Magnetophotonic properties of inverse magnetic metal opals

Nickel inverse opals were fabricated by templating a colloidal crystal. Perfect fcc ordering was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Several kinds of magneto-optical effects were studied: linear longitudinal and transversal Kerr effects, nonlinear longitudinal Kerr effect (magnetization-induced second harmonic generation), which were all consistent with the photonic band structure studied by reflectivity spectroscopy.     

Optical characterization of synthetic opals

The results of a structural-optical characterization of synthetic opals are presented. Information on the growth-induced features of the opal structure was derived from an analysis of the position and width of the one-dimensional photonic band gap. The structure of the samples was found to vary substantially along the growth axis coinciding with the [111] direction of the fcc lattice. It was shown that the regions corresponding to early stages in the opal structure growth are typically strongly disordered, which manifests itself, in particular, in the crystallites being misoriented relative to the sample growth axis. It was concluded that the regions of synthetic opals most suitable for application as photonic crystals are those corresponding to later growth stages.     

圆柱形蛋白石和反蛋白石结构光子晶体的制备及其光学性质

研究了在圆柱曲面基底上自组装空心和实心的圆柱形蛋白石和反蛋白石结构光子晶体的方法. 用垂直沉积法在不同曲率半径的毛细管内自组装了空心圆柱形聚苯乙烯(PS)蛋白石结构光子晶体薄膜和二氧化硅 (SiO₂) 反蛋白石结构薄膜; 用类重力沉积法制得实心圆柱形蛋白石和反蛋白石结构光子晶体, 并讨论了这一生长方式中的状态变化过程及影响因素. 用扫描电子显微镜对样品内部结构进行了表征, 用光谱仪测试了光子晶体薄膜的反射光谱, 结果表明: 基底曲率半径和微球粒径的大小是影响空心蛋白石和反蛋白石薄膜质量的主要因素; 微球大小是影响实心结构有序性的主要因素. 关键词： 反蛋白石 空心圆柱 溶胶凝胶协同自组装     

Effect of stacking faults on the optical properties of inverted opals

Stacking faults appear to be the most common type of defect in inverted opals which are good candidates for photonic crystals with absolute gaps in the visible range of light. In this Letter we present for the first time a systematic study of the effect of stacking faults on the optical properties of self-assembled photonic crystals, by means of large-scale transmittance calculations for macroscopic slabs of inverted opals with randomly distributed stacking faults. We show that frequency gaps, as seen in optical transmission experiments, will in general appear wider in the presence of stacking faults. We attribute the above to Anderson localization of light due to disorder.     

二氧化硅人工蛋白石晶体（opal)的制备及其结构性质的研究

运用胶体化学法合成了尺寸可控的二氧化硅（SiO2）亚微米溶胶小球.透射电子显微镜（TEM）结果显示样品平均尺寸可从200nm变化至600nm，单分散性较高、平均标准偏差小于5％.通过自然沉积法，由溶胶SiO2小球自组织晶化制备了人工蛋白石晶体（opal晶体）结构.样品的剖面扫描电子显微镜（SEM）检测表明，样品为面心立方（fcc）结构.分析表明，较高的单分散性和缓慢的沉积过程是SiO2溶胶小球自组织晶化成三维有序结构的关键因素.反射谱中峰位在1320nm处的反射峰的出现，意味着样品在宏观尺度上的有序排列， 关键词： 亚微米二氧化硅溶胶小球 人工蛋白石晶体 方向带隙     

溶胶凝胶法制备圆柱形大孔二氧化硅反蛋白石结构晶体

利用溶胶凝胶法在不同直径的毛细管表面制备了圆柱形二氧化硅反蛋白石多孔结构.利用扫描电子显微镜表征了其形貌,发现胶体晶体的类(111)面结构整体为圆柱形,平行于毛细管表面.透射光谱结果表明,二氧化硅多孔结构在[111]方向具有典型的光子带隙效应,与布拉格理论相符合,有望应用到光通讯和传感领域.     

大尺寸SiO2胶体颗粒的重力沉降自组装研究

采用两步法合成了直径分别为782，977，1027，1160和1324nm的SiO2胶体颗粒，透射电子显微镜显示颗粒尺寸的平均标准偏差小于5％.具有较好的单分散性.通过调节SiO2胶体颗粒悬浮液中介质粘度的方法，拓宽了重力沉降自组装的尺寸范围，得到了颗粒直径为700—1300nm的合成蛋白石 ，扫描电子显微镜图像显示它们为面心立方结构，透射谱表征显示它们具有一定的光子带隙. 关键词： SiO2胶体颗粒 重力沉降自组装 合成蛋白石 光子带隙     

金属有机化学气相沉积法在欧泊空隙中生长磷化铟的影响因素

制备磷化铟(InP)反欧泊三维光子晶体的关键是提高InP在欧泊空隙中的填充率。使用低压金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)系统在人工欧泊空隙中生长了InP晶体,分析了影响InP在欧泊空隙中填充的因素及确定了InP的最佳生长条件。实验和理论分析的结果较为符合。磷化铟在人工欧泊空隙中的填充率越高,二氧化硅球和空隙间的折射率差越大,人工欧泊光子晶体光学性能的变化就越显著;周期生长、低压、使用和InP失配小的衬底以及异质同构现象有助于InP在欧泊空隙中的填充。在优化的生长条件下制备了填充率较高的SiO₂-InP光子晶体。研究结果为制备InP反欧泊结构积累了有益的经验。     

One-dimensional opal photonic crystals

One-dimensional opals are 1D self-assembled close packed colloidal crystals consisting of monodisperse colloidal globules. Polystyrene globules with sizes in the 1.9–10 μm range sit on a flat substrate and touch two neighbors in diametrally opposite contact points. These opals are quasi-1D photonic crystals. Optical modes, including whispering gallery modes of individual globules, coupled collective modes, and nanojet-induced modes, are visualized in 1D opals.     

Modelling of 3D photonic crystals based on opals

The construction of 3D photonic crystals with gaps in the visible or the near-infrared frequency range requires engineering of complex microstructures which are very difficult to realize by etching and micro-fabrication. Consequently, self-ordered systems such as synthetic opals are very promising. Synthetic bare opals are constituted by SiO₂ spheres that organize themselves by a sedimentation process in a face centered cubic (fcc) arrangement. Using the plane wave method, we examine the photonic band structures of close-packed opal-based photonic crystals with an SiO₂ (n = 1.5) matrix. The incomplete photonic band gaps at the X- and L-points have been studied which correspond to normally incident plane waves onto the (100) and (111) crystal planes. With the transfer matrix method, we model the transmission properties. We find that the incomplete gap at the L-point fully inhibits the transmission of waves propagating in the [111] direction for opal sample thicknesses that are easily obtainable. This property shows that bare opals could be good candidates for complete inhibition of transmission in the near-infrared and visible frequency range for given orientations.     

低压化学气相沉积技术制备锗反蛋白石三维光子晶体

采用溶剂蒸发对流自组装法将单分散SiO2微球组装形成三维有序胶体晶体模板,用低压化学气相沉积法填充高折射率材料锗,酸洗去除SiO2模板,获得了锗反蛋白石三维光子晶体.通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和紫外-可见-近红外光谱仪对锗反蛋白石的形貌、成分、结构和光学性能进行了表征.结果表明：锗在SiO2微球空隙内具有较高的结晶质量,填充致密均匀.通过改变沉积工艺,可控制锗的填充率;制备的锗反蛋白三维光子晶体具有明显的光学反射峰,表现出光学带隙效应.测试的光学性能与理论计算基本吻合.     

Large-scale ZnO inverse opal films fabricated by a sol–gel technique

We demonstrate that high-quality large-scale ZnO inverse opals can be fabricated by a simple sol–gel technique, comprising infiltration of polystyrene colloidal crystal films with zinc nitrate solution, drying and annealing at 300 C. This simple method yields continuous films, which consist of inverse opal domains (up to several hundreds of μm² in size), separated by small cracks filled with zinc oxide. Microradian X-ray diffraction was employed to verify the crystalline quality of ZnO inverse opals on the macroscale, revealing that the samples have a predominant face-centered cubic structure, and that the majority of domains have the same crystallographic orientation. The samples exhibit bright iridescence and possess photonic stop-bands in the visible to near-infrared spectrum.     

Optical properties of 3D photonic crystals filled with CdSe/CdS quantum dots

We study 3D globular photonic crystals based on synthetic opals filled with semiconductor core/shell quantum dots CdSe/CdS by measuring the photoluminescence spectra. The spectra were obtained using 369, 384, and 408 nm LED light excitation and involving a pulse YAG laser operating at 365 and 266 nm. The study shows that the photoluminescence spectra of opal filled with CdSe/CdS changes sufficiently in comparison with spectra taken for pure opal and a reference colloidal solution of CdSe/Cds quantum dots in toluene. Such opals may be used to fabricate a narrow-band light sources.     

Optically excited secondary emission spectra of photonic crystals based on synthetic opals

The photonic dispersion, the group-velocity dispersion, the effective mass, refractive index, and the spectral distribution of the density of photonic states near the edge of the photonic stop band are numerically calculated in the one-dimensional model for photonic crystals based on synthetic opals. The fluorescence spectra of rhodamine 6G and 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone molecules infiltrated into a synthetic opal are measured. For both substances, it is observed that the spontaneous emission intensity in the range of the photonic stop band is appreciably suppressed. A blue shift of the fluorescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G molecules is revealed. Secondary emission of synthetic opals infiltrated with colloidal silver is observed in the Stokes range under excitation of opals by radiation at λ = 400 nm. The spectrum of the secondary emission is located in the range 450–590 nm, which contains the stop band and intervals near its edges.     

FCC结构胶体光子晶体的制备及其带隙特性测量

基于对光纤传输特性和胶体光子晶体制备方法的研究,提出了用外加电场控制的方法制备光子带隙位于通讯波段的FCC结构的胶体光子晶体,并用光纤系统测试胶体光子晶体的带隙特性.采用RSOFT模拟了胶体光子晶体的带隙,分析了带隙位于通讯波段时所需的胶体微球的基本参量(微球折射率和直径).采用自组装的方法,用步进电机控制玻璃基片向上的拉升速率.速率为5 μm/s,同时外加一电场.用扫描电镜观测胶体晶体的表面形貌,并设计了单模光纤系统测量胶体光子晶体的带隙特性.测试的透射谱线表明胶体光子晶体的带隙中心波长为1552 nm.测试结果和模拟结果具有很好的一致性,误差只有2 nm.     

A colloidal crystal double-heterostructure fabricated with the angle controlled inclined deposition method

A self-assembly method, named the angle controlled inclined deposition method, is developed for fabricating well-ordered silica and polystyrene colloidal crystals. A high-quality colloidal crystal with a flat and uniform surface over a large area can be produced rapidly using a minute quantity of suspension and without any additional equipment. By controlling the inclined angle, we can fabricate colloidal crystals with diverse numbers of layers. A colloidal crystal double-heterostructure (composed of three different colloidal photonic crystals) can be rapidly fabricated with this method. Both experimental and simulation results show that the photonic band gap of the double-heterostructure is not a simple superposition of that of the compositional colloidal crystals along the stacking direction.     

Tailoring self-assembled metallic photonic crystals for modified thermal emission

We predict that modified thermal emission can result from three-dimensional, self-assembled photonic crystals. In previous tungsten structures, known as inverse opals, strong absorption prevented any influence of the periodicity. We consider the origin of this effect and show how to tailor both absorption and surface coupling in experimentally realizable metallic inverse opals. Calculations for tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum crystals show that their optical properties can be similar to or even better than the tungsten woodpile, where modified thermal emission has already been seen.     

孔径梯度变化的聚苯乙烯多孔薄膜的制备

 为了对聚合物多孔材料的微观孔结构进行控制,利用垂直沉积技术,制备了蛋白石结构和多层异质结构的SiO₂胶体晶体,并通过模板导向前驱物填充手段,获得了反蛋白石结构和孔径梯度变化的聚苯乙烯多孔薄膜。扫描电镜分析表明,聚苯乙烯多孔结构精确复制了原始模板的反结构。光学透射谱显示,填充聚苯乙烯后复合蛋白石光子禁带位置相对原始模板发生红移,除去模板后,光子禁带位置发生蓝移。根据布拉格衍射方程,计算出胶体晶体模板空隙的填充分数。     

Direct optical fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals in a high refractive index LiNbO3 crystal

Direct optical fabrication of 3D photonic crystals in a high refractive index LiNbO3 crystal by using the femtosecond laser-induced microexplosion method is investigated. The focal distortion, caused by the refractive index mismatch-induced spherical aberration, can be significantly reduced by using a so-called threshold fabrication method. As a result, 3D fcc photonic crystals are fabricated by stacking quasi-spherical voids layer by layer. Photonic stopgaps with suppression rates of up to 30% in the transmission spectra are observed. The angle dependence of the stopgaps is also revealed.