Die horizontale Korrelation in π-Elektronensystemen und ihre Beschreibung durch Elektronenpaarfunktionen

Different types of pair functions (geminal products and their linear combinations) are tested with respect to their ability to describe the “horizontal correlation” of the π-electrons of butadiene. The validity of the π-electron approximation is not discussed and “full configuration interaction” within the limited LCAO basis is used as the standard to which the model calculations are referred. An APSG-function (APSG = antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal geminals) built up from equivalent (localized) geminals, which contains only one variational parameter is able to account for about 90% of the “horizontal correlation energy”. Both APSG and APIG functions constructed from delocalized geminals, are much less favorable. Criteria of the goodness of an approximate wave function are a) the energy b) comparison of its one- and two-particle density matrices with those obtained from “full CI”. The good results with the localized APSG function are related to the fact that electron correlation between electrons of opposite spin is (in this molecule) essential only within either of the “double bonds” of the “canonical structure”. The pertinent results are quite insensitive to different parametrization of the integrals.     

Agostic interactions as an alternative to octahedral ethylene-hydride complexes. β-CH bond activation

The geometric factors unique to βCH bond addition are discussed. Extended Hückel Molecular Orbital calculatins of the reaction profile for the conversion of [η⁵-C₅H₅Co(PH₃)C₂H₅]⁺ into [η⁵-C₅H₅Co(PH₃)(C₂H₄)(C₂H₄)H]⁺ shows that an intermediate structure with an agostic interaction is more stable than the octahedral ethylene-hydride complex. The tranformation from the agostic structure to the pentacoordinate species involves a barrier.     

Localized molecular orbitals for polyatomic molecules

Molecular wavefunctions have been generated by the PRDDO (Partial Retention of Diatomic Differential Overlap) method for the monocyclic aromatic rings containing six π-electrons (C₄H ₄ ^?2 , C₅H ₅ ^? , C₆H₆, C₇H ₇ ⁺ , and C₈H ₈ ⁺² ) and ten π-electron species (C₈H ₈ ^?2 , C₉H ₉ ^? , C₁₀H₁₀). The eigenvalue spectra of the canonical molecular orbitals are presented. Localized molecular orbitals (LMO's) generated using the Boys criterion are reported for localizations involving all occupied molecular orbitals (complete localizations) and localizations of the π orbitals only. We find evidence for σ-π separation in the complete localizations for some of these molecules even though the Boys criterion is often biased against such results. We demonstrate for C₆H₆ and find for the other molecules that the π-orbital localizations are indeterminate (i.e. there are an infinite number of equally satisfactory LMO structures between two limiting extremes). This result may be viewed as a corollary of Hückel's (4n+2) rule for aromaticity.     

Cation···π interactions: QTAIM and NBO studies on the interaction of alkali metal cations with heteroaromatic rings

The cation···π interactions of alkali metal cations (Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺) with five-membered heteroaromatic rings [furan(C₄H₄O), thiophene(C₄H₄S), pyrrole(C₄H₅N)] were examined by high level ab initio calculations, to investigate the different roles of C₄H₄O, C₄H₄S, and C₄H₅N as the electron donor, the influential factors that affect these interactions, the nature of this kind of cation···π interaction, and to determine topological and energetical properties to characterize these interactions. The sulfur atom in C₄H₄S plays a certain role in the cation···π interactions except the C–C π bond, which is different from C₄H₄O and C₄H₅N. The size of cation and the character of heteroaromatic ring are two influential factors that affect the cation···π interactions. The studied cation···π interactions can be classified as “closed-shell” and noncovalent interactions. The electron density and its Laplacian at the bond critical points and ring critical points generated upon complexation are useful measurements for the strength of cation···π interactions.     

The reaction of π-cyclopentadienyldicarbonylcobalt with silyl-substituted acetylenes

The reaction of (π-C₅H₅)Co(CO)₂ with PhCCSiMe₂R (R = Me, SiMe₃) gave two isomeric cyclobutadiene complexes, cis- and trans-(π-C₅H₅)Co[Ph₂C₄(SiMe₂R)₂], in almost quantitative yields. However, the reaction with RMe₂SiCCSiMe₂R (R = Me, Ph) led to the formation of new dinuclear cobalt complexes. For example, with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene, (π-C₅H₅)₂Co(CO)[(Me₃Si)₂C₂] was obtained quantitatively. The latter was further converted to (π-C₅H₅)Co(Ph₄C₄) and (πC₅H₅)Co[cis-Ph₂C₄(Me₃Si)₂] by treatment with PhCCPh. The physical properties and spectroscopic characteristics of these new compounds are described.     

Debye–Hückel Contributions to the Gibbs Energy Interaction Parameters for Ternary Electrolyte + Non-Electrolyte + Water Systems

The Debye–Hückel and non-Debye–Hückel contributions to the Gibbs energy interaction parameters are investigated for electrolyte (E) + non-electrolyte (N) + water (W) systems. A method is proposed for calculating the interaction parameters, C _n ^DH,C _n ^N, and C _n ^T, which represent the Debye–Hückel, non-Debye–Hückel, and total contributions, respectively. Four ternary E + N + W systems are chosen and the interaction parameters are computed with different forms of the Debye–Hückel equation. Results show that: (1) the Gibbs energy interaction parameters between E and N can be divided into two parts: the Debye–Hückel contribution and the non-Debye–Hückel contribution, C _n ^T=C _n ^DH+C _n ^N; (2) the signs and magnitudes of the Debye–Hückel contribution to the interaction parameters, C _n ^DH, depend mainly on the change in the dielectric constant of the solvent due to the addition of the non-electrolyte into the solvent; and (3) when the addition of the non-electrolyte only affects slightly the dielectric constant of the solvent, C ₁^DH (indicating the Debye–Hückel contribution to the interaction parameter for E + N) has a very small value and consequently can be neglected. In general, C ₁^DH is large, even larger than C ₁^N. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A new high-spin iron(III) bis(aqua) complex with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">meso</Emphasis>-tetra(para-chlorophenyl)porphyrin: X-ray crystallography,Hirshfeld surface analysis,magnetic, EPR and electrochemical properties

Chemical preparation of the bis(aqua) iron(III) metalloporphyrin [Fe^III(TClPP)(H₂O)₂](SO₃CF₃)·2(Pnz)·3/4(C₆H₁₂)·2H₂O (TClPP?=?TClPP?=?5,10,15,20-tetra(para-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato and Pnz?=?phenazine) coordination complex (I) was made. The crystal structure of (I) was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and elucidated by Hirshfeld surface approach. Magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties were also reported and discussed. The mean equatorial distance (Fe–Np) between the iron(III) atom and porphyrin nitrogen atoms is appropriate to a high-spin (S?=?5/2) iron(III) complex. The high-spin state is also confirmed by both magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy data. The repetitive building unit of the crystal structure provides [Fe^III(TClPP)(H₂O)₂]⁺ ion complexes, two non-coordinated Pnz molecules and two water molecules which are interconnected by O–H···O/N/Cl, C–H···O/F/Cl hydrogen bonds, and by C–X···π, C–H···π and π–π stacking intermolecular contacts, forming a 3D supramolecular network. The role and nature of these intermolecular interactions were quantitatively analysed by 3D Hirshfeld surface analysis and associated 2D fingerprint plots. Cyclic voltammetry measurements indicate a one-electron reversible reduction wave with an E_1/2 (Fe(III)/Fe(II) half-potential value of ?0.24 V, which confirms the high-spin S?=?5/2 state of the studied complex.     

Isolation of a 16π-Electrons 1,4-Diphosphinine-1,4-diide with a Planar C4P2 Ring

Herein, we report the first 1,4-diphosphinine-1,4-diide compound [(ADC^Ph)P]₂ ( 5-Ph ) (ADC^Ph=PhC{(NDipp)C}₂; Dipp=2,6-iPr₂C₆H₃) derived from an anionic dicarbene (ADC^Ph) as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5-Ph containing a 16π-electron planar fused-tricyclic ring system was obtained by the 4e reduction of [(ADC^Ph)PCl₂]₂ ( 4-Ph ) with Mg (or KC₈) in a quantitative yield. Experimental and computational results imply that the central 8π-electrons C₄P₂ ring of 5-Ph , which is fused between two 6π-electrons C₃N₂ aromatic rings, is antiaromatic. Thus, each of the phosphorus atoms of 5-Ph has two electron-lone-pairs, one in a p-type orbital is in conjugation with the C=C bonds of the C₄P₂ ring, while the second resides in a σ-symmetric orbital. This can be shown with the gold complex [(ADC^Ph)P(AuCl)₂]₂ ( 6-Ph ) obtained by reacting 5-Ph with (Me₂S)AuCl. A mixture of 5-Ph and 4-Ph undergoes comproportionation in the presence of MgCl₂ to form the intermediate oxidation state compound [(ADC^Ar)P]₂(MgCl₄) ( 7-Ph ), which is an aromatic species.     

Etude par RMN du 13C d'un heterocycle derive du dibora-2,4 diazaro-1,3 benzene et du borazine correspondant

¹³C NMR spectra and complete assignment by means of coupled spectra and off resonance experiments, are reported for a new kind of organoboron heterocycle and the related borazine (o-CH₃C₆H₄NBCH₃)₃; π-charge densities, obtained from LCAO-MO Hückel calculations, are in reasonable agreement with experimental chemical shifts for the former compound.     

Strukturchemie titanorganischer verbindungen: Molekül- und kristallstruktur von [{(π-C5H5)2Ti(H2O)}2O](ClO4)2 · 2 H2O

(π-C₅H₅)₂TiCl₂ and cobaltous perchlorate react in aqueous solution to give [{(π-C₅H₅)₂Ti(H₂O)}₂O](ClO₄)₂ · 2 H₂O (I). Compound I crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 with Z 8 and lattice parameters a 28.893(5), b 17.433(4), c 10.312(3) Å. Results of an X-ray analysis of I (R 0.061): the (crystallographic) symmetry of the complex cation is C₂-2; Ti exhibits pseudotetrahedral coordination with a water molecule as one of the ligands; Ti—μ-O distance 1.83 Å; Ti—μ-O—Ti angle 176°; the geometry of the (π-C₅H₅)₂Ti unit in I corresponds closely to that in (π-C₅H₅)₂TiCl₂.     

Etudes théoriques sur le mécanisme de formation d'un epoxyde à partir d'un métallocycle. L'étape de cycloréversion

Extended Hückel calculations of various intermediates for the reaction of olefins with MoO(O₂)₂L₂ confirm the viability of olefin coordination and metallocycle formation trans to the oxo ligand. Frontier orbital changes and couplings revelant to concerted elimination of epoxide from the metallocyclic unit $\text{MoOOCH}{}_2\text{C}$H₂ by a cycloreversion step reveal the importance, even in such polar systems, of the antarafacial alignment of the frontier orbitals.     

Extended group function calculations for H2O,NH3 and CH4

Wave functions expressed as antisymmetrized products of strongly orthogonal geminals have been evaluated for H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄. The geminals have been expressed as linear combinations of 2 × 2 detors constructed with localized SCF -MO 's. Several ground state observables have been computed together with the electric polarizabilities and magnetic susceptibilities. In addition, a configuration interaction calculation limited to all possible double group excitations has been carried out.     

Crystal structure and thermal behavior of a chromium-piperazinium phosphate

(C₄N₂H₁₂)CrO(H_1.5PO₄)₂·H₂O has been synthesized hydrothermally using piperazine as organic template. Its crystal structure was solved ab initio using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data [monoclinic, a = 16.9649(4) Å, b = 9.8609(2) Å, c = 7.14375(14) Å, and β = 94.896(3)°, space group P2₁/a, Z = 4]. 1D structure is composed by isolated infinite anionic chains [CrO(H_1.5PO₄)₂]_n (vertex-sharing {CrO₆} octahedra joined by phosphate moieties). Their 2D plate-like morphology is propitiated by a very strong inter-chain interaction (P–O···H···O–P symmetric hydrogen bonds). KAS isoconversional method was applied to determine the activation energy for both thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition of (C₄N₂H₁₂)CrO(H_1.5PO₄)₂·H₂O.     

The preparation and properties of metallofluorene complexes of transition metals.

Metalluorene complexes (π-C₅H₅)M(CO)(C₁₂H₈) (IVa)-(IVc) and (π-C₅H₅) (CO)(C₁₂F₈) (IVd)-(IVf) (M = Co, Rh and Ir) have been prepared from reactions of the appropriate (π-cyclopentadienyl) carbonylmetal diiodides with 2,2′-dilithhiolbiphenyl (IIa) and 2,2′-dilithiooctafluorobiphenyl (IIb), respectively The triphenylphoshine substitution reactions of cobalt compounds (IVa) and (IVd) have also been studied. Reaction of (IIa) and (IIb) with norbornadieneplatinum dichloride result in the preparation of metallocyclic platinum compounds (π-C₇H₈) and (π-C₇H₈)Pt(C₁₂H₈). A reaction of (IIb) with zirconocene dichloride produces (π-C₅H₅)₂Zr(C₁₂F₈), the first example of a ziconium-containing metalofluorene.     

Activity Coefficient Determination for the Ternary Systems CsCl in N-Methylformamide or Urea + Water Mixtures at T = 298.15 K

The mean activity coefficients for CsCl in N-methylformamide or urea (w) + H₂O (1 ? w) systems were determined in this work by potentiometry, using ion-selective electrodes at 298.15 K. The value of mass fraction w was varied between 0.00 and 0.40 in five unit-steps and the molality of CsCl was between 0.0020 and 1.4009 mol·kg^?1. The experimental data have been correlated with the Pitzer, modified Pitzer and the extended Debye–Hückel equations. The resulting values of the mean activity coefficients, the osmotic coefficients and the standard Gibbs energy of transfer, together with the Pitzer ion-interaction parameters (β ⁽⁰⁾, β ⁽¹⁾ and C ^φ), extended Debye–Hückel parameters (a, c and d), and modified Pitzer parameters (b, B _MX, C _MX) are reported for the investigated systems.     

Ein fünffach koordinierter ionischer zirkonium(IV)-komplex mit der (π-C5H5)2ZrIV-Baueinheit: [(π-C5H5)2Zr(H2O)3]2+(CF3SO3−)2·THF

The ionic complex [(π-C₅H₅)₂Zr(H₂O)₃]²⁺(CF₃SO₃^?)₂·THF, which corresponds to the 18-electron rule, is formed in the reaction of (π-C₅H₅)₂Zr(CF₃SO₃)₂(THF) with H₂O in tetrahydrofuran. It crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6₃ with Z = 6 and unit cell dimensions at ? 100°C of a 21.945(5) and c 8.711(3) Å. The geometry of the (π-C₅H₅)₂Zr moiety (length of the vectors between Zr and the C₅ ring centroids: 2.210 and 2.193 Å; angle between these vectors: 129.0°; angle between the C₅ ring normals: 128.3°) agrees with that of neutral, four-coordinate (π-C₅H₅)₂ZrX₂ compounds. The three H₂O ligands lie in the plane that bisects the angle between the C₅ ring planes. The ZrO distances are 2.239(7), 2.195(7), and 2.261(7) Å. The CF₃SO₃^? anions and the THF molecule of crystallization are packed around the complex cation in such a way that their oxygen atoms point towards the H₂O ligands. The CF₃ sides of the anion, on the other hand, are clustered together so as to produce hydrophobic domains in the crystal structure.     

Bonding in the ground state and excited states of copper-alkene complexes

The ground state and ¹B₂ excited state of Cu(C₂H₄)⁺ and of CuX(C₂H₄) (X  F, Cl) have been investigated by the Hartree-Fock-Slater (HFS) method. The main metal-ligand interactions in the ground state are ethene π → Cu 4s donation and Cu 3d_π → ethene π^* backdonation, which have comparable contributions to the metal-ligand bond strength. The excitation of CuX(C₂H₄) does not involve an alkene π → metal charge transfer (LMCT), but instead is metal 3d → alkene π^* charge transfer (MLCT) in character. The implications for the photochemistry of olefin-copper(I) complexes are discussed.     

Reactions of C2(a 3πu) with CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and O2 using multiphoton UV excimer laser photolysis

C₂(a ³π_u) disappearance rate constants of 1.44, 0.96, 0.0296, 0.0130 and < 10^?6(x10^?10cm³s^?1) are reported for reactions with C₂H₄, C₂H₂, O₂, C₂H₆, and CH₄, respectively at 298 K. C₂(a ³π_u) fragments are generated by multiphoton ArF excimer laser photodissociation at C₂H₂, and monitored by dye laser induced fluorescence. Arguments are presented which favor chemical reactions over the C₂(a ³π_u) → (X ¹σ⁺_g) quenching channel. C₂ + C₂H₂ represents the one possible exception to the reactive channel.     

Direct synthesis using gold atoms: synthesis,infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra and molecular orbital investigations of monoethylene gold(0), (C2H4Au

The reaction of Au atoms with ¹²C₂H₄ or ¹²C₂H₄/Ar mixtures at 8–10 K yields a single product. Using Au and ¹²C₂H₄ concentration experiments, warm-up studies and ¹³C₂H₄/Ar, ¹²C₂H₄/¹³C₂H₄/Ar isotopic substitution, coupled with infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, the product is characterized to be monoethylene gold(0), (C₂H₄)Au, the first reported example of a zerovalent gold-olefin complex. Extended Hückel molecular orbital calculations proved to be a useful aid towards the assignment of the optical spectrum of (C₂H₄)Au. The thermal stability of (C₂H₄)Au in solid C₂H₄ at 70 K is discussed in terms of the feasibility of a macroscale, liquid nitrogen temperature, chemical synthesis. The molecular and electronic properties of the group of complexes (C₂H₄)M and M(0₂), where M = Ag or Au, are compared and discussed.     

Effect of the bridging ligands on the CO stretching force constants of the compounds Co2(CO)6(μ-Y)2 and Fe2(CO)6(μ-X)2 (where Y = CO,P, As,CR and X = S,SR, Se,PRR′, Br,I)

The molecular structures of (C₅H₅)₂V and (C₅H₅)₂Cr have been determined by gas phase electron diffraction. The best agreement between calculated and experimental curves is obtained for models with eclipsed C₅H₅ rings (symmetry D_5h), but models with staggered rings (symmetry D_5d) cannot be definitely ruled out. The MC and CC bond distances are 2.169(4) and 1.431(2) Å respectively in (C₅H₅)₂Cr, and 2.280(5) and 1.434(3) Å respectively in (C₅H₅)₂V. The CH bonds in (C₅H₅)₂Cr are bent 2.9(1.1)° out of the plane of the carbon atoms towards the metal atom.The molecular structures of the known di-π-cyclopentadienyl compounds of the first row transition elements are compared in the light of what is known about their electronic structures.