Simultaneous direct microdetermination of chlorine,bromine and iodine in organic compounds

Summary A new method for the separate microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine present together in an organic compound is described. A 3–5 mg sample is burnt in an oxygen flask and the products are absorbed in an alkaline solution of hydrazine. Iodide with dichromate and then bromide with permanganate are oxidized to free halogen which is removed, absorbed in alkaline solution of hydrazine and reduced again to halide, while chloride remains in the original solution. The separated halides are then titrated potentiometrically with 0.01N AgNO₃ by using a sulfide ion-selective indicator electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. Accurate results within ±0.27% are obtained in the separate determination of iodine, bromine and chlorine; the corresponding standard deviations are 0.138, 0.144 and 0.159%, resp. Without weighing the sample, determination of the atomic ratios IBrCl in organic compounds is also possible. Of course, this method can be applied to the analysis of halide mixtures.

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Gleichzeitige direkte Mikrobestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod in organischen Verbindungen

Zusammenfassung Eine neue Methode zur Mikrobestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod nebeneinander in organischen Verbindungen wurde beschrieben. Die Einwaage (3–5 mg) wird in einem Sauerstoffkolben verbrannt. Die Produkte werden in alkalischer Hydrazinlösung absorbiert. Jodid und dann Bromid werden mit Bichromat bzw. Permanganat oxydiert und die entsprechenden freien Halogene entfernt, in alkalischer Hydrazinlösung absorbiert und wieder zu Halogenid reduziert, während Chlorid in der ursprünglichen Lösung verbleibt. Die einzelnen Halogenide werden dann potentiometrisch mit 0,01N AgNO₃ unter Verwendung einer suifidionenselektiven Indikatorelektrode und einer Double-junction-Referenzelektrode titriert. Resultate innerhalb ±0,27% werden bei der Bestimmung von Jod, Brom und Chlor erhalten; die entsprechenden Standardabweichungen sind 0,138, 0,144 bzw. 0,159%. Bei der Analyse einer ungewogenen Substanzmenge ist die Bestimmung der Atomverhältnisse JBrCl in organischen Verbindungen ebenfalls möglich. Diese Methode ist selbstverständlich auf die Analyse von Halogenidgemischen anwendbar.

     

Simultaneous microdetermination of iodine and chlorine or iodine and bromine in organic compounds

Summary A micromethod for simultaneous determination of iodine and chlorine or iodine and bromine in organic compounds is described. After combustion in an oxygen-filled separatory funnel containing acidic sodium nitrite, iodine is produced, separated by carbon tetrachloride and oxidised with bromine water to iodate. After removal of carbon tetrachloride and excess bromine, the iodate is determined iodometrically. The aqueous combustion product is determined mercurimetrically for either chlorine or bromine. The average recoveries are 98.7%, 100.7% and 100.6% with iodine, chlorine and bromine in mixtures of their organically bounded compounds respectively. Microdetermination of iodine in presence of other halogens using sodium nitrite as absorbing agent andLeipert's method is described.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Mikromethode zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von J und Cl oder J und Br in organischen Verbindungen wurde beschrieben. Nach der Verbrennung in einem sauerstoffgefüllten Scheidetrichter in Anwesenheit angesäuerter Natriumnitritlösung wird Jod freigesetzt, mit Tetrachlormethan extrahiert und mit Bromwasser zu Jodat oxydiert. Nach Entfernung des Tetrachlorkohlenstoffs und des Bromüberschusses wird das Jodat jodometrisch titriert. In der wäßrigen Lösung wird mercurimetrisch Chlor bzw. Brom bestimmt. Die durchschnittliche Ausbeute beträgt 98,7, 100,7% und 100,6% für Jod, Chlor bzw. Brom in Gemischen ihrer organischen Verbindungen. Die Mikrobestimmung des Jods in Gegenwart anderer Halogene nach Absorption in Nitritlösung nach der Methode vonLeipert wurde beschrieben.

     

The formation of charge-transfer complexes from N-vinylindole and chlorine,bromine, and iodine

The reaction of vinylindole with bromine, chlorine, and iodine in CCl₄ solution in the cold leads to the formation of charge-transfer complexes (CTC). The formation of CTC has been confirmed by a study of the physicochemical properties and the IR and UV spectra of the reaction products.     

Determination of chlorine, bromine and iodine in rock samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

Chlorine, bromine and iodine (hereafter, halogens) were detemined for rock samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. The powdered samples and reference standards prepared from chemical reagents were simultaneously irradiated for 10 to 30 minutes with or without a cadmium filter in a TRIGA-II reactor at the Institute for Atomic Energy, Rikkyo University. The samples were subjected to radiochemical procedures of halogens immediately after the irradiation. Iodine was firstly precipitated as PdI₂, and chlorine and bromine were successively precipitated as Ag-halides at the same time. In this study, geological standard rocks, sedimentary rocks and meteorites were analyzed for trace halogens. In some Antarctic meteorites, iodine contents were observed to be anomalously high. Chlorine contents also are somewhat high. The overabundance of iodine and chlorine must be caused by terrestrial contamination on the Antarctica.     

A method of general applicability for the micro determination of chlorine,bromine and iodine

Summary A method is described for the combustion of halogen containing organic compounds in milligram quantities in a closed system. It has been found to have greater applicability than existing techniques. After combustion the halogen is determined by an amperometric titration, which permits the determination of Cl^–, Br^– and I^– either singly or in admixture. The accuracy is probably better than existing micro methods for single halides and comparable with these methods for mixed halides.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Verbrennung von Milligrammengen halogenhaltiger organischer Verbindungen im geschlossenen System wurde beschrieben. Sie hat einen größeren Anwendungsbereich als bisher bekannte Verfahren. Nach der Verbrennung wird das Halogen durch eine amperometrische Titration bestimmt, womit Chlorid, Bromid und Jodid sowohl einzeln wie in Gemischen bestimmt werden können. Die Genauigkeit seheint besser zu sein als bei bekannten Mikromethoden für die Bestimmung einzelner Halogene und etwa gleich gut wie bei Methoden zur Analyse von Halogengemischen.

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Résumé On décrit une méthode de combustion en vase clos, des composés organiques contenant des halogènes en quantités de l'ordre du milligramme. Cette méthode a été trouvée comme ayant un domaine d'applications plus grand que celui des techniques existant déjà. Après combustion, l'halogène est dosé par titrage ampérométrique, ce qui permet le dosage de Cl^–, Br^– et I^– isolés ou en mélange. La précision est probablement meilleure que celle des microméthodes existant pour les halogénures isolés et comparable à celle de ces méthodes pour les mélanges d'halogénures.

     

Determination of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine by barrier discharge radiofrequency helium plasma.

A determination method of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) by a barrier discharge radiofrequency helium plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was developed. A borosilicate glass was wrapped by two copper film electrodes, one of which was earthed, and the other was supplied with a radiofrequency high voltage (98 kHz, 3.2 kV), resulting in a discharge inside of the tube. An optical emission from the discharge tube was introduced to a charge-coupled device (CCD)-spectrometer through an optical fiber, and was monitored in the wavelength range of 730-960 nm. The emission lines of F (733.2 nm, 739.9 nm), Cl (833.3 nm, 837.6 nm, 858.6 nm, 894.8 nm, 912.1 nm, etc.), Br (827.2 nm, 882.5 nm, 889.8 nm, 926.5 nm, etc.) and I (905.8 nm) were observed. The linearity of the calibration was determined for F and Cl over the range of 1-10 microg, and for Br of 0.1-1 microg. The relative emission intensity was in the order of Br > I > Cl >F.     

Individual microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine in halogenated organic compounds by the oxygen-flask method

A simple and accurate micro-method for the individual determination of Cl, Br and I in halogenated organic compounds by the oxygen-flask method is described. Addition of potassium bromate to oxidize bromide, and of hydrogen peroxide to oxidize iodide, followed by boiling, is used to eliminate these two halides in mixtures with chloride or each other.     

Rapid radiochemical separation and determination of chlorine,bromine and iodine in water samples using ion exchange

On the basis of tracer experiments, a simple and rapid radiochemical separation method for simultaneous determination of I^–, Br^– and Cl^– in one aliquot of a water sample (only 2–4 ml) has been developed. The method is based on short irradiation of the water sample and separation of the halogens using sequential ion exchange columns filled with Dowex 1×8, 100–200 mesh anionic resin prepared in I^–/I₂, Br^–/Br₂ and Cl^– form. After washing the columns with an appropriate volume of 2% NaCl solution, the resins were transferred to vials and activities of the isolated radionuclides¹²⁸I,⁸²Br and³⁸Cl measured together with standards in a well type or on a coaxial Ge detector connected to a Canberra 90 multichannel analyzer. Besides high chemical yields, from the -spectra of the isolated radionuclides, it is evident that high decontamination fac-The paper was presented at the MTAA-8, Vienna, September 1991.     

Exchange of bromine and chlorine by iodine in aliphatic halides catalyzed by iron pentacarbonyl

Conclusions Iodine and iodoform in the presence of Fe(CO)₅ are effective reagents for the exchange of Br and Cl by iodine at the primary carbon atom of an aliphatic chain.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1 pp. 226–228, January, 1985.     

The simultaneous microdetermination of chlorine,bromine, and iodine in organic compounds by the oxygen flask method

Summary A method is described which allows the simultaneous microdetermination of chlorine, bromine and iodine following organic decomposition by the oxygen flask procedure ofSchöniger. Sodium borohydride is employed as a reducing agent in the absorbing solution. The sum of halogens is titrimetrically determined in an aliquot of the absorbing solution by means of 0.01N mercuric perchlorate solution. The bromine and iodine are determined in different aliquots after oxidation to halate. Furthermore individual halogens can be determined by this method. The proposed method is simple, rapid, and highly reproducible.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von Chlor, Brom und Jod nach Zerstörung der organischen Substanz im Verbrennungskolben wurde beschrieben. Natriumborhydrid dient als Reduktionsmittel in der Absorptionslösung. Die Summe der Halogene wird mit 0,01-n Quecksilberperchlorat in einem Teil dieser Lösung titriert. Brom und Jod werden in weiteren Teilen nach ihrer Oxydation zu Halogenat bestimmt. Außerdem kann jedes Halogen für sich nach diesem gut reproduzierbaren Verfahren bestimmt werden.

     

Contribution of milk to daily intakes of iodine and bromine in northwestern Ukraine

Summary The concentration of stable iodine and bromine in Ukrainian milk has been determined in relation to the effect of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. The geometric mean of iodine and bromine concentration was 31.0mg/kg and 2.57 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with Japanese milk, it was statistically lower. Bromine concentrations in Ukrainian and Japanese milk were not significantly different. Contribution of milk to daily intake of iodine and bromine in Ukrainian adults has been estimated to 88% and 94%.     

Determination of bromine, chlorine and iodine in environmental aqueous samples by epithermal neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression

Summary Halides, particularly Br^- and Cl^-, have been used as indicators of potential sources of Na⁺ and Cl^- in surface water and groundwater with limited success. Contamination of groundwater and surface water by Na⁺ and Cl^- is a common occurrence in growing urban areas and adversely affects municipal and private water supplies in Illinois and other states, as well as vegetation in environmentally sensitive areas. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) can be effectively used to determine these halogens, but often the elevated concentrations of sodium and chlorine in water samples can give rise to very high detection limits for bromine and iodine due to elevated backgrounds from the activation process. We present a detailed analytical scheme to determine Cl, Br and I in aqueous samples with widely varying Na and Cl concentrations using epithermal NAA in conjunction with Compton suppression.     

Simultaneous determination of microgram amounts of chlorine or bromine or iodine and sulfur in organic compounds

A general method for the simultaneous and rapid determination of microgram amounts of chlorine or bromine or iodine and sulfur in organic compounds is described.The procedure is based on the combustion of the sample, containing approximately 0.005 meq of Cl or Br or I and 0.005 meq of S. by the Schöniger flask technique, using potassium hydroxide and hydrazine hydrate as absorption solution. The excess of hydrazine is eliminated with hydrogen peroxide after combustion.This method allows complete reduction of halogens to halides and oxidation of sulfur to sulfate.The halide ions are titrated with mercuric perchlorate and diphenylcarbazone as indicator; the sulfate ions with barium perchlorate and dimethylsulfonazo(III) as indicator.The results obtained are in good agreement with calculated values.     

Computerized technique in organic microelemental analysis: Part IV: Automated determination of chlorine,bromine, and iodine in organic compounds

The automatic and computerized rapid microanalytical determination of chlorine, bromine, and iodine in organic and organometallic compounds is described. The method consists of combustion of the compound in a large diameter empty tube connected to a titration vessel. The combustion products are transferred from the end of the combustion tube to the titration vessel by means of an automatic reductive SO₂-containing wash. Automatic potentiometric titration with AgClO₄ to the preset endpoint potential, using a combination silver microelectrode, serves as the endpoint detection of the titration of halides. The entire analysis, including automatic preparation of the equipment for the next determination, is programmed in a 6-min cycle. The method is blank-free; the results are accurate. Standard deviations amount to: 0.05, 0.14, and 0.18% absolute for Cl, Br, and I, respectively.The analyzer is interfaced to a real-time, time-sharing computer along with electronic microbalances and other analyzers, as part of the microanalytical laboratory computer service. The results of the analyses are reported on CR-terminals and are stored on magnetic disk for further processing.