Phenolic composition,antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth., Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray,and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel.) Benth

Medicinal plants from Chad grow under special climatic conditions in between the equatorial forest of Central Africa and the desert of North Africa and are understudied. Three medicinal plants from Chad (T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga) were evaluated for their phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. The total phenolic composition varied from 203.19 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g DW in the ethyl acetate extract of P. biglobosa, to 56.41 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga while the total flavonoid content varied from 51.85 ± 0.91 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of P. biglobosa to 08.56 ± 0.25 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga. HPLC-DAD revealed that rutin, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were the most abundant phenolics in T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga respectively. The antioxidant activity assayed by five different methods revealed very good activity especially in the DPPH^?, ABTS^?+ and CUPRAC assays where the extracts were more active than the standard compounds used. Good inhibition was exhibited against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with methanol (IC₅₀: 15.63 ± 0.72 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC₅₀: 16.20 ± 0.67 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa, and methanol (IC₅₀: 21.53 ± 0.65 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC₅₀: 30.81 ± 0.48 µg/mL) extracts of T. diversifolia showing higher inhibition than galantamine (IC₅₀: 42.20 ± 0.44 µg/mL) against BChE. Equally, good inhibition was shown on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the α-glucosidase, the ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ = 12.47 ± 0.61 µg/mL) and methanol extracts (IC₅₀ = 16.51 ± 0.18 µg/mL) of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to the standard acarbose (IC₅₀ = 17.35 ± 0.71 µg/mL) and on α-amylase, the ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ = 13.50 ± 0.90 µg/mL) and methanol (IC₅₀ = 18.12 ± 0.33 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to acarbose (IC₅₀ = 23.84 ± 0.25 µg/mL). The results indicate that these plants are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and can be used to manage oxidative stress linked illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.     

Bioprospecting Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; a traditional medicinal plant for antioxidant,cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential

Purpose of studyDodonaea viscosa Jacq. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been extensively used for the treatment of gout, rheumatism and pain. Current study was undertaken to mine its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antidiabetic potential. Chromogenic assays were employed to establish plant’s multimode antioxidant profile whereas HPLC fingerprinting was performed to quantify polyphenols. Standard brine shrimp lethality, MTT and SRB assays proved its cytotoxicity potential.ResultsAmong all the extracts (flower, leaf, stem and root), maximum extract recovery (22% w/w), gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content (20.11 ± 0.11 ug GAE/mg DW), ascorbic acid equivalent total antioxidant capacity (22.5 ± 0.07 µg/mg DW) and total reducing power (31.1 ± 1.13 µg/mg DW) were recorded in the distilled water + acetone extract of leaf. The acetone extract of leaf showed maximum quercetin equivalent total flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.13 µg/mg DW). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed significant amount of rutin, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin and myricetin in the different plant parts. Maximum scavenging potential was exhibited by methanol + ethyl acetate stem extract (IC₅₀ = 23.8 µg/ml). The highest antibacterial potential was found in flower (85.7%) and root (71.4%) extracts. The ethanol + ethyl acetate (1:1) leaf extract showed noteworthy toxicity against brine shrimps (LC₅₀ = 95.46 µg/ml) while a notable antiproliferative activity against THP-1 (IC₅₀ = 3.4 µg/ml) and Hep G2 (IC₅₀ = 20 µg/ml) cell lines was shown by ethanol + ethyl acetate extracts (1:1) of stem and root, respectively. A moderate inhibition of α-amylase enzyme was observed in all parts of the plant.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest D. viscosa as a potential source of antioxidant, anticancer and α-amylase inhibitory phytochemicals.     

Appraisal of wild fig fruits for nutra-pharmaceutical and biological attributes

The fruits of wild fig, native to Soon valley of Pakistan, were appraised for phenolic compounds and high-value nutrients. These fruits were shade-dried and extracted with different solvents of varying polarity to recover a wide range of antioxidant components, where hydroxyethanol exhibited highest extraction yield of antioxidant compounds. Among others, hydroxyethanol-derived crude concentration extracts (CCEs) and phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) showed greater amount of total phenolic, flavonoids and superior biological properties. The fruits of tested fruits were found to possess potassium (11.34 g/kg) and calcium (4.19 g/kg) as major elements, glucose (5.63g/100g DW) as dominant natural sugar and acetic acid (2.40 mg/100 g of dry matter) as principal organic acid. There was a considerable (p < 0.05) variation in phenolic content and biological properties of various extracts recovered with different solvents. Furthermore, the biological properties of tested fruits were found to be significantly correlated with their intrinsic total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Based upon the findings of present study, the fruits of wild fig could be treated as promising source of beneficial nutrients and potent phenolic components for their applications in the development of nutrapharmaceuticals.     

UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS phenolic compounds identification and quantification from ethanolic extract of Myrtus communis ‘Variegatha’: In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials

Global public health is seriously threatened by diabetes and its complications. Although several synthetic drugs are currently employed for managing diabetes, however, the adverse effects associated with their use cannot be underestimated. Thus, the quest for a safe and cost-effective alternative is highly imperative. In the present study, the phenolic contents, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic potentials of 70% ethanolic crude extract of Myrtus communis ‘Variegatha’ were investigated using in vitro biochemical protocols. The total polyphenols content was 116.44 mg GAE/g, flavonols (6.74 mg QE/g), flavanols (2.46 mg CE/g) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value was 1267.28 µmol AAE/g, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (1165.37 µmol TE/g), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (775.52 µmol TE/g). High-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation/quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was explored to identify the phenolic compounds, most of which were flavonoids. The extract demonstrated a strong α-glucosidase inhibition potential in a concentration-dependent manner with IC₅₀ (3.159 µg/mL), which was higher than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (6.208 µg/mL), a positive control antidiabetic drug. A slight increase in glucose utilization was observed after 24 h of treatment in C3A hepatocytes at 25 μg/mL whereas an increase in glucose uptake was recorded at 25 and 50 μg/mL. The extract exhibited a cytotoxic effect (IC₅₀ 76.85 µg/mL) against C3A hepatocytes at 100 µg/mL, which correlates to the glucose utilization and uptake recorded. The findings from the study show the prospect of M. communis ‘Variegatha’ as a promising source of bioactive compounds that could be used in the development of new anti-diabetic agents, thus, further research into the plant is recommended.     

The Effect of Different Growth Stages of Black Chokeberry Fruits on Phytonutrients,Anti-Lipase Activity,and Antioxidant Capacity

The present study investigated the nutrients, biologically-active compounds, as well as antioxidant and anti-lipase activities of chokeberry fruits across four different stages of development, from the unripe green to mature black forms. The highest content of total phenolics (12.30% dry weight (DW)), including proanthocyanidins (6.83% DW), phenolic acids (6.57% DW), flavanols (0.56% DW), flavonols (0.62% DW), and flavanones (0.10% DW), was observed in unripe fruits. The unripe green fruits were also characterized by the highest content of protein (2.02% DW), ash (4.05% DW), total fiber (39.43% DW), and chlorophylls (75.48 mg/100 g DW). Ripe black fruits were the richest source of total carotenoids (8.53 mg/100 g DW), total anthocyanins (2.64 g/100 g DW), and total sugars (33.84% DW). The phenolic compounds of green fruits were dominated by phenolic acids (above 83% of the total content), the semi-mature fruits by both phenolic acids and anthocyanins (90%), while the mature berries were dominated by anthocyanins (64%). Unripe fruits were the most effective inhibitor of pancreatic lipase in triolein emulsion, scavenger of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, and reducer of ferric ion. Biological activities were mainly correlated with total proanthocyanidins and total phenolics. Considering their strong anti-lipase and antioxidant activities, unripe chokeberry fruits may have potential applications in nutraceuticals and functional foods.     

Evaluation of in vitro,in silico antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of bioactivity based isolated “Pakistanine” from Berberis baluchistanica

Bioassay based fractionation of methanolic extract of Berberis baluchistanica (Berberidaceae), used traditionally for internal injuries, led to the isolation of known compounds (1–4). The structure of these compounds was elucidated by different spectroscopic analysis and available literature data. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of B. baluchistanica fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated using in vitro alpha- amylase and DPPH assays. The isolated compounds were identified as obamegine (1), pakistanine (2), 8-oxyberberine (3) and baluchistine (4). Obamegine was reported from many other species of this genus but it is first time isolated from B. baluchistanica in present study. Moreover, in vitro pakistanine (2) was found as bioactive lead molecule for hypoglycemic (IC₅₀:40.26 µg/ml) and antioxidant (IC₅₀:14.15 µg/ml) activities compared to acarbose (IC₅₀:33.68 µg/ml) and ascorbic acid (IC₅₀:0.41 µg/ml). To the best of our knowledge, no previous data were available for these biological activities. Additionally, in silico antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of pakistanine against two proteins, α-amylase (-9.7 kcal/mol) and tyrosinase (-8.7 kcal/mol) are reported here for the first time. The molecular docking binding interactions authenticate and support the above-mentioned activities and are helpful in predicting the mechanism of action of pakistanine (2).     

Rhamnus pallasii subsp. sintenisii fruit,leaf, bark and root: Phytochemical profiles and biological activities

The genus Rhamnus has received a lot of interest as a source of phenolic chemicals. There have been no reports on the phytochemicals and biological activities of R. pallasii subsp. sintenisii various morphological components (fruit, leaf, bark, and root) in Iran to yet. Two crude ether petroleum (EP) and hydro-methanolic (HM) extracts were obtained from the separate parts. The antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities of the extracts, as well as their phytochemical screening (total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthocyanin concentrations), were measured. Furthermore, the phytochemical profiles of EP and HM extracts were determined using GC–MS and LC-ESI–MS, respectively. LC-ESI-MS detected 59 chemicals in HM extracts, including flavonoids (62.71 %), phenolic acids (10.16 %), and anthraquinones (16.94 %). Furthermore, the predominant group components in EP extracts examined by GC–MS were fatty acids (58.82%), phenolic compounds (49.28%), and hydrocarbons (35.15 to 59.45 %). In terms of biological testing (DPPH radical scavenging and anti-bacterial activity), all examined extracts, particularly the fruit, had the highest activities in both assays (IC₅₀: 7.52 to 22.39 µg/ml and MIC: 0.39 to 3.12 mg/ml), owing to their high phenolic content. As a result, individual morphological elements of the species might be thought of as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.     

Molecular docking of phenolic compounds and screening of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Olea europaea L. Ethanolic leaves extract

Oxidative stress has a crucial role in diabetic pathophysiology, therefore consuming naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study examines the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic of Olea europaea L. ethanolic leaves extract. Olea europaea L. leaves were macerated (OLE) by using absolute ethanol. Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of OLE was screened using standard methods. The antioxidant effects were examined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was assayed by α-amylase enzyme inhibition study. Ethanolic extraction of OLE by maceration technique, 10% yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 2%, 0.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Phytochemical test on OLE confirmed saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenol and carbohydrate presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of OLE is 490 mg GAE/g and 855 mg RUE/g of extract, respectively. OLE (IC₅₀ 38.37 ± 0.26 µg/ml) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ 30.37 ± 0.17 µg/ml). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC₅₀ value of 20.06 ± 0.19 µg/ml, while OLE portrayed an IC₅₀ value of 37.99 ± 0.15 µg/ml. The kinetic studies revealed that all samples at high concentrations reacted within a very short time, and a steady state was reached almost immediately. The lowest concentration showed slow kinetic behaviour implied longer periods before the constant state was reached. Molecular docking studies evidenced that most of the phenolic compounds of OLE interact with the active site of Human pancreatic α-amylase through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction confirming the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Olea europaea L. has been a conceivable natural bioactive source as an antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.     

Phytochemical,antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory,thrombolytic, antibacterial,antiviral and in silico studies of Acacia jacquemontii leaves

The main objective of this work was to gain insight into biological propensities, and bioactive phytochemicals of Acacia jacquemontii Benth, a wild plant providing medicinal components, as well as to establish a link between its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of a higher amount of total phenolic (271.44 ± 4.41 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (216.47 ± 5.82 mg QE/g) in methanolic extract (MEAJ), and as compared to n-hexane fraction (HEAJ) and stronger biological activities of MEAJ were possibly linked to the higher bioactive contents. The freshly collected plant leaves showed a strong antioxidant potential (total antioxidant capacity 1.03 ± 0.19 mmol TE/g), which was found even stronger in dried methanolic extract (TAC; 4.36 ± 1.12 mmol TE/g), moreover, MEAJ also showed strong antioxidant potential when investigated by different antioxidant assays (DPPH; 154.04 ± 2.47, ABTS; 122.36 ± 0.80, FRAP; 453.18 ± 5.9, CUPRAC; 1389.97 ± 5.32 mg TE/g). The MEAJ showed good tyrosinase inhibition activity (71.69 %), compared with 83 % inhibition by kojic acid. Ten major compounds identified by GC–MS were docked and eight legends showed lower binding energies (-6 to ?7.8 kcal/mol) compared with kojic acid (-5.9 kcal/mol), which shows the possible role of these compounds in the anti-tyrosinase activity of the extract, and the ADMET analysis predicted the drug-likeness and safety profile of the studied compounds. The thrombolytic effect of MEAJ was 56.41 ± 0.75 to 57.15 ± 1.41 % which was comparable with streptokinase (82.44 ± 1.15 to 84.14 ± 0.95 %). Antibacterial activity of MEAJ was also good (MEAJ; 0.5–2.0 mg/mL, and co-amoxiclav; 5.0–12.5 µg/mL), and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis (MEAJ; 0.5 mg/mL, co-amoxiclav; 5.0 µg/mL). The antiviral activity of MEAJ was highly strong (HA titer; 00 to 08) against all the tested strains. It can be concluded that A. jacquemontii is a prospective source of phytochemicals with strong biological activities, and their usage in formulations of natural products and pharmaceuticals is recommended, however, further research may address the discovery and development of novel drugs for the pharmaceutical industry.     

Moringa oleifera leaves from Brazil: Influence of seasonality,regrowth age and,region in biochemical markers and antioxidant potential

Moringa oleifera leaves are cultivated in warm regions of Brazil for commercial ends due to their nutritional and biological properties. This study evaluated, by chemometric tools, the influence of seasonality (winter, spring, autumn, and summer), growing area in Brazil (South, Southeast, and Northeast), and regrowth age (40 and 80 days) in antioxidant potential, and biochemical markers determined by HPLC-DAD. The results obtained in the present study showed that all the parameters evaluated were affected by seasonality, regrowth age, and growing region. The content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using the ABTS method was higher in samples cultivated in the southeast (59.4 mg GAE g^?1 and 346 µmol TEAC g^?1, respectively). The highest antioxidant activities evaluated by DPPH and FRAP methods were obtained from leaves of the southeast and northeast. In addition, young leaves presented higher antioxidant potential and total phenolic content. The cultivation region significantly influenced the content of chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, and astragalin, which ranged from 4.2 to 7.2 mg g^?1, 8.0 to 10.7 mg g^?1, and 2.2 to 3.8 mg g^?1, respectively. In addition, a positive correlation between solar radiation and temperature with caffeic acid, rutin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant assay from the DPPH method was observed. Additionally, the RGB pattern of the images of these leaves was correlated with the levels of compounds with antioxidant activity. Models generated through machine learning showed good performances, and ABTS and rutin analyses developed the best models with a coefficient of determination above 75 %. Thus, color patterns can be used to measure the antioxidant activity by the ABTS method and to determine the rutin concentration in M. oleifera leaves.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of buckwheat and barley by the data of spectrophotometry and HPLC

The antioxidant activity of buckwheat and barley extracts by reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and the total of phenolic compounds have been determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. It has been found that water-ethanol extracts of buckwheat are characterized by higher antioxidant activity (6.2 ± 0.5 μM-eq. of Trolox/g) and concentration of phenolic compounds (4.41 ± 0.07 mg-eq. of rutin/g) compared to barley extracts (4.2 ± 0.3 μM-eq. of Trolox/g and 2.4 ± 0.1 mg-eq. of rutin/g, respectively). A series of phenolic compounds have been identified by HPLC with UV detection and mass spectrometric detection with electrospray ionization. The main phenolic compounds-antioxidants in buckwheat extracts are rutin, catechin and epicatechin, 1-O-caffeoyl-O-rutinoside (m/z 487), and epicatechin-O-3,4-dimethylgallate (m/z 469), and in the barley extract, catechin, prodelphinidin B3 (m/z 593), procyanidin B3 (m/z 577), and procyanidin C2 (m/z 865).     

Tunisian Native Mentha pulegium L. Extracts: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities

Mint species (Lamiaceae family) have been used as traditional remedies for the treatment of several diseases. In this work, we aimed to characterize the biological activities of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Mentha pulegium L. extracts collected from two different regions of Tunisia. The highest amounts of total phenols (74.45 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (28.87 ± 0.02 mg RE/g DW), and condensed tannins (4.35 ± 0.02 mg CE/g DW) were found in the Bizerte locality. Methanolic leaf extracts were subjected to HPLC-UV analysis in order to identify and quantify the phenolic composition. This technique allowed us to identify seven phenolic compounds: two phenolic acids and five flavonoid compounds, such as eriocitrin, hesperidin, narirutin, luteolin, and isorhoifolin, which were found in both extracts with significant differences between samples collected from the different regions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, our results showed that the methanolic extract from leaves collected from Bizerte had the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH IC₅₀ value of 16.31 μg/mL and 570.08 μmol Fe²⁺/g, respectively). Both extracts showed high radical-scavenging activity as well as significant antimicrobial activity against eight tested bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activities were observed against Gram-positive bacteria with inhibition zone diameters and MIC values ranging between 19 and 32 mm and 40 and 160 µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, at 10 μg/mL, the extract had a significant effect on cell proliferation of U87 human glioblastoma cells. These findings open perspectives for the use of Mentha pulegium L. extract in green pharmacy, alternative/complementary medicine, and natural preventive therapies for the development of effective antioxidant, antibacterial, and/or antitumoral drugs.     

One-pot multicomponent synthesis of novel 3, 4-dihydro-3-methyl-2(1H)-quinazolinone derivatives and their biological evaluation as potential antioxidants,enzyme inhibitors,antimicrobials, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agents

A series of novel 3, 4-dihydro-3-methyl-2(1H)-quinazolinone derivatives with substituted amine moieties (1–13) and substituted aldehyde (S) were designed and synthesized by a reflux condensation reaction in the presence of an acid catalyst to get N-Mannich bases. Mannich bases were evaluated pharmacologically for their antioxidant, α-amylase enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, cell cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Most of the compounds exhibited potent activities against these bioassays. Among them, SH1 and SH13 showed potent antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical at IC₅₀ of 9.94 ± 0.16 µg/mL and 11.68 ± 0.32 µg/mL, respectively. SH7, SH10 and SH13 showed significant results in TAC and TRP antioxidant assays, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. SH2 and SH3 showed potent activity in inhibiting α-amylase enzyme at IC₅₀ of 10.17 ± 0.23 µg/mL and 9.48 ± 0.17 µg/mL, respectively, when compared with acarbose (13.52 ± 0.19 µg/mL). SH7 was the most active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, SH13 being the most potent against P. aeruginosa by inhibiting its growth up to 80% (MIC = 11.11 µg/mL). SH4, SH5 and SH6 exhibited significant activity against some fungal strains. Among the thirteen synthesized compounds (SH1-SH13), four were screened out based on the results of brine shrimp lethality assay (LD₅₀) and cell cytotoxicity assay (IC₅₀), to determine their anti-cancer potential against Hep-G2 cells. The study was conducted for 24, 48, and 72 h. SH12 showed potent results at IC₅₀ of 6.48 µM at 72 h when compared with cisplatin (2.56 µM). An in vitro nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed to shortlist compounds for in vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Among shortlisted compounds, SH13 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the paw thickness to the maximum compared to the standard, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).     

Changes in Organic Acids,Phenolic Compounds,and Antioxidant Activities of Lemon Juice Fermented by Issatchenkia terricola

High content of citric acid in lemon juice leads to poor sensory experience. The study aimed to investigate the dynamics changes in organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of lemon juice fermented with Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4. The sensory evaluation of fermented lemon juice was conducted as well. Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 exhibited a potent capability of reducing the contents of citric acid (from 51.46 ± 0.11 g/L to 8.09 ± 0.05 g/L within 60 h fermentation) and increasing total phenolic level, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities compared to those of unfermented lemon juice. A total of 20 bioactive substances, including 10 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoid compounds, were detected both in fermented and unfermented lemon juice. The lemon juice fermented for 48 h had better sensory characteristics. Our findings demonstrated that lemon juice fermented with Issatchenkia terricola exhibited reduced citric acid contents, increased levels of health-promoting phenolic compounds, and enhanced antioxidant activities.     

Wild olive fruits: Phenolics profiling,antioxidants, antimicrobial,thrombolytic and haemolytic activities

In this study, wild olive fruits were evaluated for the occurrence of phenolic antioxidant components and valuable nutrients which are distributed wildly in Soon valley of Pakistan. The shade-dried fruits of wild olive were extracted using different solvents to recover phenolic antioxidants. The highest concentration of extractable antioxidant components was recovered from tested fruits using aqueous ethanol compared to other solvents used. Crude concentrated extracts (CCEs) and phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) of tested fruits using hydroxyethanol were found to contain higher amount of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid compounds along with superior biological attributes. According to ICP-OES analysis, potassium (17.96 g/kg) was the dominant macro element among other identified twenty-five minerals. The tested wild olive fruits juice was found to contain individual natural sugars including galactose (4.92 g/100 g dry weight), sucrose (2.75 g/100 g dry weight), glucose (0.73 g/100 g dry weight); and succinic acid (8.80 mg/100 g of dry matter) as major organic acid when analyzed on HPLC. Oleic acid (47.41 %) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid in the oil extracted from tested fruits. The concentration of phenolic antioxidants and biological activities vary significantly (p < 0.05) among extracting systems used. A strong correlation was also recorded among total phenolic (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and biological attributes of tested wild olive fruits. The results of this study explored wild olive fruits as a propitious source of natural phenolic components and valuable nutrients which reveal its potential use in the development of functional food and nutra-pharmaceuticals.     

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents,antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of Garcinia forbesii King: A correlation study

Garcinia forbesii King belongs to Clusiaceae is a source of secondary metabolites especially xanthones with various biological activities. G. forbesii King is also known for its empirical use for malaria and diabetes. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of four extracts attained from the stem bark of G. forbesii King. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays. In vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-glucosidase and α-amylase assays and antiplasmodial activity was studied against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The highest value of total phenolic (187.37 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (35.97 ± 0.02 mg QE/g) contents were recorded in n-hexane and methanolic extracts. n-Hexane extract showed the highest DPPH activity with IC₅₀ of 8.12 ± 0.02 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited better scavenging ability for ABTS with IC₅₀ of 3.88 ± 0.04 μg/mL. The FRAP assay showed better activity in methanol extract with an inhibition value of 73.68 ± 3.66 µM Fe²⁺/g. The strong inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were displayed by dichloromethane extract with IC₅₀ of 35.13 ± 2.01 μg/mL and 4.83 ± 0.20 μg/mL. n-Hexane and methanol extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ of 0.23 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 0.73 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship of total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antiplasmodial activity. The results revealed that n-hexane and methanol extracts could be used as a potential natural antiplasmodial, while dichloromethane extract is a promising natural antidiabetic.     

Assessment of antimicrobial and enzymes inhibition effects of Allium kastambulense with in silico studies: Analysis of its phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents

Type 2 diabetes and obesity-related metabolic diseases have been treated with traditional medicinal plants for centuries. In this study, the effects of Allium kastambulense plant extracts on different enzyme activities were investigated, and the results were added as graphics and tables after calculating. This study aimed to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of Allium kastambulense Bosse and determine the anti-lipase, anti-urease, anti-melanogenesis, antidiabetic, anti-alzheimer, and antibacterial properties. IC₅₀ results for all enzymes were obtained between 0.55 and 138 µg/mL, and this plant inhibited HMG_CoA R and tyrosinase enzymes more with IC₅₀ values of 0.55 and 59.17 µg/mL, respectively. The interactions of active compounds showing activity against different enzymes were examined with molecular docking studies. The most active compound 3, (rosmarinic acid) has ?10.90 kcal/mol binding energy value against HMG_CoA R, and also the potential structure compound 2, (+catechin), which has activity against α-amylase, α-glycosidase, and lipase enzymes, was –8.30, ?8.40 and ?9.70 kcal/mol, respectively. Finally, antimicrobial effects, total phenolic, and flavonoid content, determined with its higher total phenolic (22.63 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (6.41 mgQE/g extract) contents and main chemical compounds of this plant were gentisic acid, (+) catechin, and rosmarinic acid, respectively.     

Optimization Method for Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Medicinal Plant (Juniperus procera) and Phytochemicals Screening

Juniperus procera is a natural source of bioactive compounds with the potential of antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. An optimization method was developed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) in leaf and seed extract of Juniperus procera. Organic solvents (methanol (99.8%), ethanol (99%), and acetone (99.5%)), and deionized water (DI) were used for extraction. The estimation of TPC, TFC, and TTC in plant materials was carried out using UV-spectrophotometer and HPLC with the standards gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid. Recovery of TPC in leaf extract ranged from 2.9 to 9.7 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.9 to 5.9 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 mg TA/g DW while the TPC value in the seed extract ranged from 0.53 to 2.6 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.5 to 1.6 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 mg TA/g DW. This result revealed that methanol is the best solvent for recovery of the TPC value (9.7 mg) from leaf extract in comparison to other solvents. Ethanol recorded the highest result of TFC (5.9 mg) in leaf extract among the solvents whereas acetone was the best for TTC yield recovery from leaf extract (4.3 mg). In the case of the seed extract, ethanol was the best solvent for both TPC (2.6 mg), and TFC (1.6 mg) recovery in comparison to other solvents. Total tannin content in methanol resulted in significant recovery from seed extract (1.4 mg). Separation and quantification of gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid in plant materials were undertaken using HPLC. Gallic acid in leaf and seed of J. procera ranged from 6.6 to 9.2, 6.5 to 7.2 µg/g DW, quercetin from 6.3 to 18.2, 0.9 to 4.2 µg/g DW, and tannic acid from 16.2 to 29.3, 6.6 to 9.3 µg/g DW, respectively. Solvents have shown a significant effect in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Moreover, phytochemicals in plant materials were identified using GC-MS and resulted in very important bioactive compounds, which include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor agents such as ferruginol, phenanthrene, and n-hexadecanoic acid. In conclusion, the optimal solvent for extraction depends on the part of the plant material and the compounds that are to be isolated.     

The variation in essential oils composition,phenolic acids and flavonoids is correlated with changes in antioxidant activity during Cinnamomum loureirii bark growth

Cinnamomum loureirii is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants. It is used by the food, perfumery, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil (EOs) and ethanol extracts from 10 samples of the bark from C. loureirii trees (6–15 years old). Obtained results showed that C. loureirii bark EO content at 12–15 years old had high oil yields (4.52–5.48%). The major components in the EOs were trans-cinnamaldehyde (50.2–92.9%) and α-copaene (0.5–21.3%). The highest content of trans-cinnamaldehyde in bark EOs was obtained from 10 to 12-year-old trees, while the highest content of α-copaene was obtained at 13–15 years. The highest total phenolic (429.85 and 474.45 mg TAE /g DW) and total flavonoid contents (85.54 and 102.80 mg RE /g e DW) were obtained from the 13- to 14-year-old trees. Our results indicated that the EO and ethanol extract of 13- to 14-year-old bark showed the strongest antioxidant properties. Moreover, GC–MS, PCA and correlation analysis indicated that the changes in α-copaene, beta-caryophyllene, τ-muurolene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene and τ-muurolol were positively correlated with the changes in antioxidant activity in oils. Meanwhile, procyanidin B2 and hyperoside were the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from C. loureirii bark. This study is the first one that report the antioxidant potential and phenolic profile of C. loureirii plant. These results provide reference information for the rational utilization of C. loureirii resources and the harvest of C. loureirii bark as medicinal materials during the optimal period.     

Untargeted Phytochemical Profile,Antioxidant Capacity and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Cultivated and Wild Lupin Seeds from Tunisia

Lupin seeds can represent a valuable source of phenolics and other antioxidant compounds. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical profile was performed on seeds from three Lupinus species, including one cultivar (Lupinus albus) and two wild accessions (Lupinus cossentinii and Lupinus luteus), collected from the northern region of Tunisia. Untargeted metabolomic profiling allowed to identify 249 compounds, with a great abundance of phenolics and alkaloids. In this regard, the species L. cossentinii showed the highest phenolic content, being 6.54 mg/g DW, followed by L. luteus (1.60 mg/g DW) and L. albus (1.14 mg/g DW). The in vitro antioxidant capacity measured by the ABTS assay on seed extracts ranged from 4.67 to 17.58 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g, recording the highest values for L. albus and the lowest for L. luteus. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 0.39 to 3.50 mg TE/g. FRAP values varied between 4.11 and 5.75 mg TE/g. CUPRAC values for lupin seeds ranged from 7.20 to 8.95 mg TE/g, recording the highest for L. cossentinii. The results of phosphomolybdenum assay and metal chelation showed similarity between the three species of Lupinus. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity was detected in each methanolic extract analyzed with similar results. Regarding the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme, it was weakly inhibited by the Lupinus extracts; in particular, the highest activity values were recorded for L. albus (1.74 mg GALAE/g). Overall, our results showed that L. cossentinii was the most abundant source of polyphenols, consisting mainly in tyrosol equivalents (5.82 mg/g DW). Finally, significant correlations were outlined between the phenolic compounds and the in vitro biological activity measured, particularly when considering flavones, phenolic acids and lower-molecular-weight phenolics.