能直读的动摩擦因数测量器

两物体间相对滑动时产生的摩擦力叫做滑动摩擦力,滑动摩擦力的产生条件是:(1)两物体间要有压力(接触、形变),(2)两物体间要有相对运动.物体受到与它接触的另一物体对它的滑动摩擦力的大小为f=μN,方向与该物体相对于另一物体的运动方向相反,其中μ为这两物体间的动摩擦因数,μ=f/N,与两个物体材料有关,与接触面的情况(如粗糙程度等)有关.     

一种三维物体相息图的迭代计算方法

在传统迭代傅里叶变换算法的基础上,提出了一种计算三维物体相息图的新方法.基于层析法将三维物体的多个分层物面作为衍射再现图像,在一个输入面(相息图)和多个输出面(再现像)之间进行迭代.通过在傅里叶迭代运算中引入距离相位因子,表示物体不同物面的深度,体现了物体的三维特征.实验结果证明了本文算法良好的收敛特性和再现性能.最后,分析了物面数量和间距对全息再现质量的影响,利用液晶空间光调制器采用时分复用的方法还原了三维物体的多个物面.     

绳连体加速度关系的讨论

绳(或杆)连体在力学中是一个十分常见的物理模型,解决这种问题的关键是搞清用绳(或杆)相连的两个物体的运动关系.中学物理中常讨论两物体的速度关系,对此总结了许多方法.一种简单且中学生容易接受的方法是,由于绳或杆不可伸缩,两物体沿绳(或杆)方向的速度分量相等,从而找到两物体的速度关系.     

浅议《光源》

全国中专工科通用物理教材下册 P143页对光源给予这样的定义 ,“我们把能够发光的物体叫做光源 .” (见物理第三版下册 )笔者认为如此定义光源值得商榷 .笔者认为 ,能够发光的物体与发光的物体是两个不同的概念 .例如 ,物体能够做功与物体做功 ,分别描述了物体两种不同的运动状     

基于序列图像的几何参数测量方法研究

随着测量技术的不断发展,现代工业对物体尺寸检测的准确性及快速性要求越来越高.文中提出了一种利用序列图像来测量物体几何尺寸的方法.使用数码相机获得标定模板的序列图像,通过直接线性变换(DLT)方法来标定相机内部参数,结合透镜成像的知识,对使用数码相机采集到的物体序列图像进行处理和测量,最终计算出物体的宽度和高度.实验证明...     

X射线衍射增强成像中的定量测量

提出了一种基于X射线衍射增强成像(DEI)断层计算机X射线层析术(CT)图像的物体尺寸精确测量方法.X射线衍射增强成像是一种基于相位衬度的成像技术.通过建立DEI的简化模型,研究衍射成像过程中品体转角、投影图像谷点位置、成像系统等效模糊等因素之间关系,由此具体探讨了系统模糊效应对圆物体边界成像带来的位置偏移,并以圆形被测样品为例.提出可精确测定直径的简单有效算法.通过理论仿真模型数据和北京同步辐射装置上的实测数据验证了该算法的精度.该方法实现了利用DEI图像对被测物体几何尺寸的精确测量,可用于对牛物组织样品等物体内部微小结构的尺寸的精确测量.     

关于竖直上抛运动公式的讨论

竪直上抛物体运动是属于匀减速运动,它的运动规律由下面两式决定:V_t=V_o—gt,(1) H=V_ot—(1/2)gt~2。(2) 在应用上述公式时,得出以下三个结论: (1)公式不仅适用于物体上抛至最高点的匀减速运动过程,而月。也适用于物体抛至最高点后,再下落的匀加速的运动过程.也就是说,适用于坚直上抛物体运动的整个过程(即上升阶段和下降阶段)。(2)式中V_t表示物体运动t秒末的即时速度: 甲.V_t>0,则V_t与V_o同向,物体在上升过程; 乙.V_t<0,则V_t与V_o反向,物体在下落过程。(3)式中H表示物体对抛出点的位移:     

第九届广西中学生物理奥林匹克竞赛初二组模拟测试卷(Ⅱ)

一、判断题(10分,每小题1分) 1.测量长度时,采用的长度单位越小,误差就越小。( ) 2.任何物体都有质量,质量是物体本身的一种属性。( ) 3.地面附近所有物体都受重力作用,所受重力的方向都相同。( ) 4.物体的运动速度大小不变,而方向改变,则它的运动状态改变。( ) 5.人站在静止的汽车上,当车突然开动时,人要向后倾倒,这是因为人受到惯性作用的缘故。( )     

物体在液体里悬浮实验的改进

《初中物理》第一册,在讨论物体的浮沉条件时说:“浸没在液体里的物体,……如果浮力等于它的重量,物体就可以停留在液体里任何深度的地方(即悬浮)”.做好该实验,对学生确信这一物理现象的存在,和对阿基米德定律的加深理解非常重要.因为初中学生往往对物体在水中上浮或下沉的现象见得较多,而对物体停留在液体中的现象较为稀见.然而做好这一     

相衬显微镜与泽尔尼克

一、相衬显微镜的基本原理及应用1.基本原理 相衬显微技术的关键是把人眼无法直接观察到的位相变化转变为可以直接观察到的强度变化.设位相物体是透明度很高的物体,光波通过该物体后,只改变波的位相,波振幅不变.把该物体放在透镜的物平面上,由于位相物体各部分的光学厚度不同,其复振幅透射系数可写为 f(x,y)=exp[1](1)式中(x,y)为该位相物体的位相分布函数.在透镜的后焦平面(即频谱面)上,f(x,y)的傅里叶变换为(2)式中u=x/λf,υ=y/λf是频谱面上的坐标,也是二维空间函数f(x,y)沿x方向和y方向的空间频率;f为透镜焦距.λ为入射光波K.在应用相…     

Design of NRAs having higher aperture opening ratio and autocorrelation compression ratio by means of a global optimization method

When noises considerations are made, nonredundant arrays (NRAs) are endowed with many advantages which other arrays e.g., uniformly redundant arrays (URAs) do not possess in applications of coded aperture imaging. However, lower aperture opening ratio limits the applications of NRA in practice. In this paper, we present a computer searching method based on a global optimization algorithm named DIRECT to design NRAs. Compared with the existing NRAs e.g., Golay's NRAs, which are well known and widely used in various applications, NRAs found by our method have higher aperture opening ratio and auto correlation compression ratio. These advantages make our aperture arrays be very useful for practical applications especially for which of aperture size are limited. Here, we also present some aperture arrays we found. These aperture arrays have an interesting property that they belong to both NRA and URA.     

Computational integral imaging reconstruction scheme of far 3D objects by additional use of an imaging lens

In this paper, we propose a novel performance-enhanced computational integral imaging reconstruction (CIIR) scheme by additional use of an imaging lens. In the proposed scheme, elemental images can be obtained by using a simultaneous pickup scheme of far three-dimensional (3D) objects from the lenslet array in both real and virtual image fields. And additional imaging lens produces an image shift effect of 3D objects located far away from the lenslet array and improve the visual quality of reconstructed images in CIIR by overcoming limitation of pickup range in integral imaging. To show the usefulness of the proposed system, some experiments are carried out for real 3D objects and its results are presented.     

Incorporation of nitrogen into amorphous-hydrogenated carbon (diamond-like) films

Nitrogen-doped amorphous hydrogenated carbon films (a-C:H) were prepared by mixing nitrogen gas and benzene during dc plasma discharge deposition. The growth rate of the film decreases strongly with increasing nitrogen content in the mixture. The nitrogen concentration in the films was determined by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) using suitable calibration samples. The results of AES measurements are generally consistent with NRA values. Nitrogen incorporation in the a-C:H films shows pronounced doping effects as reflected in their optical and electrical properties.Dedicated to Professor J. P. F. Sellschop for his 60^th birthday     

一种基于编码孔径成像原理的三维成像方法

三维成像技术因其应用广泛而备受关注。根据编码孔径成像的基本原理,提出了一种非相干可见光三维成像方法。这种两步成像方法的第一步采用空间位置编码的照相机阵列对物体拍照,在第二步中,首先将照相机阵列拍照得到的物体照片根据拍照时的位置关系合成为一幅图像,然后采用计算机程序模拟光学反投影解码方法解码再现出物体不同深度的表面分层图像。设计了初步的实验,该实验采用1部照相机依次在各编码位置对物体模型拍照,编码形式是包含9个点的无冗余阵列形式,物体模型只包含2个深度层次,布置在距离照相机阵列1.5m的地方。实验得到了信噪比较高的物体模型的分层解码图像,验证了这种三维成像方法的可行性。     

Zero-point vibration of hydrogen adsorbed on Si and Pt surfaces

Hydrogen atoms adsorbed on Si(111) and Pt(111) were investigated by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using 1H(15N,alphagamma)12C. From measurements of the NRA spectrum at normal and tilted ion incidences the zero-point vibrational energies of H on Si(111) in the perpendicular and parallel directions were found to be 123.4+/-4.6 and 44.6+/-6.2 meV, respectively, which are consistent with harmonic potentials. The zero-point energies obtained for Pt(111)-H were 80.8+/-3.9 and 62.1+/-6.0 meV for perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively. These results indicate that the stretching mode is harmonic, while the bending mode is strongly anharmonic.     

Three-dimensional recognition of occluded objects by using computational integral imaging

We have proposed a method to recognize partially occluded three-dimensional (3D) objects by using 3D volumetric reconstruction integral imaging (II). An II system captures multiple perspectives of occluded objects by using a microlens array. The reconstruction of the occluded 3D scene and target recognition are done digitally to reduce the effects of the occlusion. To verify system performance, we have implemented an optimum filter for object recognition. Both two-dimensional (2D) images and 3D II volumetric reconstructed images are considered. The correlation results of occluded 3D images for volumetric reconstruction show substantial improvements compared with those for conventional 2D imaging of occluded images.     

Hydrogen detection near surfaces and shallow interfaces with resonant nuclear reaction analysis

This review introduces hydrogen depth profiling by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant ¹H(¹⁵N,αγ)¹²C reaction as a versatile method for the highly depth-resolved observation of hydrogen (H) at solid surfaces and interfaces. The technique is quantitative, non-destructive, and readily applied to a large variety of materials. Its fundamentals, instrumental requirements, advantages and limitations are described in detail, and its main performance benchmarks in terms of depth resolution and sensitivity are compared to those of elastic recoil detection (ERD) as a competing method. The wide range of ¹H(¹⁵N,αγ)¹²C NRA applications in research of hydrogen-related phenomena at surfaces and interfaces is reviewed.Special emphasis is placed on the powerful combination of ¹H(¹⁵N,αγ)¹²C NRA with surface science techniques of in-situ target preparation and characterization, as the NRA technique is ideally suited to investigate hydrogen interactions with atomically controlled surfaces and intact interfaces. In conjunction with thermal desorption spectroscopy, ¹⁵N NRA can assess the thermal stability of absorbed hydrogen species in different depth locations against diffusion and desorption. Hydrogen diffusion dynamics in the near-surface region, including transitions of hydrogen between the surface and the bulk, and between shallow interfaces of nanostructured thin layer stacks can directly be visualized. As a unique feature of ¹⁵N NRA, the analysis of Doppler-broadened resonance excitation curves allows for the direct measurement of the zero-point vibrational energy of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on single crystal surfaces.     

Property of Image-Object Using TE/TM-polarized Wave in the Near-Field Optics with CCGM-FFT

Discretization of the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation with complex conjugate gradient method and fast Fourier transform （CCGM-FFT） is solved, which can reduce the memory storage and the CPU time compared with the traditional method, MOM. Thus objects with large size and multiple scattering objects could be simulated with CCGM-FFT. The total intensity and the distribution of each field component of the dielectric and metallic objects under the excitation of the TE//TM-polarized wave are calculated with photon scanning tunnelling microscopy （PSTM） at the constant height. The simulating results are analysed and explained reasonably. The results show that the polarization plays an important role for imaging of PSTM.     

同轴法射线相衬成像的数值模拟计算与分析

对同轴法射线相衬成像进行数值模拟计算,可用于特定对象检测方法的可行性分析或检测参数优化。为此,分析了同轴法射线相衬成像系统数值模拟计算的原理及其实现方法,并针对圆形物体、长条形物体进行了相衬成像实验的数值模拟计算。对照计算结果进行分析可知：对物体平面进行离散化的尺寸很大程度上影响到数值模拟计算结果的准确程度,究其原因在于对物体平面进行离散化时决定了成像系统光学传递函数离散化的准确程度;为保证数值模拟结果的准确性,应使数值计算中光学传递函数取值点连续、不存在明显的失真;保证数值模拟结果准确所需的光学传递函数的离散化尺寸不是固定的,而是应与检测对象的大小相匹配。     

同轴法射线相衬成像的数值模拟计算与分析

对同轴法射线相衬成像进行数值模拟计算,可用于特定对象检测方法的可行性分析或检测参数优化。为此,分析了同轴法射线相衬成像系统数值模拟计算的原理及其实现方法,并针对圆形物体、长条形物体进行了相衬成像实验的数值模拟计算。对照计算结果进行分析可知:对物体平面进行离散化的尺寸很大程度上影响到数值模拟计算结果的准确程度,究其原因在于对物体平面进行离散化时决定了成像系统光学传递函数离散化的准确程度;为保证数值模拟结果的准确性,应使数值计算中光学传递函数取值点连续、不存在明显的失真;保证数值模拟结果准确所需的光学传递函数的离散化尺寸不是固定的,而是应与检测对象的大小相匹配。