Catalytic desulfurization of ethanethiol over zinc-forms of NaX zeolites

Zinc exchanged zeolite X was found to catalyze effectively the dehydrosulfurization of ethanethiol. The catalytic activity correlated linearly with the degree of ion exchange and increased with the reaction temperature. The role of zinc cations in the reaction examined is discussed and suggestions concerning the reaction mechanism are put forward.

---

X, Zn, . . .

     

Catalytic preparation of diacetone alcohol in controlled flow conditions

Catalytic preparation of diacetone alcohol from acetone was studied using strong basic ion exchangers as catalysts. A continuous process was carried out in an enlarged laboratory set-up with controlled flow rate. Experiments were performed with respect to experiment duration, temperature, flow rate, catalyst porosity and catalyst-acetone ratio. The quantity of DAA was determined by gas chromatography. The effects of temperature, catalyst porosity and catalyst-acetone ratio on the reaction course were significant in comparison with other parameters examined. An exponential dependence of C/A ratio on DAA yield was found.

---

() , . . , , , /. . , / (/) . - /.

     

Oxidation of trimethoxybenzenes to benzoquinones with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heteropolyacid

Trimethoxybenzenes were oxidized to dimethoxy-p-benzoquinones in fairly good yields (50–60%) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heteropolyacid in the solvent of acetic or formic acid.

---

-- (50–60%) , , .

     

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl catalyzed photooxygenation of cyclohexane by air dioxygen in acetonitrile solution

ESR and XPS investigations on Cu/–Al₂O₃ catalysts with various amounts of Cu loading are reported. Experimental data are related to the surface structure and dispersed state of catalysts. The results show that ESR can be used as a means of charaterizing monolayer dispersed state for paramagnetic supported catalysts.

---

Cu/–Al₂O₃ . . .

     

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the cyclodehydration of polyamic acids

The general features of the effect of UV irradiation on the imidization of polyamic acids have been elucidated by using the analysis of thermal and mechanical properties of the polyimide obtained.An optimum method of photothermal imidization was found, in which a product with improved thermomechanical properties was obtained.

---

Zusammenfassung Die allgemeinen Merkmale der Wirkung der UV-Bestrahlung auf die Imidisation von Polyamidsäuren wurde durch Einsatz der Analyse der thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften des erhaltenen Polyimids erläutert.Eine optimale Methode der photothermischen Imidisation wurde gefunden, durch welche ein Produkt mit verbesserten thermomechanischen Eigenschaften erhalten wurde.

---

. .

     

Hydrocarbon hydrogenolysis on nickel-tin catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of ethane, n-hexane and cyclohexane has been studied on nickel-kieselguhr catalysts modified by organic and inorganic compounds of tin. Tin additives decrease nickel reactivity with respect to C–C dissociation, which is ascribed to the formation of surface intermetallides on the catalyst.

---

, - - , . . C–C .

     

Effect of medium composition on the monooxygenase activity of immobilized hemin in aniline oxidation

The effect of the composition of the reaction medium on the rate of aniline oxidation to p-aminophenol by hydrogen peroxide on hemin immobilized on -propylimidazole-modified silica has been studied. Organic solvent additives (alcohols, esters and nitriles) are shown to increase the reaction rate. The observed effect is attributed to the decrease of the medium dielectric constant.

---

- , , --. , (, , ) . .

     

Interaction between peroxyl radicals of polyatomic esters and aromatic nitrons

Reactivity and rate constants in reactions between peroxyl radicals of ethylene glycol diacetate and aromatic nitrons have been investigated.

---

.

     

Parametric sensitivity of complex temperature-programmed desorption,reaction and reduction

Through simulation of the temperature-programmed desorption, reaction and reduction in a system of parallel reactions. it is shown that the experimental conditions influence the simultaneous or consecutive occurrence of the individual reactions of the system. Adjustment of the concentration of a gaseous reaction component or optimization of the temperature program results in a shift to the desired consecutive occurrence of the reactions. Therefore, a better resolution of the individual reactions can be achieved through a judicious choice of the experimental conditions of the temperature-programmed methods.

---

Zusammenfassung Durch Simulierung temperaturprogrammierter Desqrption, Reaktion und Reduzierung in einem System von Parallelreaktionen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die experimentellen Bedingungen die Simultanität bzw. Konsekutivität der Einzelreaktionen des Systems beeinflussen. Durch eine Einstellung der Konzentration der gasförmigen Reaktionsprodukte oder durch Optimalisierung des Temperaturprogrammes kann eine gewünschte Folge der Einzelreaktionen erreicht werden. Somit kann durch eine geschickte Wahl der experimentellen Bedingungen bei temperaturprogrammierten Verfahren eine bessere Separierung der Einzelreaktionen erreicht werden.

---

- , , , . . , - .

---

     

Interaction of tribenzyltitanium with butadiene

It has been established that the interaction of (C₆H₅CH₂)₃Ti with butadiene does not change the parameters of ESR spectra. Only the hydrodynamic radius of this complex increases.

---

, (C₆H₅CH₂)₃Ti . .

     

Analysis of thermal desorption spectra of oxygen desorbed from rhodium

Thermal desorption spectra of oxygen desorbed from rhodium have been analyzed in terms of models accounting for the effect of lateral interactions between adsorbed particles and of their diffusion into the bulk of metal on the desorption kinetics of O₂. Complex configuration of these spectra is ascribed to the processes of formation/decomposition of surface Rh oxides and the diffusion of particles into the near-surface layers of metal and back to the surface.

---

- , O₂ . - O₂ Rh - .

     

Mechanism of isotope exchange of dihydrogen with liquid water catalyzed by hydroxide ions

In the analysis of the reaction between dissolving hydrogen and aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions the interaction of hydrogen with the molecular ion (H₃O₂)^– should be studied. This interaction is analyzed by the interacting bonds method. The activation energy (E_a) is estimated.

---

, (H₃O₂)^–. . (E_a).

     

Oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid on a Fe?Mo?Bi oxide system

Data obtained in a flow reactor show that iron(III) molybdate doped by bismuth can oxidize propylene to acrylic acid directly in one step. Part of the catalyst works in a partially reduced form and in the preparation of the catalyst the surface acidity must be controlled.

---

, , (III), , . .

     

Stability of hyperbolic reactors

For the one-phase tubular reactor, a new mathematical model is suggested, viz. a hyperbolic system of first order partial differential equations instead of the usual second order parabolic ones. This physically better model is investigated from the point of view of stability via the second Lyapunov method.

---

. .

     

m-Xylene conversion over dealuminated Y zeolites studied by the pulse method

m-Xylene conversion was studied over dealuminated Y type zeolites in hydrogen forms, SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ ratios were varied from 4.86 to 12.95.

---

- . SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4,86 12,95.

     

Dehydration of lithium triphosphate pentahydrate,Li5P3O10· 5H2O

The kinetics of isothermal-isobaric dehydration of Li₅P₃O₁₀·5H₂O in vacuum (p=10^–1 hPa) and in water vapour atmosphere ( =23·hPa) was investigated by TG in the temperature range 40–140°. It was shown that the initial non-degradation removal of 1/10 of the crystal water, the rate of which is sensitive to , proceeds according to the laws of reversible topochemical reactions. In the next, irreversible degradation stage, where the bulk of the crystal water is removed, the kinetic characteristics of the process and the DSC effects exhibit a low sensitivity to the water vapour pressure. The peculiarities of Li₅P₃O₁₀·5H₂O dehydration were considered in comparison with the thermal behaviour of Na₅P₃O₁₀·6H₂O and K₅P₃O₁₀·4H₂O.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der isotherm-isobaren Dehydratisierung von Li₅P₃O₁₀·5H₂O in Vakuum (p=10^–4 hPa) und in Wasserdampfatmosphäre ( =23 hPa) wurde durch TG im Temperaturbereich von 40–140° untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die anfängliche, noch keine Zersetzung zur Folge habende Eliminierung von 1/10 des Kristallwassers, deren Geschwindigkeit von abhängt, nach den Gesetzen der reversiblen topochemischen Reaktionen abläuft. Im nächsten irreversiblen Zersetzungsschritt, in dem die Hauptmenge des Kristallwassers austritt, sind die kinetischen Kennwerte des Prozesses und die DSC-Effekte nur wenig vom Wasserdampfdruck abhängig. Die Besonderheiten der Dehydratisierung von Li₅P₃O₁₀·5H₂O werden im Vergleich mit dem thermischen Verhalten von Na₅P₃O₁₀·6H₂O und K₅P₃O₁₀·4H₂O erörtert.

---

40–140° - Li₅P₃O₁₀ · 5₂ (=10^–4 ) (=23 ). , 1/10 , . , - . L₅₃₁₀·5₂ Na₅P₃O₁₀·6H₂O K₅₃₁₀·4₂.

     

Preparation and properties of supported vanadium-phosphorus catalysts studied by chemical analysis and ESR

The preparation of vanadium-phosphorus catalysts is described, showing the considerable influence of phosphorus on the concentration of V⁴⁺ ions. The oxidation properties were studied by chemical analysis and electron spin resonance. Moreover, ESR spectra show a strong influence of moisture on the structure of the catalysts.

---

- , V⁺⁴. , . , , .

     

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of calcium carbonate

The decomposition of calcium carbonate fine powder in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere has been investigated by non-isothermal thermogravimetry at heating rates in the range, 10–50 deg min^–1. The analog percentage weight change record was digitized at 1 deg intervals. The resulting data, transformed into dimensionless extents of reaction and calculated rates of reaction, was then subjected to the Arrhenius, Friedman and Generalized Kissinger analyses, using a recently developed FORTRAN program system. The value ofn namely 0.39 ±0.04, resulting when the data is analyzed assuming an nth order reaction, strongly indicates that the most probable rate controlling step is a three-dimensional diffusion process (D4 mechanism), withE=172.4 kJ·mol^–1 andA=1.97·10⁴ K^–1·min^–1. Reasons for the wide disparity in previously reported kinetic data are discussed.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Zersetzung von feinpulvrigem Calciumcarbonat im Stickstoffstrom wurde durch nicht-isotherme Thermogravimetrie bei Aufheizgeschwindigkeiten von 10–50 °C/min untersucht. Die analoge prozentuale Gewichtsverlustregistrierung wurde in Intervallen von einem Grad digitalisiert. Die erhaltenen, in solche eines dimensionslosen Reaktionsgradcs überführten Daten und berechnete Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten wurden der Arrhenius-, der Friedmann- und einer verallgemeinerten Kissinger-Analyse unterzogen, wobei ein kürzlich aufgestelltes FORTRAN-Programm benutzt wurde. Der unter der Annahme einer Reaktion n-ter Ordnung fürn erhaltene Wert von 0.39 ±0.04 ist ein nachdrücklicher Hinweis darauf, daß der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt höchstwahrscheinlich ein dreidimensionaler Diffusionsprozeß (D4-Mechanismus) mitE=172.4 kJ·mol^–1 undA=1.97·10⁴ K^–1·min^–1 ist. Gründe für die weitreichende Verschiedenheit der bisher mitgeteilten kinetischen Daten werden diskutirt.

---

10–50° . , , 1. , , , , , . n- , =0,39 ±0,04 , , e (4 ) E=172, 4 · ^–1 =1,97·10^{4 –1}·^–1. .

---

---

To be presented at the 14th North American Thermal Analysis Society Conference, San Francisco, CA, September 15–18, 1985.     

Glass transition and crystallization effects demonstrated by thermal analysis of liquid-quenched ternary glasses Te80Ge20−xA x V (AV=Sb,Bi)

In DSC studies of liquid-quenched ternary chalcogenide glasses Te₈₀Ge_20–xA _x ^V (A^V=Sb, Bi), the characteristic temperatures (glass transition and crystallization temperatures) were determined. Changes in the thermal stabilities of these glasses, depending on the element A (Sb, Bi) from group V of the periodic table and on its content in the alloy were evaluated. Moreover, the effect of changes in the glass composition on the glass formation ability expressed by the parameter K_g1 was determined.

---

Zusammenfassung In DSC-Untersuchungen abgeschreckter ternärer Chalkogenidgläser des Typs Te₈₀Ge_20–xA _x ^v (A^x=Sb, Bi) wurden die charakteristischen Temperaturen (die GlasÜbergangs- und Kristallisationstemperaturen) bestimmt. Die Änderungen der Thermostabilität dieser Gläser wurden in Abhängigkeit von dem Element A (=Sb, Bi) aus der V Gruppe der Periodensystems und von seinem Gehalt in der Legierung ausgewertet. Ausserdem wurde der Einfluß der Änderungen in der Glaszusammensetzung auf die Glasbildungsfähigkeit, ausgedrückt durch den Parameter K_g1, bestimmt.

---

Résumé On a déterminé par analyse calorimétrique différentielle (DSC) les températures caractéristiques (températures de transition vitreuse et de cristallisation), des verres ternaires à chalcogénures formés par trempe à partir du liquide, du type Te₈₀Ge_20–xA _x ^v (A^v=Sb, Bi). On a évalué la variation de la stabilité thermique de ces verres en fonction de l'élément A (=Sb, Bi) du Vème groupe du tableau périodique et de sa teneur dans l'alliage. De plus, on a déterminé l'effet des variations de la composition du verre sur la capacité de formation du verre qui s'exprime par le paramètreK _g1.

---

Te₈₀Ge_20–xA _x ^v (A^v=Sb, Bi), , . A(=Sb,Bi) . , K _gl, .

---

---

Research supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. GF 421 76     

Influence of the sample mass and the presence of the reaction products on the thermoanalytical results

It has been known from the very beginning of the thermal analysis that the transport processes can significantly influence the thermoanalytical results. In this paper, three characteristic examples are given to show that this problem is more complex and arises more frequently than it is generally believed. The studied reactions are the carbon monoxide evolution from calcium oxalate, the thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene, and the thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide. TG and DSC experiments were carried out with sample masses varying between 0.05 and 8 mg. The necessity of the development of new kinetic models is concluded.

---

Zusammenfassung Seit den Anfängen der Thermoanalyse ist bekannt, dass Transportprozesse die thermoanalytischen Ergebnisse weitgehend beeinflussen können. Es werden hier drei Beispiele beschrieben, die zeigen, dass dieses Problem weitauf komplizierter ist und häufiger auftritt als allgemein angenommen wird. Die untersuchten Reaktionen sind die Kohlenmonoxidabspaltung aus Calziumoxalat, die thermische Zersetzung von Polytetrafluoräthylen und der thermische Zerfall von Azodicarbonamid. Die TG- und DSC- Untersuchungen wurden mit Probenmassen zwischen 0.05 und 8 mg durchgeführt. Es wird auf die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung neuer kinetischer Modelle geschlossen.

---

, . , , . , . , 0,05 8 . .