Trivalent atom contribution on solid-solid transformation of Ga13 polycation intercalated clay into sodalite investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Solid-solid transformation mechanism of Ga Keggin-type ion intercalated clay into sodalite has been clarified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-rayabsorption spectroscopy (XAS). To follow the structural evolution precisely by XANES and EXAFS, the XAS active element containing polycation [Ga13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ was intercalated into montmorillonite (MMT). FT-IR and XAS spectra confirm that the formation of sodalite framework is initiated by the delocalized rearrangement between silicate networks and collapsed interlayered Ga species, and is followed by the incorporation of Al in the octahedral sheet of clay (MMT). According to the XAS studies, it is found that the formation of Ga(Al)-O-Si species is strongly influenced by the trivalent cations, which are rapidly changed in the environment, followed by reaction with the silicate network of clay during the solid-solid transformation.     

Hydration/expansion and cation charge compensation modulate the Brønsted basicity of distorted clay water

This letter addresses how iron redox cycling and the hydration properties of the exchangeable cation influence the Br?nsted basicity of adsorbed water in 2:1 phyllosilicates. The probe pentachloroethane undergoes facile dehydrochlorination to tetrachloroethene, attributed to increases in the Br?nsted basicity of near-surface hydrating water molecules following the reduction of structural Fe(III) to Fe(II). This dehydrochlorination process is studied in the presence of Na(+)- or K(+)-saturated Upton montmorillonite [(Na0.82 (Si7.84 Al0.16)(Al3.10 Fe(3+)0.3 Mg0.66) O20 (OH)4] or ferruginous smectite [(Na0.87 Si7.38 Al0.62)(Al1.08) Fe(3+)2.67 Fe(2+)0.01 Mg0.23) O20 (OH)4]. The effect of iron redox cycling on pentachloroethane dehydrochlorination is studied using reduced or reduced and reoxidized smectite samples saturated with Na+ (fully expanded clay) or K+ (fully collapsed clay). Variations in the clay Br?nsted basicity following Na+ -for- K+ exchange are explained by cationic charge compensation or interlayer hydration/expansion imposed by the nature of the exchangeable cation. Inverse relations between K+ fixation and clay water content as well as trends in pentachloroethane transformation indicate that increases in the Br?nsted basicity result from increases in the clay hydrophilicity and shifts in the local activity of distorted clay water. Potassium fixation causes partially collapsed smectites bearing low amounts of structural Fe(II) to have a similar reactivity to that of fully expanded smectites (Na+ form) bearing higher amounts of structural Fe(II). In particular, the conversion of up to 80% of the pentachloroethane to tetrachloroethane by K+ -saturated, reoxidized Upton was explained because the fixation of K+ causes nonreversible expansion and incomplete reoxidation of structural Fe(II), which contributes to the stabilization of charge density near sites bearing Fe(II). Higher pentachloroethane conversions by Upton montmorillonite over ferruginous smectite, however, suggest that charge dispersion rather than site specificity contributes predominantly to clay reactivity. Thus, clay interlayer hydration/expansion imposed by the nature of the exchangeable cation alters water dissociation and proton exchange in Fe(II)-Fe(III) phyllosilicates susceptible to iron redox cycling.     

介孔铁铝/蒙脱土复合材料：解离柱撑制备、结构及催化羟基化性能

利用极稀悬浮液中蒙脱土的解离作用并结合柱化技术过程，制备了介孔结构的铝铁/蒙脱土复合材料(Fe-Al/mmt)；并采用粉末X射线衍射、氮等温吸脱附、傅立叶红外光谱、紫外可见光漫反射光谱及苯酚催化羟基化反应表征了其结构和性能。结果显示，铁铝聚合前驱液中铁/铝比影响复合材料中蒙脱土的解离程度，且仅当低铁/铝比时(即Fe/(Fe+Al)物质的量的比介于0.05～0.3)，嵌入解离的蒙脱土片层间的混合铁铝物种呈现能耐温350 ℃的热稳定性；氮等温吸脱附分析反映出这种解离的蒙脱土堆积结构呈现介孔特征，孔径分布窄，介于2.0～2.3 nm；红外分析表明材料表面具有L酸和B酸位，并且L酸位量与嵌入解离的蒙脱土结构中的混合铁铝物种相关；由于结构中混合铁铝物种的存在及相应的Si-O → Fe、Al-O → Fe间的电子跃迁，Fe-Al/mmt材料在紫外区呈现宽泛的能量吸收特征。这些结果说明，由于混合铁铝物种嵌入于解离的蒙脱土片层堆积结构中，形成了“卡片屋”式介孔结构。实验条件下，Fe/(Fe+Al)物质的量的比为0.3的Fe-Al/mmt呈现较佳的催化羟基化性能，苯酚转化率为36.7%，二酚产物选择性32.3%；并且初步表明铝掺杂后，通过铁铝比和表面酸性的调整，材料的部分选择氧化性能可以得到改善。     

Layered Double Hydroxides with Hydrotalcite—type Structure Containing Fe^3＋,Al^3＋ and Mg^2＋

IntroductionLayered double hydroxides( LDHs) with hy-drotalcite ( HT ) - type structure are composed oftrivalent and divalent metal ions and have the gen-eral formula[1] ,[M2 + 1-x M3 + x ( OH) 2 ]x+ An-x/ n· m H2 O,where M3 + is a trivalentmental ion,such as Al3 + ,Fe3 + ,La3 + ,Ni3 + ,Mn3 + etc.,M2 + is a divalentmetal ion,such as Mg2 + ,Zn2 + ,Ca2 + ,Cu2 + ,Co2 +etc.,An-is a charge compensating anion,such asOH-,Cl-,NO-3 ,CO2 -3 etc.,m is the number ofthe moles of co- intercalat…     

Formability and properties of self-standing clay film by montmorillonite with different interlayer cations

Influences of exchangeable interlayer cations were investigated on self-standing film formability, film morphology, and properties of the clay films such as flexibility and gas barrier property. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite samples were prepared by a cation exchange from naturally bearing cation, mostly Na⁺, to Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, and Fe^{2+, 3+}. Self-standing films were prepared from aqueous colloidal dispersions of these montmorillonite samples with no additives. The montmorillonite samples with monovalent or divalent cation formed flat self-standing films while the Al-montmorillonite sample produced a distorted film. The Fe-montmorillonite sample formed many separated reddish-brown rod-shaped pieces. Clay film microstructures were different with interlayer cations. The films with monovalent interlayer cations were constructed by the stacking of units with delicately waved thin clay sheets in the whole film, but other films show different morphologies between the upper side and lower side; the upper side is laminated with thin sheets; the lower side is laminated with large thick sheets.The self-standing films’ flexibility and gas barrier property differed according to the interlayer cations. These properties were good in cases of samples with monovalent cations. The innumerable short wave and sheet thinness are considered to foster good flexibility and gas barrier properties. The differences in film formability and properties of the films are attributable to different swellability among samples with different interlayer cations. The montmorillonite samples with monovalent cations swell sufficiently by water, but those with polyvalent cations swell poorly. In the latter case, clay crystals aggregate in water, then the aggregate grows into large particles, creating a film with large particles.     

Theoretical study of the atrazine pesticide interaction with pyrophyllite and Ca2+‐montmorillonite clay surfaces

Atrazine, a pesticide belonging to the s‐triazine family, is one of the most employed pesticides. Due to its negative impact on the environment, it has been forbidden within the European Union since 2004 but remains abundant in soils. For these reasons, its behavior in soils and water at the atomic scale is of great interest. In this article, we have investigated, using DFT, the adsorption of atrazine onto two different clay surfaces: a pyrophyllite clay and an Mg‐substituted clay named montmorillonite, with Ca²⁺ compensating cations on its surface. The calculations show that the atrazine molecule is physisorbed on the pyrophyllite surface, evidencing the necessity to use dispersion‐corrected computational methods. The adsorption energies of atrazine on montmorillonite are two to three times larger than on pyrophyllite, depending on the adsorption pattern. The computed adsorption energy is of about −30 kcal mol⁻¹ for the two most stable montmorillonite‐atrazine studied isomers. For these complexes, the large adsorption energy is related to the strong interaction between the chlorine atom of the atrazine molecule and one of the Ca²⁺ compensating cations of the clay surface. The structural modifications induced by the adsorption are localized: for the surface, close to substitutions and particularly below the Ca²⁺ cations; in the molecule, around the chlorine atom when Ca²⁺ interacts strongly with this basic site in a monodentate mode. This study shows the important role of the alkaline earth cations on the adsorption of atrazine on clays, suggesting that the atrazine pesticide retention will be significant in Ca²⁺‐montmorillonite clays. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Decationization and dealumination of clinoptilolite tuff and ammonium exchange on acid-modified tuff

The paper presents results of investigation of exchange of the clinoptilolite tuff cations with hydrogen ions from HCl solution of concentration 0.1 mmol cm(-3) and ammonium ions solutions of concentrations 0.0071 to 2.6 mmol cm(-3). Molal concentrations, x (mmol g(-1)) of cations exchanged in acid solution and in ammonium ions solutions were compared with molal concentrations of cations obtained by determination of the cation-exchange capacity of clinoptilolite tuff. The obtained results show that at ammonium ion concentrations lower than 0.1 mmol cm(-3), with regard to exchange capacity for particular ions, best exchanged are Na+ ions, followed by Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, while exchange of K+ ions is the poorest (Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+). At ammonium concentrations from 0.2 to 1 mmol cm(-3) the order is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. At concentrations higher than 1 mmol cm(-3) the order is Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+. The results are a consequence of the uptake of hydrogen ions by zeolite samples in ammonium ions solutions at concentrations lower than 1 mmol cm(-3) and indicate the importance of Mg2+ (besides Na+ ions) for the exchange between clinoptilolite cations and H+ ions, in contrast to K+ ions, whose participation in the reaction with H+ ions is the lowest. During decationization of the clinoptilolite in acid solution, best exchanged are Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions, while exchange of K+ ions is the poorest. Due to poor exchange of K+ and H+ ions and good exchange of Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions, it is to be assumed that preservation of stability of the clinoptilolite structure is caused by K+ ions present in the channel C. Clinoptilolite is dissolved in the clinoptilolite A and B channels where Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions are present. On the acid-modified clinoptilolite samples, exchange of ammonium ions is poorer than on natural zeolite. The longer the contact time of the zeolite and acid solution, the worse ammonium ions exchange. It can be assumed that H+ ions exchanged with zeolite cations are consumed for solution of aluminum in the clinoptilolite structure; therefore the concentration of H+ ions as exchangeable cations decreases. In the ammonium ion solution at a concentration of 0.0065 mmol cm(-3), from the acid-modified zeolite samples, Al3+ ions are exchanged best, followed by Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ ions. Further to the results, it is to be assumed that exchangeable Al3+ ions available from clinoptilolite dissolution are best exchanged with H+ ions in acid solution.     

Study on electronic density topology of various cluster models of Mg/Al hydrotalcite by density functional theory

The geometry and electronic topology properties of Mg/Al hydrotalcite cluster models were comparatively investigated by means of density functional theory at GGA/DND levels. The results suggested that cluster model containing seven octahedral cations was the smallest size to be employed to simulate other properties. The fact that the n+ charge of cluster models containing n aluminum atoms can reflect electronic properties of anionic clay layer sheet. The bond lengths of clusters can be modified by terminating with or without OH~-/H_2O groups in terms of principle of bond order conservation.     

Preparation and characterization of Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compounds containing cerium

Hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs) containing Mg(2+), Al(3+), and Ce(3+) in the hydroxide layer and with carbonate as charge-balancing anion have been prepared by a co-precipitation (at constant pH) method. The Al/Ce ratio in the final product depends on the concentration in the initial solution. The crystallinity of the layered materials decreases with the increase in cerium content, probably, due to the distortions introduced by the large difference in the ionic radii of the cations. All the synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy and TG/DTA. The textural properties were determined from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements.     

Raman spectroscopic study of ancient South African domestic clay pottery

The technique of Raman spectroscopy was used to examine the composition of ancient African domestic clay pottery of South African origin. One sample from each of four archaeological sites including Rooiwal, Lydenburg, Makahane and Graskop was studied. Normal dispersive Raman spectroscopy was found to be the most effective analytical technique in this study. XRF, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy were used as complementary techniques. All representative samples contained common features, which were characterised by kaolin (Al2Si2O5(OH)5), illite (KAl4(Si7AlO20)(OH)4), feldspar (K- and NaAlSi3O8), quartz (alpha-SiO2), hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), montmorillonite (Mg3(Si,Al)4(OH)2 x 4.5 5H(2)O[Mg]0.35), and calcium silicate (CaSiO3). Gypsum (CaSO4 x 2H2O) and calcium carbonates (most likely calcite, CaCO3) were detected by Raman spectroscopy in Lydenburg, Makahane and Graskop shards. Amorphous carbon (with accompanying phosphates) was observed in the Raman spectra of Lydenburg, Rooiwal and Makahane shards, while rutile (TiO(2)) appeared only in Makahane shard. The Raman spectra of Lydenburg and Rooiwal shards further showed the presence of anhydrite (CaSO4). The results showed that South African potters used a mixture of clays as raw materials. The firing temperature for most samples did not exceed 800 degrees C, which suggests the use of open fire. The reddish brown and grayish black colours were likely due to hematite and amorphous carbon, respectively.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from fly ash as influenced by salt treatment

To develop an effective technique for enhancing the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations without losing potential removal capacity, Na-ZFA (zeolite synthesized from fly ash) was converted into Ca-, Mg-, Al-, and Fe-ZFA by salt treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by ZFA saturated with different cations was investigated. It was shown that Al3+-ZFA had the highest removal efficiencies (80-98%) for ammonium, followed by Mg2+ (43-58%), Ca2+ (40-54%), Na+ (<20%), and Fe3+ (<1%). Both alkaline pH values (in the cases of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and acidic pH value (in the case of Fe3+) inhibited the sequestration of ammonium. At low initial phosphate concentrations, the efficiency of phosphate removal by Al3+- and Fe3+-ZFA approached 100%, followed by Ca2+ (60-85%), Na+ (<25%), and Mg2+ (<5%). The difference in phosphate removal efficiency was explained by the adsorption mechanisms. It was concluded that ZFA could be used in simultaneous removal of NH4+ and phosphate at low concentrations with presaturation by an appropriate cation such as Al3+ through salt treatment.     

Studies on the Synthesis and the Structure of Ferric Aluminum Magnesium Hydrotalcite—like Compounds

Hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlc) are composed of trivalent and divalent metal ions, the general formula 1 is: [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]x+An-x/n·mH2O M3+ is trivalent metal ions, M2+is divalent metal ions, A is negative ions whose valence is n, and m is the amount of water in the crystal, and x is the molar ratio of trivalent metal ions to all metal ions. A lot of studies have been done on the synthesis and property of HTlc, which is made up of two kinds of the metal ions. It has been found …     

Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review

The feasibility of using two important and common clay minerals, kaolinite and montmorillonite, as adsorbents for removal of toxic heavy metals has been reviewed. A good number of works have been reported where the modifications of these natural clays were done to carry the adsorption of metals from aqueous solutions. The modification was predominantly done by pillaring with various polyoxy cations of Zr4+, Al3+, Si4+, Ti4+, Fe3+, Cr3+or Ga3+, etc. Preparation of pillared clays with quaternary ammonium cations, namely, tetramethylammonium-, tetramethylphosphonium- and trimethyl-phenylammonium-, N'-didodecyl-N, N'-tetramethylethanediammonium, etc, are also common. Moreover, the acid treatment of clays often boosted their adsorption capacities. The adsorption of toxic metals, viz., As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, etc., have been studied predominantly. Montmorillonite and its modified forms have much higher metal adsorption capacity compared to that of kaolinite as well as modified-kaolinite.     

丙烯酸乙酯/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯乳液共聚过程中凝胶的形成及控制

通过不同金属离子对环氧型丙烯酸橡胶凝胶含量的影响，得出几种金属离子催化开环的顺序，探讨了高价金属离子对环氧基的催化开环机理；依据交联点单体对共聚物凝胶含量的影响数据，通过近似计算得到共聚物的凝胶含量超过１％时的环氧基开环数的临界值．     

类水滑石Mg3Al1-xFex负载Ir催化剂在肉桂醛加氢反应中的应用:Fe的促进作用

水滑石类化合物 (LDH) 的层板金属阳离子组成具有可调变性,通过将具有变价特性的过渡金属定量引入 LDH 层板,经热处理后可以得到具有高比表面积和层板金属原子级分散的混合金属氧化物,后者可广泛用作催化剂载体.如三元Mg-Al-Fe 类水滑石材料在光催化、H2S 选择性氧化和乙苯脱氢等反应中表现出较好的活性.Ir 催化剂在α,β-不饱和醛加氢反应中具有较好的活性,Fe 修饰 Ir 催化剂可提高不饱和醇选择性,但有关 Fe 的作用以及 Fe 与活性组分 Ir 间的相互作用本质还不是很清楚.本文以类水滑石材料 Mg3Al1–xFex为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了 Ir 催化剂,并用于肉桂醛加氢反应,通过考察 Fe的加入对 Ir 电子和几何结构的影响揭示了 Fe 的加入对活性和选择性的影响规律.结果表明,当 x 从 0 (Ir/Mg3Al) 增加到 1 (Ir/Mg3Fe) 时,肉桂醛加氢的反应速率在 x = 0.25 时达到最大值,肉桂醇选择性从 44.9% 增加到 80.3%,且不随肉桂醛转化率的增加而改变.透射电镜结果表明,Ir 纳米粒子的粒径随着 x 的增加未发生明显变化,均为 1.7±0.2 nm.H2程序升温还原结果发现 Ir 可以促进 Fe3+的还原且两者之间存在相互作用.X射线光电子能谱结果表明,Fe 的掺杂没有改变催化剂表面Ir0和 Ir4+含量的比值,但当 Fe 含量增加时,Fe2+2p3/2向高结合能方向偏移,且 Ir04f7/2向低结合能方向偏移,说明电子从 Fe2+转移到 Ir,形成了富电子的 Ir 物种和缺电子的 Fe 物种.富电子的 Ir 物种有利于肉桂醛分子中的 C=O 键在其表面吸附,并且和 Ir 相邻的 Fen+物种可以作为亲电位点吸附肉桂醛分子中氧,从而极化和活化 C=O 键,因而催化剂活性和选择性增大.采用吸附 CO 红外光谱表征了催化剂表面的几何结构,2058–2069 cm-1处出现了 CO 吸附峰,归属于 Ir0表面 CO 的线性吸附,高波数 2069 cm-1的吸附峰归属于 CO 在高配位 Ir 位点 (平台) 的吸附,低波数 2058 cm-1的吸附峰归属于 CO 在低配位Ir 位点 (台阶、角、楞) 的吸附.随着 Fe 含量的增加,CO 吸附峰蓝移 11 cm-1,表明 Fe 的加入改变了催化剂表面 Ir 的几何结构,低配位 Ir 位点减少,高配位 Ir 位点增多.高配位 Ir 位点 (平台) 有利于肉桂醛分子中 C=O 键的吸附,从而提高了肉桂醇的选择性.总之,Fe 的加入虽然没有明显改变 Ir 纳米粒子的粒径,但却改变了其电子和几何结构,从而提高了催化剂活性和选择性.     

以水滑石及类水滑石为前体的Mg/Al、Co/Al及Co/Mg/Al混合氧化物的合成、表征和异丙醇催化性能

以共沉淀法合成的水滑石(HT)和类水滑石(HTLc)为前体制备了镁铝、钴铝、钴镁铝混合氧化物，采用了BET、XRD、TG-DTA、TPR、FTIR和微量量热吸附及异丙醇催化反应进行了研究。结果表明：以HT和HTLc为前体制备的混合氧化物，其比表面积较大、并随着钴含量的增加而降低。在HT中引入Co²⁺离子后，由于Co²⁺离子的氧化还原属性，削弱了水滑石层对阴离子的键合能力，从而使其热分解温度及热稳定性降低，导至焙烧后生成的混合氧化物的比表面积比不含钴的2Mg/Al混合氧化物的低。在TPR过程中，镁铝混合氧化物不被还原，而含钴的混合氧化物的还原是经由Co³⁺ → Co²⁺ → Co⁰的过程。混合氧化物表面含有酸性位和碱性位，并随着钴含量的变化而得到调变。含钴氧化物样品的表面以L酸为主和含有很少量的B酸。异丙醇催化反应生成丙酮的选择性最高，表明样品表面的氧化还原位是主要的，随着钴的加入及含量的增大，异丙醇催化反应的转化率也是增大的。     

催化甘油脱水反应的酸活化蒙脱石负载WOx催化剂的研究

甘油是一种可由生物资源生产、可持续的、可降解的平台化学品,是生物柴油、肥皂化工等工业生产过程中的主要副产物.催化甘油脱水反应生产丙烯醛,有望能替代丙烯等石油裂解产物合成丙烯醛的传统工业路线.丙烯醛是一种重要的化工中间体,被用于合成蛋氨酸、丙烯酸、3-甲基吡啶和1,3-丙二醇,并被广泛地应用于农药、医药、高分子材料等领域.随着全球可持续能源发展,生物柴油生产迅速发展,将产生大量的副产物甘油.利用甘油为原料,通过合适的催化剂的催化脱水反应生成丙烯醛,是近十多年来国内外工业催化的研究热点之一.用于催化甘油脱水合成丙烯醛的酸催化剂有杂多酸、金属氧化物、沸石与酸性粘土矿物等.钨磷杂多酸(H3PW12O40)负载的催化剂虽然具有较强的酸性,有利于催化甘油脱水,但容易导致结焦,而且热稳定差,容易失活.钨磷杂多酸负载于SiO2,TiO2,Al2O3,SiO2-Al2O3,K-10蒙脱石上表现出不同的催化活性,表明催化剂和载体的表面酸性和孔结构影响催化性能.近来研究发现,负载于ZrO2,Al2O3的钨氧化物(WOx)催化剂热稳定性好、酸性高,在甘油脱水反应生成丙烯醛中表现出良好的催化性能.但有关钨氧化物(WOx)结构、催化活性受载体组成、酸性影响的本质和规律一直不清楚.本文采用20 wt%的硫酸、盐酸、磷酸和乙酸对蒙脱石进行酸改性,并在磷酸改性的蒙脱石上负载W含量为4–16 wt%的WOx作为催化剂,用于甘油气相脱水反应.X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差热法(TG-DTG)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和紫外漫反射可见光谱(DR UV-vis)等表征,探讨了酸改性和负载WOx的蒙脱石对催化剂催化性能的影响.蒙脱石经过20wt%的硫酸、盐酸、磷酸和乙酸的活化,酸性增加.四种酸改性的蒙脱石对甘油气相脱水反应均有催化活性,这是因为在蒙脱石酸活化过程中,H+经过阳离子交换反应进入蒙脱石层间,同时蒙脱石八面体中的部分Al3+被浸出,使层板上出现不饱和Al3+,为催化剂提供了L酸位,蒙脱石硅氧四面体上的Si?OH以及[AlO4]上吸附的H3O+提供了B酸位.XRD分析表明,负载WOx的蒙脱石表面存在WO2.72,WO2.9和WO3三种不同类型的WOx,当钨负载量从12 wt%增至16 wt%,孤立的单斜晶系WO3晶粒增多.NH3-TPD和DR UV-vis结果表明,WOx负载在蒙脱石表面以[WO5/WO6](B酸位)、[WO4]和单斜晶系WO3相(L酸位)形式存在.蒙脱石上负载WOx能够调节催化剂的酸强度、酸量和酸位.随着钨负载量从4 wt%增至12 wt%,丙烯醛收率从40.9%增加到67.3%;进一步增加钨负载量到16 wt%,丙烯醛收率降为50.7%.结果发现,随着钨负载量的增加,催化活性组分含量增加,[WO5/WO6](B酸位)增加,使催化活性增加;当W负载量达到16 wt%时,WOx分散性降低,且在催化剂表面形成孤立的单斜晶系WO3相(L酸位),不利于提高丙烯醛选择性.当反应温度为320 oC,甘油水溶液浓度为15 wt%时,磷酸活化蒙脱石负载12 wt%W的催化剂上甘油转化率为89.6%,丙烯醛收率达到73.3%.     

Minerals from Macedonia XXIII. Spectroscopic and structural characterization of schorl and beryl cyclosilicates

IR and Raman spectroscopy study on two collected cyclosilicate species: schorl (from tourmaline group), Na(Fe,Mg)(3)Al(6)(BO(3))(3)Si(6)O(18)(OH,F)(4) and beryl (Be,Mg,Fe)(3)Al(2)Si(6)O(18) were carried out. Although beryl is nominally anhydrous mineral, vibrational results strongly indicate that H(2)O molecules exist in the structural channels. The number of vibrational bands and their frequencies revealed the presence of H(2)O type II, in which C(2) symmetry axis of the water molecule is parallel to the structural channel (and to the c-axis of beryl). On the other hand, it was found that observed bands in the IR and Raman OH stretching region of the other tourmaline varieties appear as a result of the cation combinations involving dominant presence of Mg and Fe cations in the Y structural sites. The strong indication derived from the vibrational spectroscopic results that the studied mineral represents a schorl variety, coincide very well with the results obtained by powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray microprobe analysis. Both minerals show IR spectral similarities in the region below 1500 cm(-1), whereas the resemblance between the Raman spectra (1500-100 cm(-1)) is less expressed confirming that these spectra are more sensitive to compositional changes and to structural disorder. The identification of both minerals was additionally supported by studying the powder X-ray diffraction diagrams.     

Vibrational study of the salicylate interaction with metallic ions and surfaces

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are used in this work to study the metallic complexes of salicylic acid with silver and copper, comparing the interaction between salicylate and the cations (Ag+ and Cu2+) in the metal complexes with the SERS spectra when adsorbed on colloidal metal surfaces of the same metals. The salicylate complexes with the above metals were compared to those of Na+, Fe3+ and Al3+ cations. A different interaction mechanism is deduced for salicylate in the metal complex and when adsorbed on the metal surface.