Extension of the Jones matrix formalism to higher-order transverse modes

The well-known Jones matrix formalism, which can be directly applied to the propagation of the polarization of fundamental (TEM(00)) laser resonator modes, has to be modified for higher-order transverse modes. It is shown that this can be done in straightforward manner by using N x N matrices instead of the 2 x 2 Jones matrices, where N denotes the number of orthogonal polarization states of the transverse mode under consideration. The most common case of TEM(01) Hermite-Gaussian modes, where N is four, is discussed in detail.     

自加速类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束的理论和实验研究

空间相位调制一直是设计新型自加速光束的重要方法.参照类贝塞尔光束产生的思路,从理论上提出了一种新型的自加速无衍射类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束,并从数值模拟和实验两个方面研究此光束沿不同轨道的演化.理论上通过对厄米-高斯光束进行相位调制,产生了不同模式的自加速类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束.采用分步傅里叶算法模拟了(0,1),(1,0),(1,1)和(1,2)阶类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束沿预设轨道的传输过程.采用计算全息和空间光调制技术在实验中观察了类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束沿预设轨道的传输,例如抛物、双曲、双曲正割和三维轨道.实验观察与理论结果符合得很好.实验验证了不同阶类贝塞尔-厄米-高斯光束的奇特光斑结构,验证了光束的非衍射特性及传输轨道的可控性,且理论模拟验证了光束的自修复特性.作为此前研究的类贝塞尔光束的一般形式,本文所得到的光束可用于构造出更加新型实用的光束.     

Linear optical scheme for producing polarization-entangled NOON states

We propose a linear optical scheme that can conditionally generate high NOON states using polarization modes. This scheme provides advantages over the previous proposals on path-entangled NOON states in view of success probability or required resources of optical elements. We also investigate two experimental schemes feasible within existing technology that can produce the NOON-like or the NOON state for N = 4.     

Polarization encoded all-optical quaternary successor with the help of SOA assisted Sagnac switch

The application of multi-valued (non-binary) signals can provide a considerable relief in transmission, storage and processing of large amount of information in digital signal processing. Optical multi-valued logical operation is an interesting challenge for future optical signal processing where we can expect much innovation. A novel all-optical quaternary successor (QSUC) circuit with the help of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-assisted Sagnac switch is proposed and described. This circuit exploits the polarization properties of light. Different logical states are represented by different polarization state of light. Simulation result confirming described method is given in this paper. Proposed all-optical successor circuit can take an important and significant role in designing of all-optical quaternary universal inverter and modulo arithmetic unit (addition and multiplication).     

Coupling between elliptic screw polarization modes in single-mode optical waveguides with linear birefringence and regular twist of anisotropy axes in the presence of random axis twist

An analysis is made of single-mode fiber optical waveguides with linear birefringence and regular twist of anisotropy axes in the presence of random twist, which shows that, in this case, the coupling of orthogonal polarization modes having elliptic polarization in the screw coordinate system comoving with twist cannot be characterized by one coupling parameter, as differentiated from the case where constant twist is absent. In this case, the coupling between polarization modes is characterized by three independent parameters, which are different in nature and have different effects on the coupling of polarization modes. An estimate is made of the domain of applicability of the classical formula for the h parameter in single-mode fiber optical waveguides without regular twist of anisotropy axes.     

Robust scheme for the preparation of symmetric Dicke states with coherence state via cross-Kerr nonlinearity

A scheme is proposed for generating multiphoton maximally entangled states among four modes. These schemes only use Kerr medium and polarization beam splitters and P homodyne measurements on coherent light fields, which can be efficiently implemented in quantum optical laboratories. It's comparatively easy to realize symmetric Dicke state of light fields in the scheme. The scheme can be generalized to produce N-qubit maximally entangled states.     

How much quantum noise of amplifiers is detrimental to entanglement

We analyze the effect of the quantum noise of an amplifier on the entanglement properties of an input state. We consider both phase insensitive and phase sensitive amplification and specialize to Gaussian states for which entanglement measures are well developed. In the case of phase insensitive amplification in which both the modes are symmetrically amplified, we find that the entanglement in the output state vanishes if the intensity gain exceeds a limiting value 2/(1+exp[-E_N]) where E_N is the logarithmic negativity of the input state which quantifies the initial entanglement between the two modes. The entanglement between the two modes at the output is found to be more robust if only one mode is amplified.     

全光纤量子通信系统中的高速偏振控制方案

偏振控制在光通信中是至关重要的技术, 关系着通信系统的稳定性和误码率. 本文提出一种基于双向Sagnac环工作方式的全光纤高速偏振控制方案, 通过调节环中一个光纤电光相位调制器的相位差而精确控制光场偏振方向, 并且实现了单个端口输出各种偏振态, 无需后续耦合操作. 相位控制精度为10^-3 rad, 最大消光比可达30 dB, 工作速率可达2 GHz. 由于本方案的精度、调制速度和稳定性都很高, 并采用了器件简单、成本低廉的全光纤光路, 易于集成, 在量子保密通信等光通信领域中有很好的应用前景. 关键词： 光纤偏振控制器 Sagnac环 量子通信     

Microwave Photonic Phase Shifter Based on an Integrated Dual-polarization Dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulator without Optical Filter

ABSTRACT

A frequency-doubled microwave photonic phase shifter (MPPS) without optical filter is proposed. The MPPS is based on an integrated dual-polarization dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-DPMZM) and a polarization modulator (PolM). The DP-DPMZM with a 90° polarization rotator in one arm is used to generate an optical carrier suppressed double sideband (OCS-DSB) signal with orthogonal polarization, and the PolM with two modes opposite phase modulation is used to introduce the optical phase shift between the two orthogonally polarized tones. Simulations show that the MPPS can realize a continuously tunable phase shift of 360° with only one DC bias voltage, and is not sensitive to the optical carrier wavelength and microwave signal frequency since no optical filter is used.     

Experimental realization of one-way quantum computing with two-photon four-qubit cluster states

We report an experimental realization of one-way quantum computing on a two-photon four-qubit cluster state. This is accomplished by developing a two-photon cluster state source entangled both in polarization and spatial modes. With this special source, we implemented a highly efficient Grover's search algorithm and high-fidelity two-qubit quantum gates. Our experiment demonstrates that such cluster states could serve as an ideal source and a building block for rapid and precise optical quantum computation.     

Polarization structure of radiation in the focal region of a lens

Characteristics of a polarization-nonuniform beam in the focal region of a lens are studied. The incident unpolarized wave confined by the lens aperture is represented as a superposition of Hermite-Gaussian modes with different intensities, polarization states, and degrees of coherence. It is shown that, with allowance for the amplitude aberrations of the lens, the light, in certain points of the focal region, appears to be completely polarized.     

Analysis of polarization dependence for OTDM demultiplexers based on four-wavelength mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier

In optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) systems using the four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for time demultiplexing, the polarization states of control pulse and OTDM data lights are an important factor in the optical time demultiplexing process, which can influence the bit error rate (BER) of OTDM systems. In this paper, we analyze the effect of light polarization states on the FWM of a SOA, and use a simulation approach to study the BER performance of 100 Gbit/s OTDM systems that use the FWM in a SOA for optical time demultiplexing. It reveals that the BER or Q factor of OTDM systems is dependent on the misalignment θ between the polarization states of OTDM data and control lights. With increasing θ, both the optical power of resulting FWM component and the BER performance (or Q factor) of OTDM systems is degraded. For linearly polarized lights, our results show that the increase of BER and the reduction in Q factor are made smoothly when θ changes its value from 0° to 75°, whereas the degradation of BER and Q factor becomes rapid when θ exceeds 75°. Although the best system BER is obtained for θ = 0°, the BER performance can still tolerate some misalignment θ (e.g., up to 20° in our simulation). This is useful for the engineering design and applications of SOA-based optical time demultiplexers.     

Polarization modulation of light in an optical waveguide under lateral compression

It is shown that a lateral pressure applied to a circular single-mode optical waveguide changes the phase difference between two orthogonally polarized modes and thereby modulates the polarization state of light (elastooptic effect). The efficiency of polarization modulation is characterized by a strain-to-phase difference conversion factor as applied to polarization modes of the fiber. An expression relating the phase difference between the modes and the displacement of squeezing plates is obtained and checked in real experiments and numerically. The efficiency of conversion of lateral pressure to phase difference between the polarization modes is shown to be fairly high, on the order of 10⁴ rad/(μm m).     

强非局域正交偏振双厄米高斯光束的传输特性

依据非局域非线性介质中双光束传输时遵循的非局域非线性薛定谔耦合方程,在强非局域情形下,通过把响应函数作泰勒展开近似取到二阶,运用变分法求出了正交偏振、中心重合的双厄米高斯光束在强非局域介质中传输时各参量演化规律和一个临界功率,并运用分步傅里叶算法数值模拟出了束宽和相位的演化规律。当两光束以临界功率入射时,得到了正交偏振、中心重合的双厄米高斯空间光孤子及其大相移演化规律。当两光束以总临界功率入射,但两束光的入射功率不等时,光束可以形成呼吸子,但随着阶数的增加呼吸子将越来越不稳定。对于各阶呼吸子,功率大的束宽都作周期性压缩振荡变化,功率小的束宽都作周期性展宽振荡变化,且两呼吸子中功率大的相移随传输距离增加更快。在厄米高斯光束阶数小于5时,变分解得到的结果与数值解吻合较好。     

Laguerre and Hermite soliton clusters in nonlocal nonlinear media

We introduce novel classes of higher-order spatial optical solitons in analogy with Laguerre-Gaussian and Hermite-Gaussian linear eigenmodes. We reveal that stable higher-order optical solitons can exist in nonlocal nonlinear media in the various forms of soliton necklaces and soliton matrices. Modulational instability can lead to nontrivial transformations between energetically close solitons with different symmetries through the intermediate states resembling generalized Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian modes.     

Characterization of polarization states of surface plasmon polariton modes by Fourier-plane leakage microscopy

We demonstrate that the polarization states of guided wave surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes can be unambiguously identified by introducing a linear polarizer in the optical path of the light within a leakage-based microscope. We show the use of Fourier-plane leakage-based microscopy as a polarization characterization method to study the polarization states of SPP modes excited in plasmonic waveguides. Our results indicate that the inclusion of a linear polarizer provides additional image processing capabilities to leakage-based microscopes.     

Nongeneric polarization singularities in combined vortex beams

Nongeneric polarization structures of singular beams formed as a coherent coaxial mixture of weighted orthogonally polarized single-charged Laguerre-Gauss modes with different radial indices are analyzed. A general solution for the superposition of elliptically orthogonally polarized partial vortex beams is obtained; the limiting special cases in which the mixed modes are linearly or circularly polarized are investigated. It is established that unusual spatially stable polarization structures such as closed C contours and L contours with a fixed azimuth of linear polarization arise in such combined beams. The results are experimentally confirmed by using a new diffraction method for testing phase singularities in optical beams.     

Design of a 50/50 splitting ratio non-polarizing beam splitter based on the modal method with fused-silica transmission gratings

The optical design of a beam splitter that has a 50/50 splitting ratio regardless of the polarization is presented. The non-polarizing beam splitter (NPBS) is based on the fused-silica rectangular transmission gratings with high intensity tolerance. The modal method has been used to estimate the effective index of the modes excited in the grating region for TE and TM polarizations. If a phase difference equals an odd multiples of π/2 for the first two modes (i.e. modes 0 and 1), the incident light will be diffracted into the 0 and ?1 orders with about 50% and 50% diffraction efficiency for TM and TE polarizations, respectively.