobiotics, produce a variety of pathological reactions in animals. A reliable biomonitoring method to assess the degree of environmental TBT pollution has been described based on investigations of virilization phenomena in prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Examples are the imposex phenomenon in marine and freshwater species, the intersex reaction in littorinids and the reduction of female sexual glands and offspring numbers in further species resulting mainly in a sterilization of females. The degree of imposex or intersex in populations is determined by different biomonitoring indices which allow to assess the TBT pollution of the environment at low costs with high precision. The effectiveness of TBT legislations is analysed by extensive surveys in France and Ireland indicating that there is still a continuing threat to sensitive marine organisms. TBT disturbs the biosynthesis of steroid hormones on the level of estrogen biosynthesis. The observed virilization phenomena seem due to an inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent aromatase by this organotin compound.     

Elemental analysis of Pterocarpus Santalinus by PIXE and ICP-MS: chemometric approach

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - A biomonitoring study of air pollution using lichen Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale was conducted at indoor and outdoor environments of primary...