Pd/CeO2甲烷氧化催化剂的构效关系

钯基催化剂是甲烷氧化活最具活性的催化剂.在宏观和纳米尺度上,它们的组成、结构和形态的调整可以显著改变其催化行为和稳定性,对催化剂的整体性能有很大的影响.在已经应用的几种载体和促进剂组合中, Pd/CeO2由于其活性和耐用性以及Pd/Pd O载体之间较强的相互作用而引起了人们的极大关注.这使得人们可在纳米尺度上创建特定的结构,从而对甲烷活化特性产生重大的影响.本文综述了该领域的最新发现,特别是设想如何在纳米尺度上尽可能控制Pd-CeO2相互作用,从而有助于设计更强劲的甲烷氧化催化剂.     

Effect of CeO2 preparation method and Cu loading on CuO/CeO2 catalysts for methane combustion

CeO2 was synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal, nitrate thermal decomposition methods, respectively, and used as support to prepare CuO/CeO2 catalysts. According to characterization and reaction results, preparation method of CeO2 had a great influence on the physicochemical properties and activities of CuO/CeO2 catalysts. CuO with high dispersion and strong interaction with CeO2 was highly active in methane combustion, while CuO particles less associated with CeO2 showed less activity. The CuO catalyst supported on CeO2 which was prepared via nitrate thermal decomposition method showed the largest area, the smallest particle size, the highest dispersion of copper species and strong support metal interactions. Therefore, it presented the highest redox ability and activity for methane combustion. Activities of the catalysts with different copper content kept increasing until 5% Cu loading and from then on kept constant. Moreover, methane conversion decreased as methane space velocities increased on CuO/CeO2 catalyst. Addition of CO2 to the feed did not produce a significant effect on the catalytic activity, but the presence of H2O provoked a remarkable decrease on the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst.     

CeO2、CaO助剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ni/MgOAl2O3催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用BET、H2 TPR、XRD、TEM和活性评价等表征手段，考察了CeO2、CaO助剂对Ni/MgOAl2O3催化剂物化性质和甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应性能的影响。实验结果表明，单独加入CeO2或CaO助剂可以改善Ni/ MgOAl2O3催化剂中镍物种的还原性能，以CaO尤为明显；CaO作为结构助剂可以降低还原态催化剂中的镍晶粒尺寸，使改性的催化剂具有较好的活性，而CeO2对催化剂的活性未产生显著影响。当CeO2与CaO两种助剂同时对Ni/MgOAl2O3进行改性时，虽然催化剂中镍物种的还原性能没有发生明显变化，但仍具有很好的反应性能，这与CeO2与CaO能够形成CaO-CeO2固溶体有关。CaO-CeO2固溶体不仅与镍物种间存在相互作用，提高了镍物种的分散度、减小了镍晶粒尺寸，还可以提高催化剂的储氧能力和晶格氧的流动性，从而有利于改善其甲烷部分氧化反应性能。     

Ag?Au/MeF2 catalysts for methane oxidation

CaF₂- and BaF₂-supported Ag–Au catalysts for mild oxidation of methane were examined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, ESR, X-ray and electron microscopic methods. Selective properties of Ag–Au/Ba₂F catalysts are ascribed to the more pronounced interaction between metal clusters and surface levels of dielectrics through fixing centers that can be cation vacancies.

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Reduction behavior of Ru/CeO2 catalysts and their activity for wet oxidation

Three kinds of Ru/CeO₂ catalysts were prepared. The mobility of the oxygen on Ru and their catalytic activity in the wet oxidation of acetic acid was investigated. Ru was present in the form of RuO₂, and TPR experiment showed that the reaction, RuO₂ + 2H₂ Ru + 2H₂O, took place in different temperature ranges depending upon the kind of the catalysts. The catalyst with easily reducible oxygen on Ru had high activity in wet oxidation, and the importance of the release of oxygen from Ru to the reactant was suggested.     

Co-modified Pd/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts for methanol decomposition

Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalysts modified by cobalt were prepared by a sequential impregnation method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), N2adsorption/desorption(Brunauer-Emmet-Teller), oxygen storage capacity(OSC), CO-chemisorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The effect of Co on the performance of methanol decomposition was evaluated at a fixed-bed microreactor. The results showed that the addition of Co can improve the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst and the dispersion of Pd. XPS results indicated that Pd was in a partly oxidized(Pdδ+, 1δ2) state and Co2+was present in Pd catalysts modified by Co. A 90% conversion of methanol was achieved at around 280°C over Pd-Co/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalyst which was 20°C lower than that over Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2, indicating that both Pdδ+and Co2+play an important role in improving the catalytic activity of methanol decomposition.     

Novel Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 composite catalysts synthesized by one-step citric acid complex and their performance in catalytic partial oxidation of methane

A series of novel Ni/CeO2-Al2O3composite catalysts were synthesized by one-step citric acid complex method. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2physical adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and thermogravimetry analysis(TGA). The effects of nickel content, calcination and reaction temperatures, gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and inert gas dilution of N2on their performance of catalytic partial oxidation of methane(CPOM) were investigated. Catalytic activity test results show that the highest methane conversion(85%), the best selectivities to carbon monoxide(87%) and to hydrogen(95%), the excellent stability and perfect H2/CO ratio(2.0) can be obtained over Ni/CeO2-Al2O3with 8 wt% Ni content calcined at 700 ℃ under the reaction condition of 750 ℃, CH4/O2ratio of 2 : 1 and gas hourly space velocity of 12000 mL h-1 g-1. Characterization results show that the good catalytic performance of this composite catalyst can be contributed to its large specific surface area(～108 m2 g-1), small crystallite size, easy reducibility and low coking rate.     

Novel Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 composite catalysts synthesized by one-step citric acid complex and their performance in catalytic partial oxidation of methane

A series of novel Ni/CeO2-Al2O3composite catalysts were synthesized by one-step citric acid complex method. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2physical adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and thermogravimetry analysis(TGA). The effects of nickel content, calcination and reaction temperatures, gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and inert gas dilution of N2on their performance of catalytic partial oxidation of methane(CPOM) were investigated. Catalytic activity test results show that the highest methane conversion(85%), the best selectivities to carbon monoxide(87%) and to hydrogen(95%), the excellent stability and perfect H2/CO ratio(2.0) can be obtained over Ni/CeO2-Al2O3with 8 wt% Ni content calcined at 700 ℃ under the reaction condition of 750 ℃, CH4/O2ratio of 2 : 1 and gas hourly space velocity of 12000 mL h-1 g-1. Characterization results show that the good catalytic performance of this composite catalyst can be contributed to its large specific surface area(～108 m2 g-1), small crystallite size, easy reducibility and low coking rate.     

CeO2-promoted W-Mn/SiO2 catalysts for conversion of methane to C3-C4 hydrocarbons at elevated pressure

A CeO2-doped Na-Mn-W/SiO2 catalyst for oxidative conversion of methane has been studied in a micro-stainless-steel reactor under elevated pressure; a CH4 conversion of 47.2% with a C3-C4 selectivity of 47.3% (C2:C3:C4 = 1:1:3.3) was obtained at 983 K with 1.0 x 10(5) ml g-1 h-1 GHSV, CH4/O2 = 2.5 and P = 0.6 MPa.     

Carbon monoxide oxidation at room temperature on Pt/CeO2-ZrO2-Bi2O3 catalysts

A novel Pt/CeO(2)-ZrO(2)-Bi(2)O(3) catalyst was prepared to realize complete CO oxidation at room temperature or below even in the presence of moisture. Using this catalyst, a high CO oxidation activity and a high stability against moisture have been realized simultaneously.     

Au/ZrLa掺杂 CeO2催化剂在CO氧化反应中优异的催化活性：锆镧协同作用

在过去的25年,纳米金催化剂上 CO氧化反应得到广泛研究,但始终没有一致的结论。这是因为影响纳米金催化活性的因素很多,包括金的价态、载体的性质、氧空位、金属与载体之间的相互作用等,尤其是各影响因素之间相互牵制,增加了催化反应机理的研究难度。氧化铈载体表面氧缺陷的浓度较高,有利于活性金属组分在其表面的稳定和分散,因此氧化铈纳米晶负载的 Au催化剂受到广泛关注。此外,当 CeO2晶格中部分 Ce被化学性质不同的其它元素取代后,可以促进 CeO2晶格氧的活化,提高氧的储放能力,从而有利于催化反应进行。因此,本文采用水热法合成了组成均匀的 CeO2, CeZrOx和 CeZrLaOx三个载体,并通过沉淀-沉积法负载金。利用 X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)和氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术分析了催化剂的物相结构、表面性质、形貌以及金纳米颗粒的大小和价态等性质,并结合其在 CO氧化反应中催化性能的差异,探讨影响金催化剂活性的关键因素。 XRD, TEM, HRTEM和 XAFS结果表明,三个载体上所得金纳米颗粒的平均尺寸都在2–4 nm,且分散较好; XPS结果表明,影响催化剂活性的关键因素不是金的价态,而是载体表面的活性氧物种。从Raman结果可知,掺杂后的氧化铈载体上氧空位浓度明显增加,因而催化剂活性都有所提高。 H2-TPR进一步探讨了三个载体以及负载金后其氧化还原能力的变化,结果表明,金和载体之间的相互作用可以增强载体的氧化还原性能以及表面氧空位浓度,进一步提高了催化剂活性,而负载金催化剂氧化还原性能的变化与载体的组成密切相关。由于锆的掺杂可使金与载体之间相互作用减弱,而镧则增强了二者间相互作用,因此 Au/CeZrLaOx催化剂上锆和镧的协同掺杂作用使其表面活性氧物种浓度最高,低温时表现出最高的催化活性。     

Insight into the structure of supported palladium catalysts during the total oxidation of methane

The combination of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and on-line catalytic data provided insight into the structure-performance relationship of a flame-made Pd/ZrO(2) catalyst during the total oxidation of methane: upon heating, a sudden reduction accompanied by sintering of the Pd-particles, leads to a significantly lower catalytic activity and a hysteresis during cooling down.     

Low-temperature CO oxidation over CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts：Effect of CeO2 content and carrier porosity

The effects of CeO2 contents and silica carder porosity with their pore diameters ranging from 5.2 nm to 12.5 nm of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts in CO oxidation were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption at low temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction by H2 (H2-TPR), oxygen temperature programmed desorption (O2-TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results suggested that, the ceria content and the porosity of SiO2 carder possessed great impacts on the structures and catalytic performances of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts. When appropriate content of CeO2(Ce content ≤8 wt%) was added, the catalytic activity was greatly enhanced. In the catalyst supported on silica carrier with larger pore diameter, higher dispersion of CuO was observed, better agglomeration-resistant capacity was displayed and more lattice oxygen could be found, thus the CuO-CeO2 supported on Si-1 showed higher catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation.     

Characterization of Ru/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts and their Performance in CO2 Methanation

Ru/Al₂O₃ and Ru/CeO₂-Al₂O₃ samples were used as catalysts in CO₂ methanation. The catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and X-ray diffraction. The promoting effect of ceria on the cataytic activity of the catalysts under study in CO₂ methanation was observed.     

Co-modified Pd/CeO2-Zr02 catalysts for methanol decomposition

Pd/Ce0.8Zro.202 catalysts modified by cobalt were prepared by a sequential impregnation method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, N2 adsorption/desorption （Brunauer-Emmet-Teller）, oxygen storage capacity （OSC）, CO-chemisorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction （H2-TPR） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The effect of Co on the performance of methanol decomposition was eval- uated at a fixed-bed microreactor. The results showed that the addition of Co can improve the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst and the dispersion of Pd. XPS results indicated that Pd was in a partly oxidized （Pd6＋, 1〈8〈2） state and Co2＋ was present in Pd catalysts modified by Co. A 90% conversion of methanol was achieved at around 280 ℃ over Pd-Co/Ceo.8Zro.202 catalyst which was 20 ℃ lower than that over Pd/Ceo.sZro.202, indicating that both pd6＋and Co2＋ play an important role in improving the catalytic activity of methanol decomposition.     

Effect of the microstructure of Pt/CeO2-TiO2 catalysts on their catalytic properties in CO oxidation

The microstructure of 2% Pt/CeO₂-TiO₂ catalysts has an effect on their catalytic properties in CO oxidation. The nanostructured catalysts as platinum clusters 0.3–0.5 nm in size are the most active. These clusters are stabilized at crystal boundaries formed by irregularly intergrown anatase particles. The catalyst containing platinum particles 2–5 nm in size is less active because of the decrease in the extent of dispersion of platinum and the change of its electron state.     

Characterization of PdO/Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9 catalysts for carbon monoxide and methane oxidation

The Ce_0.8Y_0.2O_1.9 solid solution was prepared by nitrate sol–gel method, and a series of catalysts with different PdO loading were prepared using impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, CO-TPR, CO₂- and O₂-TPD techniques. The PdO is highly dispersed on the surface of the solid solution when the loading is lower than 0.5 wt.%. As PdO loading increases to 2 wt.%, it begins to form the crystalline structure. CO₂-TPD profiles show that the CO adsorbed on highly dispersed PdO is more easily oxidized to CO₂ than that adsorbed on crystalline structure and O₂-TPD results indicate that it is more difficult to decompose for highly dispersed PdO than that for crystalline structure. CO-TPR profiles show that the highly dispersed PdO is easily reduced. Catalytic activities of these catalysts for CO and CH₄ oxidation indicate that both the highly dispersed and crystalline PdO are the active site for CO oxidation, while the crystalline structure is the active site for CH₄ oxidation.     

CeO2纳米层对多层载体x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3负载纳米Au催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响

与汽油车相比,柴油车具有CO2排放低、寿命长和经济性好等优点,所以近年来受到广泛关注并被大量使用.但是,柴油车在使用过程中会产生大量炭烟颗粒物(PM),对大气环境和人类健康造成很大威胁.因此,开展这方面的基础研究具有重要的科学意义及环境保护意义.催化柴油炭烟燃烧反应是一个气-固-固多相深度氧化反应,由于PM的粒径远大于传统催化剂,导致PM不能进入催化剂孔道内部,造成催化剂活性比表面积利用率较低.设计并制备大孔径的三维有序大孔结构(3DOM)的催化剂,能够减小反应扩散阻力,增加催化剂与炭烟颗粒物的有效接触,加快反应进行.另外,可以通过在3DOM氧化物表面担载其它活性组分,提高催化剂的氧化还原性能,进而提高其活性.CeO2有很好的储放氧性能,在柴油车尾气净化催化剂中较为常见,但是单一的CeO2热稳定性较差,高温下容易烧结,使得比表面积减小,并且失去储氧能力,造成催化剂失活.文献中较常见的解决办法是在CeO2中掺杂其它阳离子,如Zr4+,Pr3+,Al3+,La3+及Y3+等离子,以提高CeO2的抗高温烧结能力.此外,研究报道的催化剂对催化柴油炭烟颗粒物燃烧的峰值温度已经远低于炭烟颗粒物的自燃温度,但是对颗粒物的起燃温度仍普遍较高.我们前期研究结果表明,担载纳米Au颗粒催化剂能够显著降低炭烟燃烧的起燃温度.本文采用胶体晶体模板法制备了3DOM Al2O3载体,利用微孔膜-氨沉淀法担载不同量的活性组分CeO2,制备出一种负载型x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,它既可减少稀土元素用量,降低成本,又因为Al2O3的机械强度较高,还能保证催化剂的机械强度足够好.为了进一步降低催化剂催化炭烟燃烧的起燃温度,利用还原沉积法在多层载体x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3上负载纳米Au催化剂,制备出不同厚度的CeO2纳米层负载Au催化剂(Au/x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3).利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、H2程序升温还原和O2程序升温脱附等方法研究了催化剂的结构及物化性质与催化剂活性之间的关系,提出了消除PM反应的可能机理.结果表明,Al3+离子能够部分进入到CeO2中,形成Al-Ce固溶体.由于Al离子半径小于Ce离子,Al3+掺杂后能引起CeO2晶格发生畸变,产生大量缺陷,形成大量氧空位,促进晶格氧的移动,从而使催化剂具有更大的储放氧能力.在Au/x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂中,CeO2担载量过高时,氧化铈纳米层较厚,活性组分容易烧结,不利于催化剂活性提高;而CeO2担载量过低,则CeO2纳米层较稀薄,催化剂的氧化还原性能受限,催化剂活性也不高.因此,CeO2的担载量应适当.此外,Au和CeO2之间的强相互作用能够增加Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种的数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.活性测试结果表明,担载纳米Au颗粒后,催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度均明显降低,在所制备的系列催化剂中Au/20％CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂展示了最高的催化活性,T10,T50和T90分别为267,372和426 oC.     

Mechanism of CO oxidation in excess H2 over CuO/CeO2 catalysts: ESR and TPD studies

The oxidation of CO with oxygen over (0.25–6.4)% CuO/CeO₂ catalysts in excess H₂ is studied. CO conversion increases and the temperature range of the reaction decreases by 100 K as the CuO content is raised. The maximal CO conversion, 98.5%, is achieved on 6.4% CuO/CeO₂ at 150°C. At T > 150°C, the CO conversion decreases as a result of the deactivation of part of the active sites because of the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen. CO is efficiently adsorbed on the oxidized catalyst to form CO-Cu⁺ carbonyls on Cu₂O clusters and is oxidized by the oxygen of these clusters, whereas it is neither adsorbed nor oxidized on Cu⁰ of the reduced catalysts. The activity of the catalysts is recovered after the dissociative adsorption of O₂ on Cu⁰ at T ～ 150°C. The activation energies of CO, CO₂, and H₂O desorption are estimated, and the activation energy of CO adsorption yielding CO-Cu⁺ carbonyls is calculated in the framework of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.     

Effect of SO2 on the catalytic activity of SnO2 and CeO2 in methane oxidation

The variation of the catalytic activity of tin and cerium dioxides in the combustion of SO₂-containing methane has been investigated at SO₂ concentrations of 50 to 1000 ppm in the gas stream. The catalytic activity of SnO₂ decreases dramatically upon the introduction of SO₂, but it returns rapidly to its initial level and then remains invariable (95% conversion, operating temperature of 600°C). Cerium dioxide is much less resistant to poisoning with sulfur dioxide: the higher the SO₂ concentration in the gas stream, the larger the decrease in its activity. After sulfur dioxide is cut off, CeO₂ regains its initial activity at 750°C. The behaviors of SnO₂ and CeO₂ are in agreement with the thermal stabilities of the corresponding sulfates and oxosulfates.