�Ľ������ѹ�缼���Եͻ���������/�����������ɢ�ʵIJ����о�

Thermal diffusivity of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel CLF-1 has been determined by the modified photoacoustic piezoelectric (PAPE) technique. Firstly, the modified PAPE theoretical model is introduced and the experimental condition with high measurement precision are identified; Secondly, the experimental system is set up and calibrated by investigating the thermal diffusivity of nickel; Finally, the thermal diffusivity of RAFM steel CLF-1 is measured by the modified PAPE method. The results show that the RAFM steel CLF-1 has good thermal diffusion properties and is a fusion reactor structural material with excellent heat conductivity. The modified PAPE technique can determine the thermal diffusivity of RAFM steel CLF-1effectively, and provides an effective way to investigate the thermal-physical property of fusion reactor structural material.     

GaN基发光二极管衬底材料的研究进展

GaN基发光二极管(LED)作为第三代照明器件在近年来发展迅猛.衬底材料作为LED制造的基础,对器件制备与应用具有极其重要的影响.本文分析综述了衬底材料影响LED器件设计与制造的关键特性(晶格结构、热胀系数、热导率、光学透过率、导电性),对比了几种常见衬底材料(蓝宝石、碳化硅、单晶硅、氮化镓、氧化镓)在高质量外延层生长、高性能器件设计和衬底材料制备方面的研究进展,并对几种材料的发展前景做出了展望.     

Effective thermal conductivity of condensed polymeric nanofluids (nanosolids) controlled by diffusion and interfacial scattering

Thermal properties of polymeric nanosolids, obtained by condensing the corresponding nanofluids, are investigated using photothermal techniques. The heat transport properties of two sets of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based nanosolids, TiO₂/PVA and Cu/PVA, prepared by condensing the respective nanofluids, which are prepared by dispersing nanoparticles of TiO₂ and metallic copper in liquid PVA, are reported. Two photothermal techniques, the photoacoustic and the photopyroelectric techniques, have been employed for measuring thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of these nanosolids. The experimental results indicate that thermal conduction in these polymer composites is controlled by heat diffusion through the embedded particles and interfacial scattering at matrix–particle boundaries. These two mechanisms are combined to arrive at an expression for their effective thermal conductivity. Analysis of the results reveals the possibility to tune the thermal conductivity of such nanosolids over a wide range using the right types of nanoparticles and right concentration.     

Photothermal investigation study of porous silicon layer doped lithium

This paper presents a series of experimental photothermal deflection technique (PTD) spectra of porous silicon layers doped with lithium on crystalline silicon backing (PS/Li) and their numerical analysis. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of Li doping on the opto-thermal properties (optical absorption, band-gap energy, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity). Also, we correlate these results with other evaluation studies such as I–V measurements and atomic force microscope analysis performed on the material. We observe a red shift of the gap, which can be related to the reduction of crystallite size. Moreover, we notice a decrease of thermal properties with the same behavior as electrical conductivity.     

感光性树脂应用于发光二极管平面自适应封装技术

采用感光性树脂+荧光粉进行了发光二极管平面自适应涂覆技术,实现了白光发光二极管荧光粉涂层的平面化工艺,使器件出光的亮度、空间色度均匀性较之传统封装工艺器件有了明显的改善,光斑及单管间色度、亮度偏差均小于6%.综合聚乙烯醇的感光和硅胶的物化、光学性能,在粉浆法工艺中采用乳化技术,实现了聚乙烯醇+硅树脂的多相结构的荧光粉平面涂层,有助于进一步改善荧光粉层的物化性能,而多相涂层有效折射率的提高更有利于提高器件的整体出光效率.由于感光性树脂其感光波长覆盖范围非常广,另外还可以通过光增感等技术使其感光波长范围变得其与发光二极管的发光波长相匹配,这样,对于各种荧光粉转化的白光发光二极管都可以实现平面涂层技术.由于大部分感光材料对紫外部分的吸收更强烈,所以对于紫外+三基色荧光粉的传统灌封技术将会得到明显的改善.     

感光性树脂应用于发光二极管平面自适应封装技术

采用感光性树脂+荧光粉进行了发光二极管平面自适应涂覆技术,实现了白光发光二极管荧光粉涂层的平面化工艺,使器件出光的亮度、空间色度均匀性较之传统封装工艺器件有了明显的改善,光斑及单管间色度、亮度偏差均小于6%.综合聚乙烯醇的感光和硅胶的物化、光学性能,在粉浆法工艺中采用乳化技术,实现了聚乙烯醇+硅树脂的多相结构的荧光粉平面涂层,有助于进一步改善荧光粉层的物化性能,而多相涂层有效折射率的提高更有利于提高器件的整体出光效率.由于感光性树脂其感光波长覆盖范围非常广,另外还可以通过光增感等技术使其感光波长范围变得其与发光二极管的发光波长相匹配,这样,对于各种荧光粉转化的白光发光二极管都可以实现平面涂层技术.由于大部分感光材料对紫外部分的吸收更强烈,所以对于紫外+三基色荧光粉的传统灌封技术将会得到明显的改善.     

多层薄膜瞬态热弹反射光栅实验及其理论分析和有限元数值计算

多层薄膜/基片材料的热学性质受各层薄膜及基片的共同影响,因此同时评估各层材料的热学性质是非常重要的。激光诱导瞬态热栅技术是一种研究材料表面及亚表面光声光热现象有效的方法,因此可用于研究多层材料的热学性质。本文利用瞬态热弹反射光栅方法研究多层薄膜/基片结构材料的热扩散率,首先对Al/ZnO/Si基片结构的多层材料进行激光诱导瞬态热栅的光衍射检测实验,然后通过对该瞬态热栅的光衍射强度信号进行理论分析及有限元数值模拟,得到Al/ZnO/Si各层热扩散率对其表面温度场分布的影响,进而计算铝膜和氧化锌膜热扩散率对瞬态热栅引起衍射光信号的贡献。最后将理论分析与实验结果进行多参数拟合,在基片的参量已知的情况下,可同时得到铝膜和氧化锌膜的热扩散率。     

以改进的迈克尔逊干涉仪测量LED封装材料的热膨胀系数

LED封装材料在封装的过程中由于热膨胀的缘故会产生应力,将对LED的发光效率产生较大影响。改装的迈克尔逊干涉仪用于测量二氧化钛/有机硅复合的LED封装材料在不同温度范围内的热膨胀系数,具有测量准确,分辨率高等优点。     

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRAPHITIC CARBON FOAMS

Carbon foams are being developed as a new class of thermal management materials. These foams are produced with a wide variety of thermo-mechanical properties; however, very few studies of the properties of carbon foams have been reported in literature. This article reports on an experimental study that was conducted to determine the thermal conductivity of various forms of graphitic carbon foam by using the flash diffusivity and guarded hot plate method. To reduce errors introduced by porous specimen, the test samples were vacuum infiltrated with epoxy. The thermal diffusivity results from the flash diffusivity instrument were used to determine the thermal conductivity of the samples. Some foam samples were determined to have large variations in thermal properties within the sample block. A theoretical and numerical model has been used to examine the effect of the filler epoxy on the experimental results and the influence of pore characteristics on the thermal conductivity of these foams. It was determined that accurate measurement of thermal properties of graphitic foam samples requires careful selection of sample size and measurement technique.     

Antimicrobial ZnO Nanoparticle–Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol/Pluronic Blends as Active Food Packaging Films

Today, plastic waste has been highlighted as one of the greatest threats to the environment. These environmental concerns and the increased necessity for safe food packaging have inspired scientists to focus on the development of active biodegradable materials. Herein, a novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/pluronic/ZnO nanocomposite film (PVA/PLUR/ZnO) is introduced as an active packaging material with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Gamma irradiation is used as a “green” route to prepare ZnO nanoparticles via a polymer pyrolysis method. The as-prepared ecofriendly ZnO nanoparticles are characterized and incorporated into the PVA/PLUR matrix in different concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements prove that ZnO nanoparticles have a mean particle size of 30 nm with a spherical-like morphology. Morphological and structural characterization confirm the successful incorporation of ZnO into the PVA/PLUR matrix, which in turn enhances the thermal and barrier properties of PVA/PLUR/ZnO nanocomposite films. On the other hand, the opacity of blends is increased. The PVA/PLUR/ZnO composites exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and fungi, and the activity increases with increasing concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles. These results introduce PVA/PLUR/ZnO films as effective antimicrobial materials for active food-packaging applications.     

Experimental investigation on the thermophysical properties of moist porous materials

A method has been developed for the combined measurement of thermal conductivity and diffusivity. The proposed method is based on an extension of the transient probe theory. The developed technique, the differential sensor method, is then used here for the measurement of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of glycerin, dry and moist porous materials in the temperature range of –20 to 80°C. Calculations have been doneby IBM PC/XT using a data fitting program. The effect of water content and temperature on the thermophysical properties has been elucidated in frozen as well as unfrozen states. The experimental results of thermal conductivity and diffusivity obtained by the differential sensor method have been compared with the results of other methods.     

Photothermal measurement of thermal diffusivity in carbonyl iron powder suspensions

We have measured the thermal diffusivity of micron size Carbonyl Iron Powder suspension in a silicone oil base fluid, at various Carbonyl Iron Powder concentrations by means of a photothermal technique called Thermal Wave Cavity. Using literature data (density and specific heat capacity) we can determine the effective thermal conductivity. We compare our experimental results with various theoretical models for the effective thermal conductivity in heterogeneous materials, previously deployed in the literature.     

白光LED用硅氮基荧光粉材料研究进展

随着白光LED技术的迅速发展,传统YAG∶Ce3+荧光粉由于低显色性、高色温等因素制约而难以满足发展需求。利用近紫外芯片激发三基色荧光粉成为获得白光LED的一种有效途径,因而发展高性能三基色荧光粉具有重要意义,尤其红光发光材料更是当务之急。硅氮基化合物包含由SiN₄四面体构成的网络结构,具有很高的化学稳定性和热稳定性。该类荧光粉因其结构的多样性,且在紫外-蓝光区具有高的吸收效率,因而随着基质和激活离子的改变,发射光谱可覆盖整个可见光区域,并具有较高的光转换效率和光色稳定性,对温度和驱动电流的变化不敏感等优点,因而此类研究对白光LED的发展具有深远的影响。综述了近年来硅氮基荧光粉制备方法及研究的最新进展,系统地归纳总结了硅氮基荧光粉的晶体结构及发光性能等特性,并分析了目前国际上对该材料的研究动态及应用情况。     

Cool White Light Emission in Dysprosium and Salicylic Acid Doped Poly Vinyl Alcohol Film Under UV Excitation

Dysprosium (Dy) and Salicylic acid (Sal) doped Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) films have been successfully prepared by solution cast technique. The absorption, excitation, emission and lifetime analysis of the samples have been carried out. Judd–Ofelt theory has been used to estimate several parameters for DyCl₃ and Dy(Sal)₃Phen in PVA polymer film which show fair agreement between the experimental and the theoretical values supporting the J–O theory. A combination of blue and yellow emissions in Dy_x(Sal)₃Phen co-doped PVA samples makes one perceive cool white light when excited by ultraviolet light. Energy transfer (ET) from Sal to Dy³⁺ is investigated by directly observing the luminescence intensity of Dy³⁺ in the Dy_x(Sal)₃Phen co-doped PVA samples which is much stronger than that in the DyCl₃ in PVA which is further confirmed by lifetime studies with different concentrations of Dysprosium ion (Dy³⁺). The generation of white light with chromaticity coordinates (0.30, 0.34) makes it potential material for white LED and display devices.     

双波长InGaN/GaN多量子阱发光二极管的光电特性

为了实现高显色指数和流明效率的白光发光二极管,在（0001）蓝宝石衬底上利用金属有机化学气相沉积系统,生长了双波长发射的InGaN/GaN多量子阱发光二极管结构.通过对不同In组分含量的双波长发射发光二极管结构的光致发光和电致发光性能进行分析,结果表明In组分含量对双波长发射发光二极管的光致发光谱的稳定性及发光效率有重要影响.此外,用双蓝光发射的芯片来激发YAG:Ce荧光粉实现了高显色指数白光发射.     

温度对大功率LED照明系统光电参数的影响

利用板上芯片封装chip-on-board(COB)技术封装大功率LED,比较分析其在不同散热器上的温度变化规律。研究了不同的热平衡温度对大功率LED光通量、电学参数的影响。在实验过程中,光通量、驱动电压、功率和发光效率都呈现出下降的趋势,并且最终稳定在其热平衡值。研究还发现:对于大功率LED照明系统,光通量、驱动电压、发光效率与散热器温度具有线性关系。在电源接通时,随着散热器温度的升高,LED的反向饱和电流迅速升高。通过线性拟合,得到大功率LED照明系统的光通量温度系数、驱动电压温度系数和光效温度系数。     

利用温变电容特性测量发光二极管结温的研究

结区的温度, 简称结温, 是发光二极管(LED) 的重要参数之一, 它对LED 器件的出光效率、光色、器件可靠性和寿命均有很大影响, 准确测量LED 器件的结温对制备LED 芯片、器件封装和应用有着重要的意义. 本文利用反向偏压下的LED的势垒电容随温度变化的特性, 提出了一种LED结温测量的新方法. 论文首先测量和分析了LED在室温下反向偏压时的电容-电压(C-V)曲线和不同反向偏压下的电容-温度(C-T)曲线, 结果表明, 在合适的偏压下, LED的电容随温度的增大而显著增加, 并呈现良好的线性关系. 在LED工作中监测其电容的变化, 并与C-T曲线进行对比, 实现了LED结温的测量, 其测量结果和传统的正向电压法的结果相对比, 两者符合较好. 最后, 利用上述方法测量了LED 在恒流和恒压条件下的结温的实时变化过程. 较传统的结温测量方法, 本方法的优点在于只须要一次定标测量, 且可实现LED在任意电压和电流下的结温测量.     

Characterization of thermal, optical and carrier transport properties of porous silicon using the photoacoustic technique

In this work, the porous silicon layer was prepared by the electrochemical anodization etching process on n-type and p-type silicon wafers. The formation of the porous layer has been identified by photoluminescence and SEM measurements. The optical absorption, energy gap, carrier transport and thermal properties of n-type and p-type porous silicon layers were investigated by analyzing the experimental data from photoacoustic measurements. The values of thermal diffusivity, energy gap and carrier transport properties have been found to be porosity-dependent. The energy band gap of n-type and p-type porous silicon layers was higher than the energy band gap obtained for silicon substrate (1.11 eV). In the range of porosity (50-76%) of the studies, our results found that the optical band-gap energy of p-type porous silicon (1.80-2.00 eV) was higher than that of the n-type porous silicon layer (1.70-1.86 eV). The thermal diffusivity value of the n-type porous layer was found to be higher than that of the p-type and both were observed to increase linearly with increasing layer porosity.     

Modification of Epoxy Resin with Cycloaliphatic-Epoxy Oligosiloxane for Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Encapsulation Application

A novel cycloaliphatic-epoxy oligosiloxane (EHDM) was incorporated into 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (ERL-4221) for use as a light-emitting diode (LED) encapsulant. EHDM, with reactable epoxy groups and flexible Si-O-Si chains, was obtained by the hydrolytic condensation reaction between 2-(3,4-epoxycyclo-hexyl)ethyl-trimethoxysilane (EHETMS) and dimethyldiethoxylsilane (DMDES). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography indicated that EHDM had a narrow molecular weight distribution and high epoxy graft degree. The thermal and mechanical properties, morphologies, and light transmittance of the cured neat epoxy resin and EHDM-modified epoxy were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile and impact testing, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The experimental results demonstrated that the cured EHDM-10 hybrimer with 10 pph of EHDM relative to ERL-4221 maintained the neat ERL-4221 epoxy transmittance of 85% at 450 nm. With respect to the corresponding properties of the neat epoxy resin, EHDM-10 hybrimer possessed a higher glass transition temperature, better thermal stability, better fracture toughness, and lower water absorption ratio, indicating EHDM effectively improved the properties of ERL-4221 for LED packaging applications.     

Technique of studying thermal diffusivity of metallics in different directions in a field of centrifugal accelerations and forces

Study of the thermal diffusivity of metallics in a field of centrifugal accelerations and forces is essential for aerospace engineering. Characteristics of thermal diffusivity of materials are used in calculations of thermal state of blades and disks of turbine rotors. An original technique and a device on semiconductors have been developed for determination of thermophysical characteristics of materials on an acceleration bench using a vacuum chamber, under centrifugal forces and accelerations. Presented are results on nonstationary heating of heat conductors in the radial and circumferential directions in a field of centrifugal forces and accelerations. Analysis of experimental results shows that the thermal diffusivity of heat conductors grows with rotational speed as compared with a static state without rotation. The thermal diffusivity phenomenon of concern has two components: from centrifugal acceleration and from centrifugal tensile load. From experimental data on the effect of tensile forces it follows that the second component is small. Thus, said thermal diffusivity growth is strongly associated with increase in the velocity of electron drift in ametal under centrifugal acceleration forces.