Formation and reactions of metal-metal bonded heterobimetallic (C5H4PR2)-bridged (Zr-Ir) and (Zr-Rh) complexes: evidence for the participation of metal hydride intermediates

Treatment of the complexes [(C(5)H(4)PR(2))(2)Zr(CH(3))(2)](b: R = isopropyl; c: R = cyclohexyl) with the reagent HIr(CO)(PPh(3))(3) (2b) yield the heterobimetallic complexes [mu-C(5)H(4)PR(2))(2)(H(3)C-Zr-Ir(CO)(PPh(3)))] (4b, 4c) with evolution of methane. The reaction of the -PPh(2) substituted analogue with initially yields an intermediate [(H(3)C)(2)Zr(mu-C(5)H(4)PPh(2))(2)Ir(H)(CO)(PPh(3))] 5a, that still contains both methyl groups at zirconium and does not contain a metal-metal bond. At room temperature, the intermediate reacts further with methane formation to eventually yield the (Zr-Ir) complex 4a. The corresponding [mu-C(5)H(4)PR(2))(2)(H(3)C-Zr-Rh(CO)(PPh(3)))] complexes 3a (R = Ph) and 3b (R = isopropyl) react cleanly with isopropyl alcohol to liberate methane and yield the corresponding [mu-C(5)H(4)PR(2))(2)(Me(2)CHO-Zr-Rh(CO)(PPh(3)))] products (7a, 7b). Carefully monitoring the reaction of with Me(2)CHOH by NMR revealed that the Zr-Rh functionality is attacked first to give the intermediate [Me(Me(2)CHO)Zr([micro sign]-C(5)H(4)PR(2))(2)Rh(H)(CO)(PPh(3))] (6b). This intermediate then reacts further to cleave off methane and re-form the (Zr-Rh) metal-metal bond to yield the product 7b. The tetrametallic mu-oxo-(Zr-Rh) metallocene derivate 11a was obtained starting from the (Zr-Rh) complex 3a and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction. It may be that this reaction is also initiated by H-OH addition to the [Zr-Rh] metal-metal bond.     

生物小分子的电化学分析研究 Ⅲ.维生素B_2电化学还原反应的表征

用电化学、光谱电化学和顺磁共振谱等方法对维生素B_2在粗热解石墨电极上的电化学还原机理进行了表征。结果表明维生素B_2在粗热解石墨电极上的还原为2e、2H~+过程,它先经1e、1H~+过程还原生成自由电子定域在N(5)上的自由基中间体,然后再经1e,1H~+过程还原为二氢核黄素。     

Reductive elimination/oxidative addition of carbon-hydrogen bonds at Pt(IV)/Pt(II) centers: mechanistic studies of the solution thermolyses of Tp(Me2)Pt(CH3)2H

Reductive elimination of methane occurs upon solution thermolysis of kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(2)H (1, Tp(Me)2 = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate). The platinum product of this reaction is determined by the solvent. C-D bond activation occurs after methane elimination in benzene-d(6), to yield kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(C(6)D(5))D (2-d(6)), which undergoes a second reductive elimination/oxidative addition reaction to yield isotopically labeled methane and kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(C(6)D(5))(2)D (3-d(11)). In contrast, kappa(2)-Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))(NCCD(3)) (4) was obtained in the presence of acetonitrile-d(3), after elimination of methane from 1. Reductive elimination of methane from these Pt(IV) complexes follows first-order kinetics, and the observed reaction rates are nearly independent of solvent. Virtually identical activation parameters (DeltaH(++)(obs) = 35.0 +/- 1.1 kcal/mol, DeltaS(++)(obs) = 13 +/- 3 eu) were measured for the reductive elimination of methane from 1 in both benzene-d(6) and toluene-d(8). A lower energy process (DeltaH(++)(scr) = 26 +/- 1 kcal/mol, DeltaS(++)(scr) = 1 +/- 4 eu) scrambles hydrogen atoms of 1 between the methyl and hydride positions, as confirmed by monitoring the equilibration of kappa(3)-Tp(Me)()2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(2)D (1-d(1)()) with its scrambled isotopomer, kappa(3)-Tp(Me)2Pt(IV)(CH(3))(CH(2)D)H (1-d(1'). The sigma-methane complex kappa(2)-Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))(CH(4)) is proposed as a common intermediate in both the scrambling and reductive elimination processes. Kinetic results are consistent with rate-determining dissociative loss of methane from this intermediate to produce the coordinatively unsaturated intermediate [Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))], which reacts rapidly with solvent. The difference in activation enthalpies for the H/D scrambling and C-H reductive elimination provides a lower limit for the binding enthalpy of methane to [Tp(Me)2Pt(II)(CH(3))] of 9 +/- 2 kcal/mol.     

Pyrolysis of aminonitriles,cyanohydrazones, and cyanoacetamides. Part II. Elimination reactions of arylacetylhydrazone,arylcyanoacetylhydrazone, and substituted cyanoacetamides

Rates of pyrolytic reactions of arylacetylhydrazone and arylcyanoacetylhydrazone (1–4) of the general formula GCH₂CONHNCHAr (G = H,CN) have been measured. The increase in the acidity of the hydrogen atom involved in the six-centered elimination process suggested for these reactions causes a significant increase in rates and thus appears to be the limiting factor in these pyrolytic reactions. The implication of this conclusion for the pyrolytic reactions of substituted cyanoacetamides (5–8), NCCH₂CONHAr are considered. The mechanism of pyrolytic reactions of compounds (5–8) appears to proceed through a 4-membered cyclic transition state. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dual-Bed Catalytic System for Direct Conversion of Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons

A dual-bed catalytic system is proposed for the direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. In this system, methane is converted in the first stage to oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) products by selective catalytic oxidation with oxygen over La-supported MgO catalyst. The second bed, comprising of the HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, is used for the oligomerization of OCM light hydrocarbon products to liquid hydrocarbons. The effects of temperature (650-800℃), methane to oxygen ratio (4 10), and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst on the process are studied. At higher reaction temperatures, there is considerable dealumination of HZSM-5, and thus its catalytic performance is reduced. The acidity of HZSM-5 in the second bed is responsible for the oligomerization reaction that leads to the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. The activities of the oligomerization sites were unequivocally affected by the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. The relation between the acidity and the activity of HZSM-5 is studied by means of TPD-NH:j techniques. The rise in oxygen concentration is not beneficial for the C5 selectivity, where the combustion reaction of intermediate hydrocarbon products that leads to the formation of carbon oxide (CO CO2) products is more dominant than the oligomerization reaction. The dual-bed catalytie system is highly potential for directly converting methane to liquid fuels.     

Mild, aqueous, aerobic, catalytic oxidation of methane to methanol and acetaldehyde catalyzed by a supported bipyrimidinylplatinum-polyoxometalate hybrid compound

We have demonstrated that a bipyrimidinylplatinum-polyoxometalate, [Pt(Mebipym)Cl2]+[H4PV2Mo10O40]-, supported on silica is an active catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol in water under mild reaction conditions. Further oxidation of methanol yields acetaldehyde. The presence of the polyoxometalate is presumed to allow the facile oxidation of a Pt(II) intermediate to a Pt(IV) intermediate and to aid in the addition of methane to the Pt catalytic center.     

在线裂解-气相色谱-质谱法研究灵香草浸膏的热裂解

为了研究灵香草浸膏的热裂解行为,采用在线有氧热裂解-冷阱捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,模拟卷烟燃吸状态对灵香草浸膏进行了热裂解分析,并对灵香草浸膏热裂解前后的挥发性成分进行了比较分析。从灵香草浸膏的热裂解产物中共鉴定出64种成分,占总峰面积的88.27%,主要成分为高级脂肪酸及其酯类;灵香草浸膏热裂解后的挥发性成分数量多于裂解前（45个）,说明灵香草浸膏经热裂解生成了新的化合物。热裂解前后共有的化合物有20个,主要是高级脂肪酸及其酯类、新植二烯、5-（羟甲基）-2-呋喃甲醛、3-羟基-4,5-二甲基-2（5H）-呋喃酮等化合物。在线有氧裂解模式更接近烟用添加剂样品的真实裂解状态,操作简单、快捷,结果准确。     

水城褐煤热解的气体产物析出特征及甲烷的生成反应类型研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪研究了煤中主要官能团的分布,利用热重-质谱联用（TG/MS）在10℃/min的条件下研究了水城褐煤的热解行为,获得了煤热解主要挥发分气体（H₂、CH₄、H₂O、CO、CO₂）生成的速率曲线。采用分峰拟合的方法将甲烷的生成速率曲线分解为五个峰,通过化学动力学分析,结合煤的结构特性、热解特性及其他挥发分气体的生成特征,认为甲烷的生成主要由一个脱吸附过程和四个化学反应组成。     

Rearrangements of the Diels-Alder cycloadducts obtained from acetylenic sulfones and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran

1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran afforded Diels-Alder cycloadducts 4a,b with n-butyl- and phenyl-substituted acetylenic sulfones 3a,b, respectively. The products underwent various types of rearrangements under pyrolytic, acid-catalyzed, and photochemical conditions. In the presence of acid, or upon heating in xylenes, they afforded the ketones 5a,b. In addition, the dehydration product 7a was produced from the pyrolysis of 4a, and the unexpected transposed ketone 6b was generated under acid-catalyzed or pyrolytic conditions from 4b via a postulated epoxide intermediate. The photolysis of 4a afforded ketone 5a as the sole isolated product, whereas 5b afforded oxepin 8b and indenyl phenyl ketone 9b. The formation of the latter two products can be rationalized by a series of pericyclic reactions. These include an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion, for the transformation of 4b to 8b and a series of electrocyclic and [1,3]sigmatropic reactions to convert 8b into 9b.     

Experimental parameters of vanadium determination by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with graphite-furnace atomization

It was found that impregnation of a graphite cuvette (HGA-72) with salts of elements which form stable carbides (Ta, Si Nb, Zr, W, La) decreases the absorbance signal for vanadium. The slope of the atomization curves indicates that formation of vanadium atoms is inhibited, probably by formation of a ternary compound between the impregnating element, vanadium and graphite. On the contrary bigger signals and better repeatability of results may be achieved when the cuvette is coated with pyrolytic graphite and methane is added to the sheath gas. The presence of methane increases the atomization efficiency and compensates for the disadvantageous influence of any air present in the sheath gas.     

Nb+离子活化甲烷脱氢反应机理密度泛函(DFT)研究

通过DFT-UB3LYP方法, 计算了五重、三重和单重自旋态下的气相Nb+离子活化甲烷脱氢反应的能量变化, 并对其直接式和插入式反应机理进行了比较, 考察了自旋翻转对反应的影响. 结果表明, 插入式脱氢较直接式有利, CH4上的H转移到Nb+上形成的中间体HNbCH+3中, 多重度由五重降为三重, 反应活化能垒显著降低; HNbCH+3可经四中心过渡态转化为(H2)NbCH+2, 最后生成三重态的NbCH+2+H2. 速控步骤为(H2)NbCH+2的脱氢. 此外, 通过对V+, Nb+, Ta+活化甲烷的比较研究了三者活化甲烷的反应活性.     

Plasma-spectroscopic studies on alternating current arc discharges in methane

Plasma spectroscopic studies on alternating current arcs in methane were performed with a view to pyrolytical processes leading to the formation of pyrolytic carbon. Operating parameters such as current intensity, electrode gap and methane filler gas pressure were varied. Excitation temperatures were measured from the rotational levels of CH and C₂ radicals. Temperature determinations were carried out for various arcing periods and in different zones in the plasma column. The validity of the Boltzmann equation was proved. The electron number density was determined from the Stark broadening of the H_β-line.     

Potential energy surface for activation of methane by Pt(+): a combined guided ion beam and DFT study

A guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is used to study the reactions of Pt(+) with methane, PtCH(2)(+) with H(2) and D(2), and collision-induced dissociation of PtCH(4)(+) and PtCH(2)(+) with Xe. These studies experimentally probe the potential energy surface for the activation of methane by Pt(+). For the reaction of Pt(+) with methane, dehydrogenation to form PtCH(2)(+) + H(2) is exothermic, efficient, and the only process observed at low energies. PtH(+), formed in a simple C-H bond cleavage, dominates the product spectrum at high energies. The observation of a PtH(2)(+) product provides evidence that methane activation proceeds via a (H)(2)PtCH(2)(+) intermediate. Modeling of the endothermic reaction cross sections yields the 0 K bond dissociation energies in eV (kJ/mol) of D(0)(Pt(+)-H) = 2.81 +/- 0.05 (271 +/- 5), D(0)(Pt(+)-2H) = 6.00 +/- 0.12 (579 +/- 12), D(0)(Pt(+)-C) = 5.43 +/- 0.05 (524 +/- 5), D(0)(Pt(+)-CH) = 5.56 +/- 0.10 (536 +/- 10), and D(0)(Pt(+)-CH(3)) = 2.67 +/- 0.08 (258 +/- 8). D(0)(Pt(+)-CH(2)) = 4.80 +/- 0.03 eV (463 +/- 3 kJ/mol) is determined by measuring the forward and reverse reaction rates for Pt(+) + CH(4) right harpoon over left harpoon PtCH(2)(+) + H(2) at thermal energy. We find extensive hydrogen scrambling in the reaction of PtCH(2)(+) with D(2). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of PtCH(4)(+), identified as the H-Pt(+)-CH(3) intermediate, with Xe reveals a bond energy of 1.77 +/- 0.08 eV (171 +/- 8 kJ/mol) relative to Pt(+) + CH(4). The experimental thermochemistry is favorably compared with density functional theory calculations (B3LYP using several basis sets), which also establish the electronic structures of these species and provide insight into the reaction mechanism. Results for the reaction of Pt(+) with methane are compared with those for the analogous palladium system and the differences in reactivity and mechanism are discussed.     

水蒸气存在时Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的甲烷芳构化反应性能

研究了水蒸气存在条件下Mo/HZSM-5沸石分子筛催化剂上的甲烷芳构化反应行为,发现水蒸气的引入可以明显地降低甲烷芳构化反应的起始温度,从而在较为温和的条件下实现甲烷的活化.适量水蒸气的加入可以在一定程度上改善Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的稳定性,过量水蒸气的引入则会抑制甲烷芳构化反应.在反应温度为973 K时,引入适量的水蒸气对芳构化反应产物的分布没有明显影响在低温条件下的甲烷芳构化反应过程中检测到有乙烯生成,该结果支持了甲烷芳构化反应可能经历了乙烯这一中间产物的机理.实验结果还表明,水蒸气对催化剂上的积炭量没有明显的影响.     

Methane-to-methanol oxidation by the hydrated iron(IV) oxo species in aqueous solution: a combined DFT and car-parrinello molecular dynamics study

Previously, we have shown that the ferryl ion ([FeIVO]2+) is easily produced from Fenton's reagent (i.e., a mixture of Fe2+ ions and H2O2 in aqueous solution), using DFT and Car-Parrinello MD calculations. To verify that the ferryl ion can indeed act as the active species in oxidation reactions with Fenton's reagent, we study in the present paper the reactivity of the ferryl ion toward an organic substrate, in particular the oxidation of methane to methanol. In the first part of this paper, we perform static DFT calculations on the reaction of CH4 with the [(H2O)5FeIVO]2+ complex in vacuo that show a strong prevalence of the oxygen-rebound mechanism over the methane coordination mechanism. This is in agreement with the static DFT results for methane oxidation by biocatalysts MMO and P450, but not with those for methane oxidation by bare metal-oxo ions, where the methane coordination mechanism prevails. The highest energy barrier in the oxygen-rebound mechanism is only 3 kcal/mol in vacuo, whereas in the methane coordination mechanism the highest barrier is 23 kcal/mol. Overall the oxidation reaction energy is downhill by 47 kcal/mol. We conclude that the ferryl ion can indeed act as the oxidative intermediate in the Fenton oxidation of organic species. In the second part of this paper, we perform a preliminary assessment of solvent effects on the oxidation by the ferryl ion in aqueous solution using the method of constrained (first principles) molecular dynamics. The free energy barrier of the H-abstraction reaction from methane by the ferryl ion (i.e., the first step in the rebound mechanism) in aqueous solution is, with 22 kcal/mol in solution, significantly higher than in vacuo. Given the fact that methane has a relatively strong C-H bond (ca. 10 kcal/mol stronger than the C-H bonds in the more typical Fenton's reagent substrates), we infer that for many organic substrates oxidation with the ferryl ion as an active intermediate may be a perfectly viable route.     

Crystal growth simulations of methane hydrates in the presence of silica surfaces

We present a molecular dynamics simulation study of the crystal growth of methane hydrates in the presence of model silica (SiO(2)) surfaces. The crystal growth under apparent steady-state conditions shows a clear preference for bulk solution. We observe rather disordered water arrangements very close to the silica surface within about 5 ? in both liquid and crystalline regions of the system. These disordered structures have dynamic and structural properties intermediate between those exhibited by molecules in bulk liquid and crystalline phases. The presence of methane molecules appears to help stabilize these structures. We observe that under appropriate conditions, the hydroxylated silica surfaces can serve as a source of methane molecules which can help promote hydrate growth near the surfaces.     

Automation in organic analysis III. Micro- and ultramicrodetermination of nitrogen

A simple, rapid and accurate method of nitrogen determination in organic substances containing in addition to C, H, N also O, S, F, Cl, I, Se and Hg was elaborated. The method is based on pyrolytic decomposition of the substance in a flow of hydrogen at 1000–1100 °C and passing the hydropyrolytic products through layers of managenese-II oxide (absorbing sulfur and selenium) and nickel at 950 °C. On nickel elementary nitrogen is liberated from the nitrogenous hydropyrolytic products and the pyrolytic methane also decomposes on it. After elimination of interfering substances (carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen halides) the content of nitrogen is determined with a catharometer.The whole determination, including the sample weighing, requires 12 min and the precision is ±0.30% absolute.     

流化床中 CH4/C3H8 自热重整制合成气

 在流化床反应器中, 考察了 Ni/SiO2 催化剂上 CH4 或 CH4-C3H8 临氧 CO2 重整 (自热重整) 制合成气反应性能. 结果表明, 在 CH4-C3H8 混合气自热重整反应中, Ni 粒径较小催化剂的活性和抗积炭性能较高, CH4 和 CO2 转化率分别达 75.5% 和 72.6%. C3H8 比 CH4 更易解离及被氧化, 部分 C3H8 解离出来的中间产物 CHx 物种可与吸附 H 结合为 CH4, 因而降低了 CH4 的表观转化率; CHx 也可与吸附的 CO2 物种反应生成 H2 与 CO, 从而促进了 CO2 的转化.     

Two pathways for the formation of ethylene in CO reduction on single-crystal copper electrodes

Carbon monoxide is a key intermediate in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and ethylene on copper electrodes. We investigated the electrochemical reduction of CO on two single-crystal copper electrodes and observed two different reaction mechanisms for ethylene formation: one pathway has a common intermediate with the formation of methane and takes place preferentially at (111) facets or steps, and the other pathway involves selective reduction of CO to ethylene at relatively low overpotentials at (100) facets. The (100) facets seem to be the dominant crystal facets in polycrystalline copper, opening up new routes to affordable (photo)electrochemical production of hydrocarbons from CO(2).     

Ab initio study of the reactions of Ga(2P, 2S, and 2P) with methane

The interactions of Ga(2P:4s(2)4p1, 2S:4s(2)5s1, and 2P:4s(2)5p1) with CH4 is studied by means of Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations using relativistic effective core potentials and multiconfigurational-SCF plus multireference variational and perturbational on second-order M?ller-Plesset configuration interaction calculations. The Ga atom 2P(4s(2)5p1) state can spontaneously insert into the CH4. In this interaction the 4 2A potential energy surface is initially attractive and becomes repulsive only after meeting with the 3 2A surface, adiabatically linked with the Ga(2S:4s(2)5s1) + CH4 fragments. The Ga atom 2S(4s(2)5s1) excited state inserts in the C-H bond. In this interaction the 3 2A potential energy surface initially attractive, becomes repulsive after meet the 2 2A' surface linked with the Ga(2P:4s(2)4p1) + CH4 fragments. The two 2A curves (2 2A and X 2A) derived from the interaction of Ga(2P:4s(2)4p1) atoms with methane molecules are initially repulsive. The 2 2A curve after an avoided crossing with the 3 2A curve goes smoothly down and reaches a minimum: after this point, it shows an energy barrier. The top of this barrier is located below the energy value of the Ga(2S:4s(2)5s1) + CH4 fragments. After this energy top the 2 2A curve goes down to meet the X 2A curve. The 2 2A curve becomes repulsive after the avoided crossing with the X 2A curve. The X 2A curve becomes attractive only after its avoided crossing with the 2 2A curve. The lowest-lying X 2A potential leads to the HGaCH3 X 2A intermediate molecule. This intermediate molecule, diabatically correlated with the Ga(2S:4s(2)5s1) + CH4 fragments, which lie 6 kcal/mol, above the ground-state reactants, the dissociation channels of this intermediate molecule leading to the GaH + CH3 and H + GaCH3 products. These products are reached from the HGaCH3 intermediate without activation barriers. The work results suggest that Ga atom in the first excited state in gas-phase methane molecules could produce better quality a-C:H thin films through CH3 radicals, as well as gallium carbide materials.