(±)-亮氨酸的合成

以氨基丙二酸二乙酯盐酸盐(2)为原料通过一条全新路线合成了外消旋亮氨酸盐酸盐(1)。2的氨基经Boc保护制得Boc-氨基丙二酸二乙酯(3);3与甲代烯丙基氯发生取代反应制得Boc-氨基-(2-甲基-2-丙烯基)丙二酸二乙酯(4);4经Pd/C催化加氢制得Boc-氨基-(2-异丁基)丙二酸二乙酯(5);5在浓盐酸中回流反应,一步完成脱保护、脱羧、水解过程合成1。总收率55%,其结构经1H NMR和MS确证。     

均相时间分辨免疫分析铕穴状螯合剂的合成

以2,6-二（溴甲基）吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二乙酯为起始原料,经溴化、取代、加成及酸化反应合成了两种铕穴状荧光螯合剂Eu³⁺ 2,6-{N,N′,N,N′-[二（2,2′-联吡啶-6,6′-二甲基）]二（氨甲基）}-吡啶-二羧酸[Eu³⁺ bpy.bpy.py(CO₂H)₂, 1]和Eu³⁺2,6-{N,N′,N,N′-[二（2,2′ 联吡啶-6,6′-二甲基）]二（氨甲基）}-吡啶-二[N-(2-氨基乙基)酰胺]{Eu³⁺bpy.bpy.py[CONH(CH₂)₂NH₂]₂, 2},其结构和性能经¹H NMR, MS(ESI)和荧光光谱表征。结果表明：1的最佳激发波长为312 nm,发射特征峰位于598和615 nm,荧光寿命为1 064 μs,量子产量为10%。 2的最佳激发波长为311 nm,发射特征峰位于597和616 nm,荧光寿命为398 μs,量子产率为12.1%。     

一种三聚季铵盐表面活性剂的合成

以N,N′-二甲基十八烷胺和1,6-二溴己烷为原料制得单头季铵盐(1);以1-溴十八烷和N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-1,6-己二氨己烷为原料制得单头季铵盐(2); 1和2反应合成了一种三聚季铵盐表面活性剂(3),其结构经1H NMR和IR确证。采用电导法和吊环法研究了3的表面性能。结果表明：25 ℃下,3的cmc为0.01 mmol·L^-1; γ_cmc为14.904 mN·m^-1; C₂₀为0.003 mmol·L^-1。     

新型生物基超长链阳离子表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性

以油酸为原料，与无水甲醇经酯化反应制得油酸甲酯(1)； 1经还原和取代反应制得1-氯-顺式-9-十八烯(3)； 3与对羟基苯甲醛经取代反应制得(E)-4-(十八碳-9-烯-1-基氧基)苯甲醛(4)； 4依次经取代、还原及酸化反应合成了一种新型伯胺盐阳离子表面活性剂(E)-［4-(十八碳-9-烯-1-基氧基)苯基］甲烷氯化铵(7)，总收率25.35%，其结构经¹H NMR和IR表征。采用表面张力法研究了7的表面活性。结果表明：7具有较强的聚集能力和界面吸附能力，其cmc， γ-cmc， Γ_max和A_min分别为0.251 mmol·L^-1， 28.8 mN·m^-1， 2.41 μmol·m^-2和0.69 nm²。     

新型吲唑类化合物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

以2,6-二氟苯腈与吗啉反应制得2-氟-6-吗啉-苯腈(1); 1与水合肼在N-甲基吡咯烷酮中通过环合反应制得3-氨基-4-吗啉-1H-吲唑(2); 2与不同羧酸经缩合反应合成了8个新型吲唑类化合物(4a~4h),其结构经¹H NMR, IR和HR-ESI-MS表征。抗肿瘤活性测试结果表明：3,4,5-三甲氧基-氮-(4-吗啉-1H-吲唑-3-基)苯甲酰胺（4a）的抗肿瘤活性最好,对K-562, SMMC7721和T-47D肿瘤细胞有明显抑制作用,IC₅₀分别为0.056 μmol·L^-1, 0.062 μmol·L^-1和0.078 μmol·L^-1。     

含嘧啶基团的新型亲水性共轭大环化合物的合成

以三乙甘醇单甲醚为原料,制得化合物1和2; 1和2经取代反应制得1-【2-{1-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}甲基-3-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基】丙氧基-3,5-二溴苯(3)和1-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基-3,5-二溴苯(4); 3和4分别与双频那醇合二硼反应制得化合物5和6; 6与5-溴-2-碘嘧啶发生Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应制得化合物7; 5与7在铂催化下发生Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应合成了一个新型的共轭大环化合物,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和MALDI-TOF-MS表征。     

5-羟基嘧啶——Ⅳ.5-烷氧基-5-烷基-2-硫代巴比酸和有关化合物的合成

自烷氧基乙酸乙酯的乙氧草酰化,继以热裂去羰化反应,合成了一系列烷氧基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅵ,R=n-C₃H₇,n-C₄H₉,iso-C₄H₉,iso-C₅H₁₁和C₆H₅CH₂);进一步烷基化,得到烷氧基烷基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅶ,R'=CH₃,C₂H₅,n-C₃H₇和n-C₄H-9)。烷氧基烷基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅶ)与脲、硫脲和与胍的缩合的容易程度相差颇巨。除苯甲氧基乙基丙二酸二乙酯曾与脲缩合生成相应的5,5-二取代巴比酸(I,Y=O)外,其他的各烷氧基烷基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅶ)均未能与脲顺利地发生缩合。各烷氧基烷基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅶ)与硫脲的缩合效果较佳,但其中仍有若干未能得到所期望的2-硫代巴比酸(I,Y=S)。两个系列的烷氧基烷基丙二酸二乙酯(Ⅶ,R=n-C₃H₇和C₆H₅CH₂;R'=CH₃,C₂H₅,n-C₃H₇,和n-C₄H₉)与胍的缩合非常顺利,生成相应的5,5-二取代-2-亚氨基巴此酸(I,Y=NH)。5-苯甲氧基-5-烷基-2-亚氨基巴比酸还进行了氢解,得到相应的5-羟基-5-烷基-2-亚氰基巴比酸(I,R=H,R'=烷基,Y=NH)。     

氘代AZD9291的合成

吲哚和2,4-二氯嘧啶经偶联反应制得3-(2-氯嘧啶-4-基)-1H-吲哚(1); 1与CD₃I 经取代反应制得3-(2-氯嘧啶-4-基)-1-(甲基-d₃)-吲哚(2); 2经两步亲核取代反应制得N′-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-2-甲氧基-N′-甲基-N-{［4-(1-(甲基-d₃)吲哚-3-基)］嘧啶-2-基}-5-硝基苯-1,4-二胺(4); 4经还原反应后,与氯丙酰氯发生缩合反应合成了氘代AZD9291,总收率8.5%,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和ESI-MS表征。     

Meso-2,3-二氰基-2,3-二苯基丁二酸二乙酯熔融相热异构化反应动力学及中间体EPR测定

测定了2,3-二氰基-2,β-二苯基丁二酸二乙酯meso-异构体熔融相的热异构化反应动力学及苯环对位为X(X=OCH₃,CH₃,H,Cl,NO₂)的相应二乙酯反应中间体自由基的EPR谱,自由基的结构由计算机模拟确定.结果表明,在实验温度范围内,平衡常数随温度的升高而降低.热力学数据为:ΔH_dl-meao= - 18.02 kJ/mol, ΔS_dl-meao= - 26.51 J/mol·K, ΔH^≠ = 151.78 kJ/mol, ΔS^≠ = 71.64 J/mol·K.反应机理是内消旋体的中心碳-碳键发生均裂,生成α-氰基-α-乙氧甲酰基-P-X取代苄基自由基,再重新结合时发生异构化,生成dl-异构体.     

铕穴状双功能螯合剂的合成及其光学性能

以2,6-二甲基-4-羟基吡啶为原料，经取代和水解反应合成了稀土穴状双功能螯合剂2-【2,6-{N,N′,N,N′-[二(2,2′-联吡啶-6,6′-二甲基)]二氨甲基}-吡啶-4-氧基】乙酸-Eu³⁺，其结构和性能经荧光光谱、 ¹H NMR、 IR和MS(ESI)表征。结果表明：螯合物的激发光谱范围为258~356 nm，最佳激发波长为331 nm；其荧光光谱中铕的特征峰位于581 nm（5D₀→7F₀）、 594 nm（5D₀→7F₁）、 616 nm（5D₀→7F₂），荧光寿命为512 μs。     

新型腰果酚双子表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以天然生物质腰果酚、1,3-二溴丙烷及氯磺酸为原料,通过醚化、磺化及中和三步反应合成了一类新型的腰果酚基磺酸盐双子(Gemini)表面活性剂.采用傅立叶转换红外光谱仪和核磁共振谱仪表征了产物的结构;采用滴体积法测定了腰果酚Gemini表面活性剂的表面张力,研究了水溶液的表面性质,并与相应的单基腰果酚基磺酸盐表面活性剂进行了对比.结果表明:腰果酚Gemini表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为6.20×10-2 mmol.L-1,远小于相应的单基腰果酚表面活性剂水溶液的cmc(8.40mmol.L-1);其临界表面张力γcmc为36.92mN.m-1,与单基腰果酚表面活性剂水溶液的相近(γcmc为38.41mN.m-1).与此同时,腰果酚Gemini表面活性剂水溶液的最小分子截面积Amin为0.27nm2,比相应的单基表面活性剂水溶液的小得多.     

可聚硼酸酯表面活性剂的表面化学性质及与LAS相互作用

用表面张力法研究了可聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂(BES)水溶液不同温度下(288-313 K)的表面活性和热力学函数变化；考察了BES与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)在0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl溶液中的相互作用. 结果表明, 298 K时, BES临界胶束浓度cmc达到0.066 mmol·L-1, γcmc为29.2 mN·m-1；在所考察的温度范围内BES胶束形成自由能(ΔG0m)在-22.4 - -25.8 kJ·mol-1之间, 胶束形成是熵驱动过程. BES/LAS混合体系为具有较大负偏差的非理想体系, BES/LAS分子间平均相互作用参数βm=-3.48；当溶液体相中BES摩尔分数αBES＝0.5时, 混合胶束中BES摩尔分数X1m为0.46, |βm|达到最大, 而且此时混合溶液cmc为0.017 mmol·L-1, 达到最低, γcmc为27.8 mN·m-1.     

Adsorption and aggregation properties of heterogemini surfactants containing a quaternary ammonium salt and a sugar moiety

A novel heterogemini surfactant comprising two hydrocarbon chains and two different hydrophilic groups such as a quaternary ammonium cation and gluconamide nonion N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(N'-alkyl-N'-gluconamide)ethyl]-1-alkylammonium bromides (2CnAmGlu, where n represents hydrocarbon chain lengths of 8, 10, 12, and 14) was synthesized by reacting N,N-dimethylethylenediamine with alkyl bromide, followed by a reaction with 1,5-D(+)-gluconolactone. The adsorption properties of 2CnAmGlu were characterized by surface tension measurements made using the Wilhelmy plate method, and their aggregation properties were investigated by dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy techniques. The relationship between the hydrocarbon chain length and the logarithm of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) for 2CnAmGlu exhibited a linear decrease when the chain length was increased up to 12 and then a departure from linearity at n=14. The surface tension reached 24-26 mN m-1 at each cmc, indicating high efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water. Furthermore, it was found that the structure of the aggregate formed for 2CnAmGlu in solution was influenced by the hydrocarbon chain length; that is, for n=10 and 12, micelles with a hydrodynamic radius of 2-5 nm were formed, whereas vesicles were also observed for n=14.     

Mixed micellar properties of cationic trimeric-type quaternary ammonium salts and anionic sodium n-octyl sulfate surfactants

The properties of quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic trimeric surfactants (m-2-m-2-m, m represents the carbon atom number in alkyl chain lengths of 8, 10, and 12) and oppositely charged anionic monomeric surfactant, sodium n-octyl sulfate (SOS), were characterized by employing several techniques such as static surface tension, fluorescence spectroscopy, and dynamic light-scattering measurements. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of m-2-m-2-m were much lower than those of the corresponding dimeric and monomeric surfactants, and decreased with increasing chain length. The addition of SOS to m-2-m-2-m solutions resulted in a further decrease of the cmc. The mixed surfactants showed higher efficiencies in lowering the surface tension than the individual surfactants. The fluorescence measurements suggested the formation of mixed micelles with a hydrophobic environment in the solutions even at lower concentrations. The dynamic light-scattering study indicated the presence of two different kinds of aggregates with different hydrodynamic diameters. The larger one was attributed to the mixed micelle of m-2-m-2-m and SOS. These results indicated a decline of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic head groups through the incorporation of anionic surfactant into the mixed surfactants.     

pH-responsive surface activity and solubilization with novel pyrrolidone-based Gemini surfactants

A new series of pH-responsive Gemini surfactants with 2-pyrrolidone head groups, N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-di(ethyl-2-pyrrolidone)ethylenediamine (Di-C(n)P, where n = 6, 8 10, 12), were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis. The surface activity and micellization behavior at acidic, neutral, and basic conditions were characterized by equilibrium surface tension and fluorescence techniques. It was found that the surface activity of Di-C(n)P depends on the pH of aqueous solutions due to the protonation state of surfactant molecules when pH was varied. The new compounds have lower cmc and γ(cmc) in comparison with that of m-2-m type conventional cationic Gemini surfactants and gluconamide-type nonionic Gemini surfactants. Fluorescence data confirm that micelles are formed when the concentration is above the cmc. Since micellization is of fundamental importance in surfactant applications such as solubilization, microemulsion, and related technologies, the significant difference in cmc at different pH of this new Gemini surfactant is employed to solubilize cyclohexane. The preliminary result indeed shows that the solubilization capacity of Di-C(n)P can be tuned by pH.     

Physicochemical properties of quaternary ammonium bromide-type trimeric surfactants

Trimeric surfactants of quaternary ammonium bromide (m-2-m-2-m, where m is the hydrocarbon chain length of 8, 10, or 12) with three hydrocarbon chains and three hydrophilic groups connected by two ethylene spacer chains were synthesized by the reaction of N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine and the corresponding alkyl bromide. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by surface tension, static and dynamic light-scattering, and fluorescence spectrum of pyrene techniques. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) of m-2-m-2-m shifted to lower concentrations with increasing hydrocarbon chain length, and their values were smaller by about one to three orders of magnitude than those of the corresponding dimeric (m-2-m) and monomeric surfactants (C(m)TAB) with the same hydrocarbon chain length. Of these surfactants, 10-2-10-2-10 showed the greatest efficiency in lowering the surface tension and provided the smallest occupied area per molecule, indicating that it adsorbs more compactly at the air/water interface. In addition, from the static and dynamic light-scattering measurements, the aggregation numbers of the trimeric surfactants at the cmc were very small, and two hydrodynamic diameters above the cmc were observed.     

光敏季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂a4-6-m在气/液界面的吸附

合成了3种不对称结构的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂a4-6-m, 分子的一根疏水链是偶氮苯为端基的4个亚甲基链, 另一根是不同长度的脂肪链(m=12, 14, 16). 研究结果表明, 反式偶氮苯封端的a4-6-m在气/液界面上以直立方式排列, 偶氮苯端基间的π-π相互作用导致吸附分子较为紧密地排列, 但吸附层外表面含有偶氮苯成分使临界胶束浓度(cmc)时的表面张力(γcmc)较大. 紫外光激发使反式结构偶氮苯变为顺式结构, 这些极性较强的顺式偶氮苯夹杂在直立的烷烃链间, 增强的偶极-偶极相互作用促进了分子紧密排列, 使分子占据面积(Amin)略微减小. 增长脂肪链长度有助于降低临界胶团浓度和C20(使水的表面张力降低20 mN·m-1时所需的表面活性剂浓度), 但对γcmc影响不大.     

Alkanediyl-alpha,omega-bis(dimethylalkylammonium bromide) surfactants 10. Behavior in aqueous solution at concentrations below the critical micellization concentration: an electrical conductivity study

Ion pairing and premicellar association have been often invoked to explain results obtained in studies of aqueous solutions of ionic dimeric surfactants (gemini surfactants), mainly by means of surface tension and electrical conductivity, at concentrations below the critical micellization concentration (cmc). The present work was undertaken in an attempt to find out under which conditions these effects come into play. For this purpose the electrical conductivity of solutions of many dimeric surfactants of the type spacer-alpha,omega-bis(alkyldimethylammonium bromide) have been measured. The alkyl chain contained m=10-18 carbon atoms. The spacer group was either an alkanediyl with s carbon atoms (m-s-m surfactants) or a xylylene m-xylyl-m surfactants). The results show that ion pairing occurs in solutions of m-s-m dimers with m< or =10, mostly as a result of their high cmc values. The results for 12-s-12 dimers with s< or =10 and for 12-xylyl-12 showed no evidence of either ion pairing or premicellar association. Premicellar association was present for 12-s-12 dimers with s> or =12, for m-8-m dimers with m> or =14, and for 16-xylyl-16. It showed through a positive curvature of the specific conductivity versus concentration plot and the presence of a maximum in the equivalent conductivity vs (concentration)(0.5) plot at concentrations below the cmc. The free energy associated with the premicellar association of m-8-m dimers has been estimated from the available cmc and micelle ionization degree data.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Hetero-bimetallic Complex with a Three-dimensional Network Structure: Bis(malonato)tetra(aqua)calcum(II)cobalt(II)

1INTRODUCTION There has been considerable interest in the designand synthesis of transition metal complexes withcarboxylate ligands in coordination chemistry due tothe fact that this type of complexes has potentialapplications in molecule-based magnets,catalysis,supramolecular chemistry and biological systems[1～3].As an important flexibility dicarboxylate ligand,malonate dianion may act as momodentate,chelatedbidentate and tridentate bridging ligands to formvarious1D,2D and3D structures[…