大鼠金属硫蛋白晶体堆积形式的理论研究

考虑到蛋白质在结晶过程中溶液和晶体之间的动态平衡，蛋白质在溶液中的聚合状态决定了晶体堆积的最小单元。通过动态光散射实验以及计算机模拟，对大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ和兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅰ和Ⅱ的聚合物形式进行了比较，可以确定大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ在结晶条件下的缓冲液中应该以四聚体而不是二聚体形式存在。通过考察晶体的模型也可以发现，晶体的确可以通过四聚体的形式堆积得到，用四聚体堆积模型可以对晶体堆积作出更为合理的解释。     

三种金属硫蛋白动力学稳定性的理论研究

对三类金属硫蛋白（大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ,兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅰ和兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ）的单体和二聚体进行了水溶液条件下的分子动力学模拟。其中大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ的结构直接来自于晶体数据,兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅰ和Ⅱ的结构则通过同源蛋白模型搭建。动力学模拟的结果显示,这三种单体在水溶液中都具有相当大的柔性,柔性主要来源于柔性区的氨基酸残基。三类金属硫蛋白单体的动力学模拟均表明α结构域的动力学稳定性都要优于     

杯[4]吡咯在不同溶液中的分子动力学模拟研究

运用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法对杯[4]吡咯与不同溶剂之间的相互作用能、杯[4]吡咯在不同溶液中的构象变化以及杯[4]吡咯与溶剂分子之间的氢键相互作用进行了计算研究.模拟发现,杯[4]吡咯与不同溶剂间的相互作用能受溶剂分子偶极矩和杯[4]吡咯-溶剂分子间氢键相互作用影响.杯[4]吡咯在不同溶液中的构象发生翻转的主导因素是杯[4]吡咯与溶剂分子间形成氢键相互作用,溶剂分子的偶极矩不是杯[4]吡咯发生构象转化的主要因素.     

金属硫蛋白聚合中阳离子作用机制的研究

蛋白质数据库 (ＰｒｏｔｅｉｎＤａｔａＢａｎｋ,ＰＤＢ)中有大鼠及几个其它种属动物的金属硫蛋白的结构 ,但其中只有大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ的晶体结构是完整的单体［１］,核磁共振溶液构象均只是金属硫蛋白被蛋白酶降解后的单一α或 β结构域．从大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ的晶体结构的堆积形式上看 ,二聚体可能是晶体生长过程中最小的堆积单元 ,因此Ｒｏｂｂｉｎｓ和Ｓｔｏｕｔ等人认为 ,大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型Ⅱ分子在溶液中也是以二聚体形式存在［２］．在晶体生长过程中 ,蛋白质在溶液中的构象会直接影响晶体的堆积．因此 ,对于大鼠金属硫蛋白…     

三种金属硫蛋白聚合物静电效应的研究

考察了三种金属硫蛋白(大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型II,兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型I和兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型II)的单体、二聚体和三聚体在pH为5.6-8.5和10.6两种缓冲条件下的静电势分布。其中大鼠金属硫蛋白亚型II的结构直接来自于晶体数据,兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型I和II的结构则通过同源蛋白模型搭建。三种金属硫蛋白的静电势通过有限差分方法求解Poisson-Boltzmann方程得到。对于三种金属硫蛋白的二聚体,pH为5.6-8.5时,单体和单体之间的静电势分布具有明显的互补性;但pH≥10.6时,这种互补性会大大削弱。对于三种金属硫蛋白的三聚体,单体和二聚体之间主要表现为静电排斥,而且pH在10.6下的静电排斥力明显强于pH为5.6-8.5时的静电排斥。     

氯柱硼镁石的硼酸溶液中硼氧配阴离子的FT-IR光谱分析

硼有ＢＯ3平面三角形和ＢＯ4四面体两种配位类型 ,在晶体和水溶液中硼以聚合硼氧配阴离子形式存在。硼氧配阴离子存在形式及其相互作用受溶液温度、ｐＨ值、总硼浓度及金属阳离子存在等多种因素的影响。可见 ,硼酸盐水溶液要比一般盐水溶液复杂。振动光谱能有效地用于鉴定和表征固体硼酸盐 ,至今对水溶液硼酸盐结构的研究却较少。由于多数硼酸盐在室温水中的溶解度较小 ,溶液中硼浓度低 ,加之溶剂水对ＩＲ辐射具有明显吸收作用 ,致使硼酸盐水溶液红外光谱中多聚硼氧配阴离子特征峰被减弱、模糊甚至被湮灭。近年来 ,Ｊ .Ｍａｘ[1 ] 等在对盐…     

平面型d~8和d~(10)过渡金属配合物与葫芦[10]脲的识别研究

由于d~8和d~(10)过渡金属具有配位不饱和性,其独特的电子结构以及易形成金属-金属键使其表现出特殊的光物理化学特性.而发光小分子的光学性质可通过主客体相互作用进行调控.为进一步探索主客体作用对d~8和d~(10)过渡金属配合物光学性质的影响,选择了葫芦[n]脲(CB[n], n=5～8, 10)大环主体家族中具有最大空腔的成员葫芦[10]脲(CB[10])作为主体,通过紫外、荧光、核磁和质谱等表征手段,研究了这类水溶性平面型过渡金属配合物进入主体空腔后的光物理性质的变化.研究表明, CB[10]的空腔可容纳多个Pt(II)配合物分子,通过增强客体分子间的π-π相互作用,拉近了金属原子之间的距离,从而使其在水相中表现出金属-金属相互作用的特性. Ir(III)配合物与CB[10]识别后,表现出激基缔合物的光谱特征.此外,水相中具有较强金属-金属相互作用的Rh(I)配合物在进入CB[10]空腔后,其金属-金属相互作用被破坏,可归因于1∶1主客体配合物的形成.此研究将主客体化学引入到d~8和d~(10)金属的光物理特性调控中,将进一步拓展过渡金属配合物在更广领域的研究应用.     

四水五硼酸铯及其饱和溶液的振动光谱分析

硼氧配阴离子存在形式及其相互作用受溶液温度、ｐＨ值、总硼浓度及金属阳离子存在等多种因素的影响。振动光谱[1]能有效地用于鉴定和表征固体硼酸盐,。近年来,ＦＴ ＩＲ和Ｒａｍａｎ光谱已用于研究硼酸盐水溶液的结构[2 5],但仅对溶解度较大的硼酸盐才能获得基团特征振动频率。Ｒａ ｍａｎ光谱有利于测量高含硼水溶液中的样品而没有在ＦＴ ＩＲ光谱中的来自于水的干扰,硼酸盐水溶液中的硼氧配阴离子存在形式可以通过差示ＦＴ ＩＲ光谱技术[6]来研究。本文采用这两种物理测试技术,研究了易溶性水合五硼酸铯及其饱和溶液,分别对其ＦＴ Ｉ…     

铂(Ⅱ)配合物与金属硫蛋白结合反应的动力学

通过对顺铂及相关配合物与兔肝金属硫蛋白(MT)反应平衡产物的组成分析表明.铂(Ⅱ)化硫蛋白中角分子MT可以结合7.0当量Pt(Ⅱ),而且结构不同的顺. 反铂和四氯铂酸钾对应有相同的化学计量关系,研究了这些配合物与兔肝Zn~7,MT~2反应的动力学,发现Pt(Ⅱ)与MT的反应为三个速度不同的控制步骤,求得了相应的表观一级反应速率常数K~Ⅰ.K~Ⅱ和K~Ⅲ首次观测到在相同条件下,反铂与MT 的反应速度比顺铂大3-5倍,初始反应速度常数K~Ⅰ与Pt(Ⅱ)的存在形式及有效浓度有很强的依赖关系,而同一种配合物在不同pH和浓度下.K~Ⅱ和K~Ⅲ无明显变化.提出了铂(Ⅱ) 配合物与MT反应的动力学机理,并根据顺.反铂与MT反应动力学性质的不同, 对它们抗癌活性及毒性差异的原因进行了讨论.     

Dip-pen刻蚀技术直接制造蛋白质纳米阵列

美国西北大学 Mirkin等 [1～ 3] 发明的 Dip- pen( DPN,译为蘸水笔技术 )纳米刻蚀技术是以 SPM的针尖为笔 ,通过超分子相互作用使被书写的分子或纳米材料粘在针尖上 ,以某种材料为基底 ,通过合理的超分子相互作用的设计将针尖上的分子或纳米材料书写到基底上 ,从而实现纳米刻蚀和纳米制造的目的 .很显然 ,这种技术对纳米器件、纳米传感器、高密度存储以及生物芯片的制造具有重要意义[4～ 7] .近年来 ,Mirkin研究组和其他几个研究集体利用这种技术成功地制造了有机分子纳米图形与阵列 [8] ;无机氧化物 [9]、金属纳米粒子 [10 ,11]、高分…     

Comparison of capillary electrophoretic techniques for analysis and characterization of metallothioneins

To explore and understand the significance of individual metallothionein isoforms, the methods of their identification are needed. Separation of these isoforms requires a high resolution technique which can exploit very small differences in mass, charge, and hydrophobicity. In this report, three different techniques of CE were analyzed and used for metallothionein separation: detection using capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis, and capillary isoelectric focusing. Also, three different metallothionein samples were used from horse kidney, rabbit liver, and human liver. We identified metallothionein isoforms based on the determination of their relative molecular masses, on the charge differences in different pH buffers, and based on the pI value. Methods used in this report allow metallothionein identification, permit to quantify the purity and content of its isoforms, and allow studying its polymerization. This report supports and endorses the increased application of CE methodology in proteomics.     

Electro‐Controlled Living Cationic Polymerization

Cationic polymerizations have long been industrialized; however, stimulus‐regulated cationic polymerization remains to be developed. An electrochemically controlled living cationic polymerization is presented for the first time. In the presence of external potential and organic‐based electrocatalyst, a series of monomers can be polymerized under a cationic chain‐transfer mechanism. The resulting polymers exhibit well‐defined molecular mass, narrow dispersity, and good chain‐end fidelity. By controlling the external potential to switch the electrocatalyst between its oxidized and reduced states, ON/OFF polymerization can be achieved. This method is a versatile way to a large range of monomers, including vinyl ether‐type and p‐substituted styrene‐type monomers. Given the sustainability feature and broad interest of electrochemical synthetic techniques, we envisaged that this method would lead a new direction of external regulated living ionic polymerization.     

Trends in Radiation Polymerization

Previously it was generally assumed that high energy radiation could only initiate radical polymerization in solutions of monomers. However, examples of radiation-induced polymerization have recently become known that proceed via an ionic mechanism. Thus, solutions of a monomer can be polymerized ionically, preferably in the presence of a solid, at low temperatures. Suprisingly, this may also be accomplished with ultra-pure, mainly anhydrous systems, even at room temperature. The nature of the ions has not yet been fully elucidated.     

Polymerization of oriented monomers. VIII. Polymerization of allyl and diallyl vesicle-forming quaternary ammonium salts

The synthesis of two novel allyl and diallyl vesicle-forming quaternary ammonium salts is reported. The topochemical polymerization of these monomeric vesicles to their polymerized counterparts was performed by γ-ray irradiation and the observed differentiation in polymerization rates of allyl and diallyl monomers was attributed to different polymerization mechanisms. It was further established that only polymerized vesicles which result from diallyl monomer retain the structure of the monomeric vesicles and exhibit simultaneously higher stability.     

Supramolecular polymerization from polypeptide-grafted comb polymers

The helical and tubular structures self-assembled from proteins have inspired scientists to design synthetic building blocks that can be "polymerized" into supramolecular polymers through coordinated noncovalent interactions. However, cooperative supramolecular polymerization from large, synthetic macromolecules remains a challenge because of the difficulty of controlling the structure and interactions of macromolecular monomers. Herein we report the synthesis of polypeptide-grafted comb polymers and the use of their tunable secondary interactions in solution to achieve controlled supramolecular polymerization. The resulting tubular supramolecular structures, with external diameters of hundreds of nanometers and lengths of tens of micrometers, are stable and resemble to some extent biological superstructures assembled from proteins. This study shows that highly specific intermolecular interactions between macromolecular monomers can enable the cooperative growth of supramolecular polymers. The general applicability of this strategy was demonstrated by carrying out supramolecular polymerization from gold nanoparticles grafted with the same polypeptides on the surface.     

Gamma-Ray Induced Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers in Bagasse

Vinyl monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, methyl methacrylate and styrene etc., can be polymerized without catalyst into the composites of bagasse material by gamma-radiation induced in situ liquid polymerization process. The fundamental factors, such as polymerization-rate, effect of swelling agent, molecular weight of vinyl polymers and graft reaction between bagasse cellulose and vinyl polymers, have been investigated and discussed. The use of suitable low G-value polar swelling agents and the application of suitable gamma dose-rate are two key factors found to control the smooth in situ liquid polymerization system of vinyl monomers in bagasse.     

氨基甲酸酯乙烯基醚类化合物光聚合性能研究

本文合成了一种双官能度的氨基甲酸酯乙烯基醚和一种三官能度的氨基甲酸酯乙烯基醚,并用实时傅立叶红外光谱分别监测了单官能度、双官能度和三官能度的乙烯基醚化合物在三芳基六氟锑酸锍鎓盐阳离子光引发剂(PAG-201)引发下的光聚合情况,对其光聚合动力学性能进行了比较,研究了引发剂PAG-201的浓度对双官能度单体光聚合的影响.结果表明,随着官能度的增加,乙烯基醚化合物的转化率和聚合速率降低.此外,对它们的聚合产物进行的热失重分析表明,随着官能度的增加,聚合产物的热稳定性增加.本文的结果对于研究开发基于氨基甲酸酯乙烯基醚单体的阳离子聚合体系具有较好的指导意义.     

Competition between Polymerization and Dissolution of Poly(3-methylthiophene) Films

Films of electrically conducting polymer, poly(3-methylthiophene), are dissolved in monomer-free solutions at positive potentials to become thin, whereas they are polymerized in monomer-rich solutions at the same potentials as for the dissolution. A question arises whether they are dissolved or polymerized in solutions including a given concentration of the monomer when a positive potential is applied to the film. Conditions of the competition between the polymerization and the dissolution were searched at potentiostatic experiments for poly(3-methylthiophene) films at various concentrations of monomers and potentials. The dissolution prevailed over the polymerization as the concentration decreased and the potential was less positive. Chronoamperometric currents exhibited oscillation under the competition conditions. The oscillation was explained in terms of the Lotka–Volterra model for a simple oscillation reaction, in which competitive species were the conducting polymer and the monomer.     

Surface characteristics of low-density polyethylene films modified by oxyfluorination-assisted graft polymerization

In this study, a unique two-step process, i.e., an oxyfluorination-assisted graft polymerization (OAGP), was used to modify the surface properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films. Based on the results of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, which was performed to estimate the amount of hydroperoxides generated by oxyfluorination, oxyfluorination conditions that maximize the amount of hydroperoxide groups were selected. Hydroperoxides were generated by oxyfluorination to provide active sites for the OAGP of the different monomers. Depending on the type of monomers used, two different graft polymerization behaviors were observed. Hydrophilic methacrylic acid (MA) monomers were graft polymerized onto the oxyfluorinated LDPE (OFPE) surface in a perpendicular direction, forming a spike-shaped morphology. On the other hand, hydrophobic styrene (ST) monomers were graft polymerized parallel to the OFPE surface, forming a valley-shaped morphology. By changing the type of vinyl monomers, two different surfaces could be prepared using the hydroperoxides generated by oxyfluorination. After OAGP with MA monomers, a hydrophilic surface following the Wenzel model was obtained, whereas after OAGP with ST monomers, a hydrophobic surface following the Cassie–Baxter model was obtained. Therefore, the OAGP process may be an efficient method for preparing two different surfaces by changing the monomer used.     

Polymerization of the 12-methacryloyloxydodecanoic acid and a corresponding phospholipid in monolayers at the liquid/gas interfaces

The following surface-active monomers with methacrylic group at the end of hydrophobic tail: 12-methacryloyloxydodecanoic acid (12-MAODA) and 12-(methacryloyloxydodecanoyl)-glycerophosphatidylcholine 12-MAODPC) were synthesized and investigated. Both monomers are forming monolayers at the liquid/gas interfaces with liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed states at low and high surface pressures, respectively. These monomers have been polymerized in the monolayers just by soft UV-irradiation (254 nm). Dependences of polymerization rate vs. surface pressure for both monomers have maxima (3.33^*10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ for 12-MAODPC and 4.89^*10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ for 12-MAODA) at about 8–10 mN/m. The higher polymerization rate of 12-MAODA polymerization as compared to 12-MAODPC is due to the more dense packing of the acid molecules in monolayers as compared to the lipid. Areas per monomer unit in the obtained polymeric monolayers are much smaller than those for the monomer one. The collapse pressures increase after monomer polymerization that evidences the increase of the monolayer stability in case of polymer as compared to monomer.